Q&A Hero

Q: At one point, Freud believed that adult hysteria was the result of an actual sexual incident that occurred in the life of the patient. This was called the: A. seduction theory B. theory of catharsis C. theory of countertransference D. Oedipus complex

Q: While in psychoanalysis, the patient stops short of realizing the crucial event. This is called: A. transference B. catharsis C. psuedomemory D. resistance

Q: When a patient expresses emotions toward the therapist that once were expressed toward another person, this is called ____. A. resistance B. transference C. countertransference D. anticathexis

Q: If during psychoanalysis, the therapist develops strong emotional feelings toward the patient, ____ has occurred. A. resistance B. transference C. countertransference D. anticathexis

Q: Because Breuer found that Anna O.'s condition improved following the emotional release that came from expressing a pathogenic idea, his treatment is called: A. countertransference B. the cathartic method C. transference D. nondirective

Q: Breuer observed that every time he traced a symptom to its origin, it was usually a traumatic experience that caused physical symptoms. These are known as ____ ideas. A. pathogenic B. apperceptive C. complex D. cathartic

Q: During his early career, Freud first made a name for himself as a: A. pharmacist B. clinical psychologist C. physicist D. neuroanatomist

Q: According to the text, Freud's most original contribution to psychology was the: A. concept of infantile sexuality B. analysis of dreams C. concept of the unconscious mind D. synthesizing of many known facts into a comprehensive theory of personality

Q: Who is credited as the first to discover the processes of sublimation, repression, and resistance? A. Herbart B. Leibniz C. Schopenhauer D. Freud

Q: Who suggested a threshold above which an idea is conscious and below which an idea is unconscious, and proposed a conflict model of the mind according to which ideas struggle for conscious expression? A. Leibniz B. Herbart C. Schopenhauer D. Brentano

Q: Horney believed that women often feel inferior to men because: A. women are physically inferior to men B. of penis envy C. women are culturally inferior to men D. anatomy is destiny

Q: The compliant type uses the major adjustment pattern of: A. overcompensation B. moving toward people C. moving against people D. moving away from people

Q: Of all human relationships, Horney believed the relationship between ____ to be the most important. A. brother and sister B. husband and wife C. friends D. parent and child

Q: Adler departed from Freudian theory with his concept of ____, in which he claimed that humans did not need to be victims of their past, their environment, or their biological inheritance. A. lifestyle B. social interest C. creative self D. overcompensation

Q: According to Adler, traumatic experiences are: A. repressed B. interpreted in any way that suits a person's purposes C. nonexistent D. sought by healthy people so that they can grow from them

Q: According to Adler, for a lifestyle to be truly effective, it must contain considerable: A. overcompensation B. creativity C. social interest D. compensation

Q: According to Adler, which of the following describes the conceptual development of a child? A. lifestyle guiding fictions worldview B. guiding fictions worldview lifestyle C. lifestyle worldview guiding fictions D. worldview guiding fictions lifestyle

Q: For Adler, feelings of inferiority can act either as ____ or as ____, depending on one's attitude toward them. A. a stimulus for positive growth; a stimulus for aggression B. a stimulus for positive growth; a disabling force C. a source of depression; a force for anger D. a source of disengagement; a source of humility

Q: Adler believed that through ____, a person could adjust to a weakness in one part of his or her body by developing strengths in other parts. A. displacement B. compensation C. overcompensation D. sublimation

Q: According to Jung, ____ is the process by which the various components of the personality are manifested within the context of a person's life. A. teleology B. displacement C. individuation D. thanatos

Q: For Jung, dream analysis: A. provides a window to the collective unconscious B. helps us understand the ego C. helps determine which aspects of the psyche were being adequately expressed and which were not D. provides a way to understand the interaction of the animus and the anima

Q: According to Jung's theory, meaningful coincidence means approximately the same as which of the following? A. individuation B. teleology C. synchronicity D. self-actualization

