Q&A Hero

Q: During the Renaissance, abnormal behavior was generally taken as a sign of: A. sinfulness and witchcraft B. poor hygiene and infectious disease C. the emergence of a prophet or oracle D. troubled upbringing and low intelligence

Q: The naturalistic and humane treatment of patients that was inspired by Hippocrates and Galen lasted until the: A. Renaissance B. collapse of the Roman Empire C. Reformation D. present time

Q: Hippocrates used which of the following treatments? A. psychoanalysis B. bloodletting C. proper diet D. trepanation

Q: Which of the following is true of the Hippocratics? A. They encouraged the naturalistic treatment of physical illness but not mental illness. B. They encouraged the naturalistic treatment of mental illness but not physical illness. C. They encouraged the naturalistic treatment of both physical and mental illness. D. They encouraged the naturalistic treatment of neither physical nor mental illness.

Q: The Hippocratics believed that hysteria afflicted only: A. women B. men C. children D. the mentally ill

Q: For the Hippocratics, physical health was determined by ____ and mental health was determined by ____. A. the condition of the brain; the condition of the four humors of the body B. the condition of the four humors of the body; the condition of the brain C. homeopathic magic; contagious magic D. contagious magic; homeopathic magic

Q: Primitive man viewed illness as a result of evil forces or spirits entering the body. This led to attempts to rid the body of those spirits or evil forces by various means including: A. trepanation and bleeding the patient B. transubstantiation and bleeding the patient C. trepanation and solitary confinement D. transubstantiation and solitary confinement

Q: What is the procedure of chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape? A. trepanation B. incantation C. spiritual ventilation D. spirit letting

Q: What type of magic was based upon the principle of similarity? A. black B. homeopathic C. contagious D. white

Q: As discussed in the text, there are two types of sympathetic magic. ____ is based on the principle of similarity, while ____ is based on the principle of contiguity. A. Contagious; homeopathic B. Unsympathetic; neosympathetic C. Homeopathic; contagious D. Sympathetic; homeopathic

Q: What type of magic was based on the principle of contiguity? A. black B. homeopathic C. contagious D. white

Q: The 18th century belief that mental illness was punishment for a sinful life was called: A. natural law B. sympathetic magic C. trepanation D. the supernatural model of mental illness

Q: Which of the following has been a common element found in all forms of psychotherapy through the centuries? A. psychopharmacological intervention B. talk therapy C. trepanation D. some form of ritual

Q: The ____ model of mental illness assumes that all disease is the result of the malfunctioning of some aspect of the body, mainly the brain. A. psychological B. supernatural C. medical D. sympathetic

Q: The ____ model of mental illness assumes that abnormal behavior is caused by such things as grief, conflict, and frustration. A. psychological B. supernatural C. medical D. environmental

Q: Through the centuries, mental illness has always been defined: A. relative to the experiences of an average person B. as a disease C. by trained professionals D. as criminal behavior

Q: Mental illness, as we now refer to it, has been described in various ways historically. What is one term that was used in earlier times to refer to this condition? A. psychopathology B. lunatic C. abnormal behavior D. Ptolemic

Q: Which of the following was considered a positive contribution of Gestalt psychology? A. It moved psychology closer to elementism. B. It demonstrated the organizational nature of perception. C. It demonstrated that introspection could not be used if psychology was to become an objective science. D. It demonstrated the importance of evolution to psychological development.

