Q&A Hero

Q: Ethology was developed primarily by Von Frisch, Lorenz, and: A. Tinbergen B. Hebb C. Sperry D. Watson

Q: ____ focuses on a specific category of an animal's behavior in its natural habitat and attempts to explain that behavior in terms of evolutionary theory. A. Ethology B. Radical behaviorism C. Cognitive science D. Methodological behaviorism

Q: Concerning the mind-body relationship, Sperry was a(n): A. interactionist B. epiphenomalist C. physical monist D. idealist

Q: According to Jerre Levy, which of the following is true? A. Some people with normal brains are left-brain dominated and others right-brain dominated. B. Educational practices can be designed that enhance either right-brain of left-brain performance. C. In normal people under normal circumstances, the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain are inseparable. D. Although a radical approach, split-brain preparations may benefit those with severe mental illness.

Q: Using the split-brain preparation, Sperry and his colleagues speculated that: A. the functions performed by the two cerebral hemispheres were the same B. there was hemispheric specialization in nonhuman animals but not in humans C. the functions performed by the two cerebral hemispheres were slightly different D. the functions performed by the two cerebral hemispheres were dramatically different

Q: A brain that is a split-brain preparation has had: A. its corpus callosum ablated B. its corpus callosum and optic chiasm ablated C. its frontal lobe separated from the rest of the brain D. its reticular formation removed

Q: Roger Sperry and his colleagues discovered that information could be transferred from one cerebral hemisphere to the other via the: A. corpus callosum and optic chiasm B. corpus callosum and amygdala C. hippocampus and optic chiasm D. hippocampus and optic amygdala

Q: Hebb's contention that neurons that are active together become associated was instrumental in the development of: A. connectionism B. behavioral genetics C. engram science D. sociobiology

Q: Which of the following did Hebb accomplish? A. He characterized equipotentiality. B. He identified the existence of instinctual drift in many species. C. He linked the reticular activating system with cognitive and behavioral performance. D. He conducted research on hemispheric specialization with split-brain patients.

Q: Hebb proposed that childhood learning is best explained: A. as a slow buildup of cell assemblies and phase sequences B. by insight and creativity C. by Gestaltist principles D. as the rearrangement of already existing cell assemblies and phase sequences

Q: A phase sequence: A. is a group of cell assemblies that becomes neurologically interrelated B. can be fired by external, but not internal, stimulation C. equates to sensory information processing D. reflects recurring environmental events

Q: According to Hebb, when a phase sequence fires, we experience a(n): A. random idea B. stream of thought C. general state of well-being D. mass action

Q: According to Hebb, when a cell assembly fires, we experience a(n): A. thought of an environmental object B. stream of thought C. emotion complex D. personal insight

Q: According to Hebb, ____ allows neurons that are temporarily separated to become associated. A. mass action B. equipotentiality C. thinking D. reverberating neural activity

Q: Lashley's address to the International Congress of Psychology did much to further the acceptance of: A. Gestalt psychology B. Pavlov's localization of motor centers in the brain C. Watson's classical conditioning D. the search for the engram

Q: Lashley's search for the engram: A. ended with the identification of the locus of memory and learning B. was unsuccessful C. lead to the development of electrophysiology D. refuted the concept of equipotentiality

Q: The idea of mass action: A. maintains that biological preparedness facilitates learning B. characterizes the localized functions of the cortex as a switchboard C. supports the concept of the engram D. states that the amount of loss of ability is related to the amount of destruction in the cortex

Q: Lashley's observation that any part of a functional area of the brain could perform the function associated with that area was called: A. mass action B. functionalism C. equipotentiality D. psychobiology

Q: Lashley's work: A. gradually showed that brain activity was like a complex switchboard B. gradually showed that brain activity was similar to the description of the Gestaltists C. finally led to the discovery of what he had been looking for - the engram D. was later supportive of Watsonian behaviorism