Q: The two major orientations or attitudes described by Jung are: A. animus and anima B. persona and shadow C. inferiority and superiority D. introversion and extroversion

Q: Jung referred to the harmonious blending of all aspects of the personality as: A. self-actualization B. nirvana C. a peak experience D. teleology

Q: According to Jung, we project the ____ onto the world as such things as devils, demons, and monsters. A. persona B. anima C. animus D. shadow

Q: According to Jung, the ____ provided the masculine component of the female personality and a framework within which females can interact with males. A. persona B. anima C. animus D. shadow

Q: According to Jung, the ____ provided the feminine component of the male personality and a framework within which males can interact with females. A. persona B. anima C. animus D. shadow

Q: According to Jung, the ____ was the deepest and most powerful component of the personality. A. ego B. personal unconscious C. collective unconscious D. libido

Q: The major source of difficulty between Jung and Freud was their differing views of the libido. Freud saw the libido as ____,while Jung saw the libidinal energy as ____. A. sexual energy; cathartic energy B. sexual energy; a creative life force C. creative life force; sexual energy D. aggressive energy; growth energy

Q: According to Anna Freud, when a person adopts the values of a feared person, it is called: A. altruistic surrender B. synchronicity C. identification with the aggressor D. displacement of the ego

Q: Sigmund Freud viewed the ego defenses as obstacles to the understanding of the unconscious; Anna Freud viewed them ____. A. as having independent importance B. in the same way C. as offering no help in understanding abnormal behavior D. as a window into the unconscious

Q: Anna Freud believed that the superego develops in the ____ stage, while Klein believed it develops in the ____ stage. A. oral; phallic B. phallic; oral C. oral; anal D. phallic; phallic

Q: Melanie Klein believed that children as young as two years of age could be psychoanalyzed by examining their: A. dreams B. free associations C. play activities D. parents

Q: According to Melanie Klein, notions of good and bad, and right and wrong, come from: A. an infant's interactions with his or her mother's breast during the oral stage B. a child's religious training C. the modeling experiences provided by a child's parents D. the internalization of parental values during the phallic stage of development

Q: Anna Freud not only perpetuated her father's ideas, she extended them into new areas such as: A. child analysis B. marriage counseling C. confidence building D. the treatment of depression

Q: Which of the following best describes Elizabeth Loftus's position concerning repressed memories? A. They exist more in the minds of psychotherapists than in the minds of patients. B. Males tend to repress memories of childhood sexual abuse more than females. C. Females tend to repress memories of childhood memories of sexual abuse more than males. D. Recovering repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse should be the single most important goal of psychotherapy.

Q: An ____ character tends to be generous, messy, or wasteful, while an ____ character tends to be stingy, orderly, and perhaps perfectionistic. A. oral-incorporative; oral-sadistic B. oral-sadistic; oral-incorporative C. anal-expulsive; anal-retentive D. anal-retentive; anal-expulsive

Q: A male is disturbed by his homosexual urges, and decides to have numerous sexual encounters with women. According to Freud, this exemplifies: A. projection B. displacement C. reaction formation D. rationalization

Q: By using the ego defense mechanism of ____, one sees the causes of failure and undesirable urges as "out there" instead of in one's self. A. sublimation B. projection C. rationalization D. identification

Q: Freud considered such things as poetry, art, religion, and baseball to be examples of: A. rationalization B. projection C. sublimation D. reaction formation

Q: What is the fundamental ego defense mechanism because it is involved in all of the other defense mechanisms? A. Sublimation B. Projection C. Identification D. Repression

Q: ____ anxiety arises when the ego anticipates that it will be overwhelmed by the id. A. Objective B. Neurotic C. Moral D. Existential

Q: The ego is governed by the ____ principle. A. pleasure B. reality C. primary D. Oedipal

Q: The job of the ____ is to match the wishes of the id with their counterparts in the physical environment. A. superego B. ego C. ego-ideal D. conscience

Q: The collective energy associated with the instincts in the id is called the ____ and accounts for most human behavior. A. reflex action B. primary process C. libido D. eros

Q: According to Freud, the ____ contains all instincts and is the driving force of personality. A. id B. ego C. superego D. preconscious

Q: If a phenomenon has two or more causes it is said to be ____, a very important concept in Freudian theory. A. free B. complex C. overdetermined D. abnormal

Q: What important lesson did Freud learn from Charcot? A. Hypnotizability is a sign of mental pathology. B. Only something physical can influence something physical. C. Hysteria is best explained as malingering. D. Psychological disorders can cause physical problems.