Q: In their research on group dynamics Lewin, Lippitt, and White found the ____ group to be highly productive and friendly. A. laissez-faire B. authoritarian C. democratic D. smallest

Q: In their research on group dynamics, Lewin, Lippitt, and White found the ____ group to be highly aggressive. A. democratic B. authoritarian C. laissez-faire D. largest

Q: Which type of conflict is most difficult to resolve? A. approach-approach B. avoidance-avoidance C. approach-avoidance D. double approach-approach

Q: When one has mixed feelings about one goal, what type of conflict is this? A. approach-approach conflict B. avoidance-avoidance conflict C. double approach-avoidance conflict D. approach-avoidance conflict

Q: According to the Zeigarnik effect, when subjects are allowed to complete some tasks but not others, ____. A. the completed tasks are remembered better than the uncompleted tasks B. the uncompleted tasks are remembered better than the completed tasks C. neither completed not uncompleted tasks are remembered very well D. complete and uncompleted tasks are remembered equally well

Q: What term did Lewin use for intentions as wanting a car, wanting to go to college, or wanting to go to a party? A. achievement needs B. self-esteem needs C. Zeigarnik needs D. both psychological needs and quasi-needs

Q: Lewin believed that a person's life space consisted of: A. facts drawn from others B. interpersonal facts C. sociobiological facts D. both objectively real facts and imagined facts

Q: Lewin's contention that only facts currently present on one's life space can influence a person's thinking and behavior is called: A. a psychological fact B. the principle of contemporaneity C. the principle of contiguity D. the Zeigarnik effect

Q: According to Lewin, a person's ____ consisted of all of the influences acting upon him or her at a given time. A. apperceptive mass B. essence C. life space D. hodological space

Q: According to Lewin, a psychological fact was: A. anything of which a person was aware at any given moment B. something that could be proven beyond any doubt C. nonexistent D. anything that existed in the geographical environment

Q: According to Lewin, ____ believed that uniqueness (individual differences) was a distortion caused by external forces interfering with an organism's natural growth tendencies. A. Galileo B. Aristotle C. Newton D. Einstein

Q: Lewin distinguished between ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized inner essences and categories, and ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized external causation and dynamics of forces. A. Newton's; Einstein's B. Einstein's; Newton's C. Aristotle's; Galileo's D. Galileo's; Aristotle's

Q: Like everything else they studied, the Gestaltists believed that memory was governed by: A. the law of Prgnanz B. psychological parallelism C. the constancy hypothesis D. the Zeignarnik effect

Q: Koffka believed that each environmental event we experienced gave rise to specific activity in the brain that he called a ____; in addition, he called a remnant of this a ____. A. memory process; memory trace B. memory trace; memory process C. memory process; trace system D. memory engram; trace system

Q: In his book Productive Thinking, Wertheimer stated that the type of learning that occurs when mental associations, memorization, drill, and external reinforcement are employed is: A. as important as any other type of learning B. insightful C. longer lasting than other types of learning D. trivial

Q: The behavioristic explanation of transposition offered by Spence emphasized: A. the transferring of principles learned in one situation to other similar situations B. productive thinking C. the generalization of behavioral tendencies D. cognitive trial and error and insightful learning

Q: Gestalt psychology's version of the transfer of training was called: A. the identical-elements theory of transfer B. the law of Prgnanz C. transposition D. the constancy hypothesis

Q: According to the Gestaltists' idea of transposition, if an animal is trained to approach a medium gray card and to avoid a black card, and then is presented with a medium gray card along with a white one, the animal will tend to: A. approach the white card B. avoid both cards C. approach the medium gray card D. approach both cards about 50% of the time

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of insightful learning? A. The transition from presolution to solution is sudden and complete. B. The performance based on a solution is usually riddled with errors. C. A solution gained by insight is rarely retained for long periods of time. D. A principle gained by insight is not readily applied to other problems.