Q: Lashley: A. was an opponent of Gestalt psychology B. initially sought to support Watsonian behaviorism with neurophysiological evidence C. found the engram - neurophysiological locus of memory and learning D. disproved the concept of mass action

Q: The professional relationship between Watson and Lashley was strained because: A. Watson was too obsessed with finding the neurophysiological correlates of learning B. Lashley's research did not support Watson's switchboard conception of the brain C. Watson was interested in the learning process and Lashley was not D. Lashley found Watson's Gestalt orientation intolerable

Q: Lashley did pioneering ethological research with: A. Watson B. Lorenz C. Sperry D. Yerkes

Q: The attempt to explain psychological phenomena in terms of their biological foundations is called: A. psychobiology B. connectionism C. cybernetics D. information theory

Q: The Jonah complex refers to the: A. fear of failure B. fear of one's own success C. human need to acquire information about oneself D. abnormal need for success

Q: Which of the following presents Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the proper order? A. safety physiological belonging and love self-actualization esteem B. physiological belonging and love safety esteem self-actualization C. safety esteem belonging and love physiological self-actualization D. physiological safety belonging and love esteem self-actualization

Q: Humanistic psychologists: A. reject the prediction and control of human behavior as psychology's goal B. see the methods of physical science as important for the study of humans C. believed that the poetic, romantic, and spiritual aspects of humans cannot be studied through objective science D. argue that understanding human behavior is an integral aspect of psychology

Q: According to humanistic psychology, we have to ____ as a frame of reference in order to realize our actualizing tendency. A. understand where we came from B. use our own valuing process C. focus on our basic human drives D. abandon our sense of mortality

Q: According to Fromm, the first thing many individuals do when they discover their freedom is to: A. seek other free people B. attempt to free others C. escape from that freedom D. live authentic lives

Q: Which of the following did Sartre mean by his statement, "Existence precedes essence"? A. At the core, humans are like other animals. B. Humans are created in God's image. C. Humans have no essence at birth and therefore, they become what they choose to be. D. Humans exist eternally in a cycle of rewards and consequences.

Q: Which of the following statements is accepted by both existential and humanistic psychology? A. Humans are victims of circumstance and are not fully responsible for their actions. B. Elementism of any type gives a distorted view of humans. C. Studying nonhuman animals provides a glimpse into the primal self. D. Humans are basically good and live in peace and harmony unless forced to do otherwise.

Q: Rogers believed that any relationship conducive to personal growth must be characterized by which of the following? A. autonomy B. self-actualization C. conditions of worth D. empathic understanding

Q: When conditions of worth replace the organismic valuing process as a guide for living, the person becomes: A. incongruent B. true to his or her own feelings C. fully functioning D. free from guilt and anxiety

Q: According to Rogers, what is said to exist when the relevant people in a child's life give him or her love and acceptance under some circumstances but not under others (only if one acts or thinks in certain ways): A. conditions of worth B. the need for positive regard C. unconditional positive regard D. the organismic valuing process

Q: According to Rogers, using the ____ as a guide for living one's life causes a person to approach and maintain experiences that are in accordance with the actualizing tendency but to terminate or avoid those that are not. A. need for positive regard B. dictates of society C. organismic valuing process D. values of one's parents

Q: Toward the end of his life, Maslow began to develop ____ psychology that went beyond personal experience (mystical, ecstatic, spiritual aspects) and had much in common with non-Western psychologies, philosophies, and religions. A. transpersonal and humanistic B. transpersonal and fourth-force C. existential and humanistic D. existential and fourth-force

Q: If a person is functioning at any level other than self-actualization, he or she is said to be: A. being motivated and working with need-directed perception B. being motivated and working with goal-oriented perception C. deficiency-motivated and working with need-directed perception D. deficiency-motivated and working with goal-oriented perception

Q: Which is a characteristic of a self-actualizing person? A. They do not let reality distort their perceptions. B. They have a high need for success. C. They have many friends and acquaintances. D. They are creative.