Q: According to Charcot, the sequence of events from trauma to pathogenic ideas, to physical symptoms can only occur in individuals who are: A. hypnotized B. inherently predisposed to hysteria C. below average in intelligence D. willing to cooperate with their physicians

Q: Which of the following best describes Charcot's explanation of hysteria? A. All hysteric symptoms are caused by lesions in the brain. B. Hysteric symptoms occur only in patients who are hypnotized. C. Because there is no apparent biological basis for hysteria, it cannot be considered a real disease. D. Traumatic experience causes certain ideas to become dissociated from consciousness where they become strong enough to cause hysterical symptoms.

Q: Which of the following was an accomplishment of Charcot? A. He described a disease of the motor neurons, which is still called Charcot's disease. B. He discovered the process of hypnosis, as it is known today. C. He discovered the genetic link to Huntington's disease. D. He identified the symptoms of schizophrenia.

Q: Members of the Nancy School believed that hypnotizability was ____, whereas Charcot believed it to be ____. A. a sign of mental pathology; perfectly normal B. perfectly normal; a sign of mental pathology C. a sign of sexual conflict; the result of prolonged concentration D. the result of prolonged concentration; a sign of sexual conflict

Q: In Charcot's time, most physicians dismissed hysteria as malingering because: A. only women became hysteric B. it could be cured by hypnosis C. no organic cause could be found for its symptoms D. it appeared to be caused by unconscious thought processes

Q: The founder of the Nancy School of hypnosis was: A. Bernheim B. Charcot C. Braid D. Libeault

Q: Who made the phenomenon of neuro-hypnology (later shortened to "hypnosis") respectable within the medical community? A. Mesmer B. Esdaile C. Braid D. Elliotson

Q: Posthypnotic suggestion is: A. where an individual is told to perform some act while in a hypnotic trance and then they actually perform the act after being aroused from the trance B. where individuals cannot remember what occurred while in a hypnotic trance C. where patients do not respond when alone with a physician, but only in the presence of others D. a situation in which an individual is told to perform some act before being hypnotized

Q: While studying artificial somnambulism, Puysgur discovered the phenomenon later called: A. the contagion effect and animal magnetism B. posthypnotic suggestion and animal magnetism C. the contagion effect and posthypnotic amnesia D. posthypnotic suggestion and posthypnotic amnesia

Q: After Mesmer sank into obscurity as a result of a commission's findings about his practices, which of the following men gave well-received lectures on animal magnetism in the United States? A. Poyen B. Gassner C. Hell D. Puysgur

Q: What was the outcome of Mesmer's proposal that 10 of his patients be treated by him and 10 be treated by members of the French Academy of Medicine, and then the results compared? A. Mesmer's treatment was far more effective. B. the treatment of the French Academy members was much more effective. C. the treatments of Mesmer and of the medical doctors were equally effective. D. Mesmer's proposal was rejected.

Q: The fact that many people who will not respond to suggestion when alone with a physician will do so in a group is called: A. the Zeigarnik effect B. mesmerism C. the contagion effect D. animal magnetism

Q: Which of the following is true of Franz Mesmer? A. He dispelled the belief in animal magnetism. B. He believed that redistributing a person's magnetic force field could restore one's health. C. He proclaimed the use of exorcism as the only way to restore normal behavior. D. He uncovered fraudulent "natural healers."