Q: Insightful learning occurs: A. when the things necessary for a problem's solution are present B. when incremental learning occurs C. when an organism weighs all the options for problem solving through experience D. after rote memorization has been successful

Q: According to the Gestaltists, when an organism was confronted with a problem, a ____ was set up and continued until the problem was solved. A. cognitive map B. behavioral environment C. mental set D. cognitive disequilibrium

Q: For Koffka, the ____ environment constituted the physical environment and the ____ environment constituted subjective reality. A. geographical; behavioral B. behavioral; geographical C. neurophysiological; behavioral D. transposed; geographical

Q: Because of the principle of ____, incomplete figures are seen as complete. A. continuity B. inclusiveness C. closure D. proximity

Q: Camouflage utilizes the Gestalt principle of: A. continuity B. proximity C. closure D. inclusiveness

Q: When stimuli are close together, they tend to be grouped together as a perceptual unit. This exemplifies the Gestalt principle of: A. continuity B. proximity C. similarity D. closure

Q: Khler said that the brightness constancy exists because: A. the ratio of the brightness of the figure to the brightness of the ground remains constant B. of the constancy hypothesis C. of learning D. of unconscious inference

Q: We respond to objects as if they were the same, although the actual stimulation our senses receive may vary widely. What did Gestaltists call this? A. unconscious inference B. the constancy hypothesis C. the law of Prgnanz D. perceptual constancy

Q: According to the Gestaltists, what governs brain activity is: A. innate B. learned C. the invariant dynamics that govern all physical systems D. very much like the animal spirits described by Descartes

Q: The ____ asserts that all cognitive experiences will tend to be as organized, symmetrical, simple, and regular as they can be, given the pattern of brain activity at any given moment. A. principle of inclusiveness B. law of Prgnanz C. constancy hypothesis D. principle of continuity

Q: The German word Prgnanz has no exact English counterpart but an approximation is A. essence B. best fit C. completion D. organized

Q: For the Gestaltists, analysis of experience: A. proceeds from the parts (bottom) to the whole (top) B. is purely a physiological field analysis C. must be broken down into its component parts D. proceeds from the whole (top) to the parts (bottom)

Q: The Gestaltists viewed the brain as A. a passive receiver of sensory information B. a storage center for memory C. a dynamic configuration of forces that transforms sensory information D. as processing information from the bottom up rather than top down

Q: With their notion of psychophysical isomorphism, the Gestaltists opposed the: A. law of Prgnanz B. principle of inclusiveness C. constancy hypothesis D. principle of similarity

Q: According to Khler, patterns of brain activity and patterns of conscious experience are always structurally equivalent. This described the Gestalt concept of: A. the law of Prgnanz B. the constancy principle C. unconscious inference D. psychophysical isomorphism

Q: In the case of cognitive experience, the important point is that fields of brain activity ____ sensory data and give that data characteristics it otherwise would not possess. A. create B. synthesize C. transform D. destroy

Q: In their explanation of apparent movement, Wundt and Helmholtz emphasized ____, though their descriptions were different. A. learning B. genetics C. innate ideas D. psychophysical isomorphism

Q: Wertheimer demonstrated that explanations of apparent movement based on learning were not plausible by showing that: A. very young children experience apparent movement B. the phi phenomenon occurs in two directions at the same time C. primitive humans who have never experienced real movement still experience apparent movement D. even nonhuman animals experience apparent movement

Q: Who published the article, "Perception: An Introduction to Gestalt-Theorie," which led to many believing that Gestalt psychology was only about perception? A. Wertheimer B. Koffka C. Mach D. Khler

Q: The "phi phenomenon" investigated by Wertheimer was the observation of: A. simultaneous sounds as one B. different colors when observing a spinning series of lines C. apparent movement D. flashing lights as one light

Q: Wertheimer found that if the interval between light flashes is about ____ ms, it appears that one light is moving from one position to the other. A. 30 B. 40 C. 60 D. 200

Q: Which of the following observations by Wertheimer launched the school of Gestalt psychology? A. Our perceptions are more than, or different from, the sensations that make them up. B. Humans are only quantitatively different from other animals. C. Objective reality and subjective reality are really the same thing. D. Introspection can be used to study the contents of the human mind.

