Q&A Hero

Q: For Skinner, "mental events" are: A. certain bodily processes to which we have assigned verbal labels B. important determinants of behavior C. nonphysical entities D. modified by reinforcement contingencies just like physical events were

Q: According to Guthrie, the effectiveness of punishment is determined by: A. what it causes an organism to do in the presence of stimuli that elicit undesirable behavior B. the amount of pain it causes C. whether or not the organism understands the relationship between its behavior and the punishment D. the consistency with which the punishment is employed

Q: What was Guthrie's one rule for breaking undesirable habits? A. Punish the behavior. B. Reinforce the opposite of that behavior. C. Ignore the behavior D. Observe the stimuli that elicit the behavior and perform another act in the presence of those stimuli.

Q: Which of the following best describes Guthrie's view of "reinforcement"? A. a mechanical arrangement that prevents unlearning B. drive reduction C. a satisfying state of affairs D. the confirmation of an expectancy

Q: According to Guthrie, practice improves the performance of a skill because it: A. allows many specific S-R associations to be formed B. allows insight to be gained C. allows a cognitive map to be formed D. strengthens the responses that lead to drive reduction

Q: According to Guthrie, the association between stimuli and a(n) ____ is formed in one-trial. A. act B. movement C. skill D. habit

Q: Because he believed learning occurs in one trial, ____ rejected the law of frequency in his explanation of learning. A. Pavlov B. Hull C. Watson D. Guthrie

Q: The cornerstone of Guthrie's theory of learning was the law of: A. frequency B. similarity C. contiguity D. contrast

Q: In his hypothetic-deductive theory, Hull conceived of a process in which a(n): A. set of postulates are created from which empirical relationships are predicted B. small segment of behavior such as a reflex or a habit s isolated for study C. pattern of stimuli is experienced along with a response such that the two become associated D. organism learns to make a response that is instrumental in producing reinforcement

Q: Hull's theory can be seen as an elaboration of the "O" in ____ S-O-R conception of psychology. A. Watson's B. Pavlov's C. James's D. Woodworth's

Q: According to Hull, the probability of a learned response was called ____ and was a function of both the amount of drive present and the number of times the response had been reinforced in the situation plus other intervening variables. A. habit strength B. reaction potential C. operant level D. reaction threshold

Q: Hull defined ____ as the number of reinforced pairings between a stimulus and a response. A. reaction potential B. habit strength C. drive D. operant level

Q: Hull borrowed the concept of ____ from Tolman. A. intervening variables B. latent learning C. latent extinction D. cognitive map

Q: Tolman's influence on contemporary psychology can be clearly seen in the work of the: A. Skinnerians B. radical behaviorists C. information-processing psychologists D. Gestaltists

Q: The results of the experiment run by Tolman and Honzik in 1930 indicate that: A. sunflower seeds are more powerful reinforcers than bran mash B. without reinforcement of some type, animals learn practically nothing C. animals learn constantly but only translate what has been learned into behavior when there is a incentive to do so D. different species of animals learn according to different learning principles

Q: Tolman believed that organisms (including humans) learn by: A. direct behavioral involvement with the environment B. observing what leads to what in the environment C. the reinforcement of overt responses D. the drive reduction that follows certain responses

Q: Tolman defined ____ as the translation of learning into behavior. A. confirmation B. belief C. performance D. willpower

Q: For Tolman, motivation influences ____ but not ____. A. learning; performance B. performance; learning C. perception; memory D. memory; perception

Q: Tolman believed that: A. learning occurs independently of reinforcement B. if no reinforcement occurs, no learning occurs C. reinforcement governs classical conditioning but not instrumental conditioning D. reinforcement governs instrumental conditioning but not classical conditioning

Q: During the early stages of hypothesis formation, an organism may ponder alternatives at the choice point. This apparent pondering is called: A. expectancy B. vicarious trial and error C. belief formation D. cognitive map formation

Q: According to Tolman, the first thing an animal develops in a learning situation is a(n): A. belief B. expectancy C. hypothesis D. cognitive map

Q: Tolman insisted that all of his intervening variables be: A. mentalistic B. symbolic constructs C. constructed independently of any event D. operationally defined and tied systematically to observable events

Q: For Tolman, independent variables are ____ and give rise to internal, unobservable events that, in turn, cause behavior. A. environmental events B. theoretical concepts C. variables that are unrelated to any other variables D. behavioral events

Q: Who introduced the use of intervening variables into psychology? A. Watson B. Comte C. Tolman D. Bridgman

Q: Which of the following exemplifies molecular behavior? A. Salivating when a bell is rung B. Shopping for food in a grocery store C. Hiding from a stranger as a child D. Looking up a word in a dictionary

Q: For Tolman, ____ was the same as ____. A. molar behavior; learned behavior B. molecular behavior; purposive behavior C. molar behavior; purposive behavior D. purposive behavior; reinforced behavior

Q: Tolman learned from Holt and Perry that the ____ aspects of behavior could be studied without sacrificing scientific objectively. A. purposive B. cognitive C. molecular D. S-R

Q: How did Guthrie account for forgetting? A. He believed it occurred as the result of unreinforced practice. B. He believed it was the result of the decay of the neural trace. C. He believed it occurred when individuals failed to pay attention to the stimulus configuration. D. He believed that is resulted from the replacement of an old association with a new one.