Q: According to Szasz, psychiatry can be a worthy profession if it: A. attempts to cure patients of mental illness B. accepts the medical model of mental illness C. helps clients better understand themselves, others, and life D. recognizes that mentally ill people must be segregated from other members of society

Q: According to Szasz, the typical diagnosis of mental illness most often reflects a(n) ____. A. a social judgment B. a medical judgment C. a neurobiological issue D. an physiological issue

Q: The widespread acceptance of the medical model of mental illness in modern times resulted in: A. accepting the enigmatic nature of mental illness B. discouraging a search for psychological causes of mental illness C. explaining mental illness in terms of a person's conflicts, frustrations, and emotional disturbances D. analyzing how environmental factors impact psychological well-being

Q: The training that Witmer envisioned for clinical psychology was most compatible with the education leading to which of the following degrees? A. Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) B. Doctor of Psychology degree (PsyD) C. Master of Arts degree (MA) D. Master of Science degree (MS)

Q: Witmer is credited with which of the following? A. Creating psychoanalysis B. Founding the profession of neurobiology C. Providing the first comprehensive catalog of mental illnesses D. Demonstrating how the principles from scientific psychology can help troubled individuals

Q: Who was one of the first to systematically study the effects of drugs on various cognitive and behavioral functions? A. Witmer B. Wundt C. Kraepelin D. Hippocrates

Q: Kraepelin originally called which of the following mental illnesses dementia praecox? A. Alzheimer's disease B. hysteria C. depression D. schizophrenia

Q: Kraepelin's catalog of mental illnesses: A. brought order to an otherwise chaotic mass of clinical observations B. encouraged the treating of labels rather than individual patients C. gave support to the psychological model of mental illness D. is the predecessor to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Q: The work of several individuals contributed to the improvement of physical surroundings and maintenance of the mentally ill. However, treatment was still lacking. Alexander and Selesnick suggested reasons for this poor treatment, such as: A. the belief that mental illness is linked with amoral behavior B. fear of the mentally ill C. lack of public interest in the plight of the mentally ill D. suspicion of the communicability of mental illness

Q: In the United States, who visited 18 states within a three-year period, bringing about institutional reforms in most of those states? A. Pinel B. Rush C. Tuke D. Dix

Q: Benjamin Rush argued that: A. prisoners were beyond reform B. unwed women were highly prone to hysteria C. people with mental illness should experience fresh air D. bloodletting was inhumane

Q: Who, even before Pinel, argued that the mentally ill should be spared physical restraint and harsh treatment? A. Chiarugi B. Tuke C. Dix D. Rush

Q: The York Retreat was founded by ____; it provided freedom, respect, and medical treatment for the mentally ill and became a model for mental health institutions throughout the world. A. Dix B. Pinel C. Tuke D. Chiarugi

Q: As a treatment for the mentally ill, Pinel approved of ____ and argued effectively against the use of ____. A. bloodletting; the use of punishment and exorcism B. mild punishment; physical abuse C. whirling in a chair; harsh punishment D. bathing and mild purgatives; the use of punishment and exorcism

Q: Until the end of the 18th century, the most common way of treating mental and physical disorders was: A. burning at the stake B. bloodletting C. praying D. fresh air and a balanced diet

Q: Who was the first physician to argue against labeling individuals as witches? A. Paracelsus B. Agrippa C. Weyer D. Pinel

Q: Who wrote a step-by-step rebuttal of the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches' Hammer) and referred to witch burning as "Godlessness"? A. Paracelsus B. Agrippa C. Weyer D. Plater

Q: Who noted the effectiveness of herbal remedies in treating mental and physical disorders and claimed that health resulted when people were in harmony with the "universal spirit"? A. Paracelsus B. Agrippa C. Weyer D. Plater

Q: Translated from its Latin title, what book became the official manual of the Inquisition? A. The Deception of Demons B. The Witches' Hammer C. Discovery of Witchcraft D. Philosophy of Madness