Q: Gestalt psychology can be seen as an effort to model psychology after ____ instead of ____. A. evolutionary theory; Newtonian physics B. Newtonian physics; evolutionary theory C. Newtonian physics; field theory D. field theory; Newtonian physics

Q: Because of the influence of Carl Stumpf, ____ and Gestalt psychology have much in common. A. structuralism B. act psychology C. behaviorism D. evolutionary theory

Q: Wertheimer was influenced by and took several courses from which of the following men? A. Mach B. Ehrenfels C. Wundt D. Stumpf

Q: Mach demonstrated that: A. there is a one-to-one correspondence between an environmental stimulus and the mental event it creates B. perception is independent of any particular cluster of sensory elements C. psychology can never be a true science D. only overt behavior can be studied objectively

Q: Who believed that a search for a one-to-one correspondence between a sensory event and a mental event is doomed to failure? A. Skinner B. Hull C. Locke D. Gestaltists

Q: The Gestaltists are opposed to any type of: A. mentalism B. elementism C. introspection D. analysis

Q: Those who take the molar approach to studying behavior and/or psychological phenomena are called: A. elementalists B. functional analysts C. materialists D. holists

Q: For the Gestaltists, the proper subject matter for psychology is ____, or mental experience as it occurs to the nave observer. A. operant behavior B. S-R associations C. mental elements D. phenomenological experience

Q: The Skinnerian version of behavior therapy: A. has yet to be used effectively B. uses punishment extensively C. believes that behavior must be altered with pharmacological agents D. assumes that abnormal behavior is learned in the same way as any normal behavior

Q: Which of the following have contemporary psychologists found to be true? A. Genetic influences can typically be ignored in the analysis of behavior. B. All responses made by organisms are equally modifiable. C. Logical positivism provides an excellent guide for productive research. D. Overt behavior can be, and should be, used to index cognitive events.

Q: Masters and his colleagues argue that: A. institutions with token economies are natural B. institutions without token economies are natural C. any natural economy with a currency system is unnatural D. although token economies are natural, they are ineffective as a means of modifying behavior

Q: In all of the applications of Skinnerian principles, which of the following general rules is always the same? A. Change subjective reality and you change behavior. B. Change expectancies and you change behavior. C. Change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior. D. Change patterns of stimulation and you change behavior.

Q: Skinner was content to manipulate environmental events (such as reinforcement contingencies) and note the effects of these manipulations on behavior. What is this called? A. functional behaviorism B. radical behaviorism C. descriptive behaviorism D. logical behaviorism

Q: According to Skinner, the best way to deal with and decrease undesirable behavior is to: A. ignore it and thus put the behavior on extinction B. punish it C. reinforce it D. explain to the perpetrator why his or her behavior is undesirable

Q: According to Skinner, punishment is widely used in efforts to modify behavior because it: A. is the most effective method available B. is reinforcing to the punisher C. weakens undesirable behavior just as reinforcement strengthens desirable behavior D. has the advantage of increasing stress tolerance in those who are punished

Q: According to Skinner, a reinforcer is anything that: A. reduces a biological drive B. confirms an organism's expectancies C. provides the organism with useful information D. changes the rate with which a response is made

Q: For Skinner, the environment is important because it: A. elicits behavior B. selects behavior through reinforcement contingencies C. provides the organism with the opportunity to test its expectancies D. allows the organism to develop a cognitive map

Q: Skinner's basic methodology was to allow an animal to respond freely in an experimental chamber and note the effect of ____ on ____. A. stimuli; behavior B. reinforcement; type of response chosen C. reinforcement; stimulus presentation D. reinforcement; response rate

Q: For Skinner, behavior elicited by a known stimulus is called ____ behavior, and behavior that was simply emitted by an organism is called ____ behavior. A. respondent; operant B. respondent; selected C. operant; respondent D. reflexive; operant

Q: Whereas Watson modeled his psychology after ____, Skinner modeled his after ____. A. the Russian physiologists; Thorndike B. Thorndike; the Russian physiologists C. the Russian physiologists; James D. James; the Russian physiologists

Q: Concerning the mind-body problem, Skinner was a(n): A. epiphenomenalist B. interactionist C. occasionalist D. physical monist