Q: Which of the following refers to the observation that "what is being noticed becomes a signal for what is being done"? A. law of contiguity B. law of consolidation C. law of contrasting effects D. law of comparison

Q: Which of the following is consistent with neobehaviorism? A. Research on nonhuman animals cannot provide useful information about humans. B. All theoretical terms must be operationally defined. C. The learning process is of little importance to understanding humans. D. Metaphysical speculation is central to psychology.

Q: ____ combined behaviorism and logical positivism. A. Positivism B. Neobehaviorism C. Physicalism D. Radical environmentalism

Q: The belief that all sciences should be unified and use a common language was called: A. rationalism B. logical positivism C. physicalism D. radical environmentalism

Q: Eventually, most psychologists agreed with the logical positivists that A. unless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless B. psychology should not contain any theories C. empiricism and rationalism must be wedded together D. rational analysis is more powerful than empirical analysis

Q: If you define a concept in terms of the procedures followed while measuring the concept, you are using a(n): A. reflexive definition B. operational definition C. scientific law D. observational term

Q: ____ positivism divided science into the empirical and the theoretical by combining rationalism and empiricism. A. Radical B. Behavioral C. Cognitive D. Logical

Q: Mach believed that: A. humans could be investigated objectively only by studying their overt behavior B. introspection was worthless C. humans could be certain only of their own sensations D. all science depends on metaphysical speculation

Q: Which of the following did Comte believe? A. Metaphysical speculation is essential to understanding humans. B. Internal sensations and perceptions are all of which we could be certain. C. Humans cannot be studied objectively because cognitions cannot be known. D. Scientific laws are statements that summarize experiences.

Q: Which of the following did Zing Yang Kuo find? A. What might be thought to be an instinctive behavior, such as a cat killing a rat, is actually based on life experiences. B. The principles of behaviorism could not account for the majority of human behavior. C. Mental illness is, in most situations, a learned behavior that can be changed through strict behavior modification. D. The basic goals of behaviorism, to predict and control behavior, will inevitably lead to authoritarian governments.

Q: One of McDougall's major criticisms of Watson's position is that it: A. was too subjective B. relied too heavily on the concept of instinct C. cannot account for the most satisfying human experiences D. viewed both human and nonhuman behavior as purposive

Q: According to McDougall, most human social behavior is governed by: A. a single instinct B. rational plans of action C. mental telepathy D. sentiments

Q: McDougall stated that all organisms are born with instincts that provide the motivation to act in certain ways. Instincts have three components. Which of the following is one of the three? A. perception B. cognition C. motivation D. reaction

Q: A belief in the importance of ____ formed the core of McDougall's theory. A. innate ideas B. instincts C. perception D. overt behavior

Q: The type of behavior studied by McDougall differed from that studied by Pavlov and Watson in that it was: A. reflexive B. implicit C. purposive D. overt

Q: What did McDougall include in his definition of psychology that Watson did not? A. The study of human behavior B. The study of animal behavior C. The study of human consciousness D. The study of neurological systems

Q: Which of the following characteristics of contemporary psychology would most disappoint Watson? A. The emphasis on the prediction and control of behavior B. The emphasis on overt behavior as psychology's subject matter C. The popularity of cognitive psychology D. The form of behaviorism referred to as radical

Q: Which of the following allows reference to internal events in explanations of behavior provided that those events are indexed by overt behavior? A. radical behaviorism B. methodological behaviorism C. physical monism D. psychophysical parallelism

Q: ____ is the belief that behavior cannot be explained in terms of internal events of any type. A. Radical behaviorism B. Methodological behaviorism C. Physical monism D. Psychophysical parallelism

Q: What was Watson's final position on the mind-body problem? A. interactionism B. epiphenomenalism C. psychophysical parallelism D. physical monism

Q: In his explanation of learning, which of the following did Watson accept? A. Thorndike's law of effect B. Pavlov's concept of the cortical mosaic C. the associative principles of contiguity and frequency D. Thorndike's concept of a "satisfying state of affairs"

Q: Watson made ____ the almost-exclusive subject matter of psychology. A. mental processes B. instinctive behavior C. overt behavior D. consciousness

Q: Concerning the treatment of children, Watson and Watson's advice was to: A. pamper them B. treat then as small adults C. reinforce desirable behavior and punish undesirable behavior D. have as much bodily contact with them as possible

Q: By systematically moving a feared rabbit closer and closer to Peter as he (Peter) ate lunch, Watson and Jones: A. made use of procedures which would later be known as shock therapy B. eliminated Peter's fear of the rabbit but not his fear of related objects C. inspired the famous story of "Peter and the Rabbit" D. eliminated Peter's fear of the rabbit and reduced his fear of related objects through what would later be known as behavior therapy

Q: With their research on the infant named Albert, Watson and Rayner demonstrated that: A. emotions could be displaced to a stimuli other than those that had originally elicited the emotions B. bodily structure interacts with experience to produce personality C. there are important individual differences among people D. intelligence is only partially genetically determined

Q: In their research on Albert, Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming fearful of the rat, Albert also became fearful of other furry objects. Albert's fear of furry objects other than the rat is an example of: A. discrimination B. disinhibition C. generalization D. spontaneous recovery

Q: Watson believed that, along with structure and some basic reflexes, humans inherit three emotional responses. Which of the following in one of the three inherited emotions? A. love B. joy C. happiness D. hate

Q: Watson allowed for some influence of genetics on personality by saying that ____ interacts with experience to produce specific behavior patterns. A. bodily structure B. innate ideas C. intelligence D. instincts

Q: Watson's final position on instincts was that: A. human behavior is largely instinctive B. humans have only a few powerful instincts C. humans are born with powerful instincts but they are soon displaced by learned behavior D. humans have no instincts

Q: For Watson, speech: A. is uniquely human B. is a type of overt behavior C. reflects the contents of the mind D. is implicit, unlearned behavior

Q: For Watson, thinking is: A. internal speech B. imageless C. implicit, unlearned behavior D. explicit, learned behavior

Q: Which of the following is one of the four types of behavior Watson described? A. explicit learned behavior B. moral behavior C. social behavior D. cognitive behavior

Q: For Watson, the goal of psychology is to: A. solve the mind-body problem B. predict and control behavior C. discover the elements of thought D. prove that human animals and nonhuman animals are essentially the same

Q: Which of the following did Watson's objective psychology have in common with Russian objective psychology? A. Rejection of introspection as a research tool B. Use of mentalism in an explanation of behavior C. An interest in brain physiology D. A focus on cognitive processes

Q: When Watson finally outlined his behavioristic position, Titchener was not upset because he (Titchener) believed that: A. Watson had described a technology of behavior that did not conflict with psychology proper B. it was more or less the same thing that he (Titchener) had been saying for years C. other psychologists would find Watson's position silly D. psychology was ready to become behavioristic

Q: Watson and Lashley cooperated in "sports" research on archers showing that ____ enhanced performance more than ____ (Lashley, 1915). A. extrinsic rewards; instinctive motivation B. distributed practice; massed practice C. massed practice; distributed practice D. instinctive motivation; extrinsic rewards

Q: Watson's research indicated that rats use their ____ sense in learning to traverse a maze accurately. A. visual B. auditory C. kinesthetic D. olfactory

Q: What did Watson and Lashley study collaboratively? A. migration of terns B. conditioned fear C. human intelligence D. mental illness

Q: Who taught Watson that plants and simple animals, because of their biological makeup, respond automatically in characteristic ways to particular environmental stimuli (tropisms)? A. Moore B. Dewey C. Loeb D. Angell

Q: Whose concentration on the overt behavior of organisms was more relevant to U.S. behaviorism that was Pavlov's research on secretion? A. Watson B. Sechenov C. Bechterev D. McDougall

Q: Pavlov is to conditioned reflex as Bechterev is to: A. unconditioned reflex B. association reflex C. conditioned reflex D. mental reflex

Q: Bechterev suggested that in studying humans, the methods of ____ should be employed. A. introspection and self-analysis B. the natural sciences C. mathematics and logic D. Scholasticism

Q: Pavlov believed that his work on the conditioned reflex discovered the physiological mechanism for what for centuries had been called ____ by philosophers and psychologists. A. associationism B. behaviorism C. functionalism D. structuralism

Q: Pavlov called the words that come to symbolize reality "signals of signals" or the: A. first-signal system B. second-signal system C. cortical mosaic D. mind

Q: Pavlov called the stimuli (CSs) that come to signal biologically significant events the: A. first-signal system B. second-signal system C. cortical mosaic D. mind

Q: Pavlov speculated that much human abnormal behavior is caused by: A. confusion of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli B. first-signal system C. a breakdown of inhibitory processes in the brain D. experimental neurosis

Q: Pavlov found that forcing an organism to continue to solve an increasingly difficult discrimination problem often resulted in what he referred to as: A. spontaneous recovery B. disinhibition C. experimental neurosis D. a cortical mosaic

Q: If a period of time is allowed to elapse after extinction and the conditioned stimulus is again presented, the stimulus will elicit a conditioned response. This reappearance of the conditioned response is called: A. experimental neurosis B. secondary extinction C. spontaneous recovery D. disinhibition

Q: If, after conditioning has taken place, a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), ____ will occur. A. spontaneous recovery B. extinction C. experimental neurosis D. disinhibition

Q: Pavlov used the term cortical mosaic to describe: A. the wide variety of artistic expression in organisms B. the return of a conditioned response (CR) following extinction C. the pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterized the brain at any given moment D. the different types of nervous systems that organisms possess

Q: Pavlov believed that all central nervous activity could be described as either ____ or ____. A. spontaneous; involuntary B. voluntary; spontaneous C. excitatory; inhibitory D. freely chosen; determined

Q: When a previously neutral stimulus elicits some fraction of an unconditioned response, the reaction is called: A. a conditioned response B. spontaneous C. generalization D. genetically determined