Q: What did Martin Buber and Ernest Becker share in common with Rollo May? A. They simultaneously proposed the human dilemma B. They developed theories of self-alienation C. They were interested in myth and human convention D. They came up with alternative versions of narrative therapy

Q: Viktor E. Frankl, Karl Jaspers, and Medard Boss: A. popularized client-centered therapy B. used existentialism to understand human nature C. reconciled faith and science D. showed that effective living depends on effective myths

Q: Albert Camus is often associated with the existential idea that to search for life's pre-ordained purpose is futile. This concept is referred to as the: A. absurd C. Dasein B. daimonic D. human dilemma

Q: Jean-Paul Sartre was most interested in: A. client-centered therapy B. having psychologists follow the scientific method C. the power we let others have over ourselves D. proving the existence of God

Q: Kelly called his approach to treatment: A. propositional therapy B. fixed-role therapy C. constructivistic therapy D. existential therapy

Q: According to Kelly, the goal of psychotherapy is to help the client: A. overcome inhibitions B. experience unconditional positive regard C. get in touch with himself or herself D. view things differently

Q: Kelly believed that the major goal of scientists and nonscientists is the same, namely, to: A. be parsimonious B. reduce uncertainty C. define abstract concepts operationally D. follow the principle of falsifiability

Q: According to Kelly, people are similar when they: A. construe the world in similar ways B. have had common experiences C. are raised in the same family D. are from the same culture

Q: What did Kelly find to be effective in treating individuals with emotional problems? A. free association B. bringing previously repressed traumatic memories into consciousness C. anything that caused the clients to view themselves or their problems differently D. hypnosis

Q: According to May, ____ is at the heart of many myths and of most great art and literature. A. the tension between free will and determinism B. the tension between individual and group needs C. the daimonic D. religion

Q: According to May, ____ examines the stories by which people live and understand their lives and the effectiveness of those stories. A. role-play B. narrative therapy C. myths D. a construct system

Q: When a person accepts values dictated by society (not those personally attained) as their own, he or she is experiencing: A. the human dilemma B. a life of social meaning C. constructive alternativism D. self-alienation

Q: According to May, the person experiencing ____ conforms to tradition, religious dogma, the expectation of others, or anything else that reduces his or her need to make personal choices. A. neurotic anxiety B. normal anxiety C. thrownness D. Dasein

Q: According to May, exercising one's freedom means: A. building a foundation for success B. showing responsibility towards one's community C. acting contrary to traditions, mores, or conventions D. experiencing guilt

Q: May, like the other existentialists, believed that the most important fact about humans is that they are: A. in essence, animals B. plagued with guilt C. free D. moral

Q: May refers to the fact that humans are both the objects and subjects of experience as the: A. existential conflict B. human dilemma C. source of all human problems D. mind-body problem

Q: Most existentialists accept Nietzsche's proclamation: A. truth is subjectivity B. an unexamined life is not worth living C. to be is to be perceived D. what does not kill me, makes me stronger

Q: According to Binswanger, authentic individuals attempt to transform their circumstances by exercising their free will. He referred to this transformational process as: A. ground of existence B. thrownness C. being-beyond-the-world D. guilt-provoking

Q: For Binswanger, the way an individual views and embraces the world and through which one lives one's life is called: A. world-design B. ground of existence C. thrownness D. being-beyond-the-world

Q: Heidegger said we come into conditions of our lives over which we have no control, such as male or female, rich or poor, our nationality. This he called: A. frustration B. thrownness C. Dasein D. inauthenticity

Q: According to Heidegger, what goes hand in hand with freedom? A. anxiety and guilt B. anxiety and responsibility C. creativity and guilt D. creativity and responsibility

Q: Heidegger believed that when individuals exercise their freedom, they experience ____, and if they do not, they experience ____. A. excitement; boredom B. guilt; anxiety C. anxiety; guilt D. neurotic anxiety; moral anxiety

Q: According to Heidegger, an inauthentic life results whenever one: A. gives up his or her freedom and lives according to the dictates of others B. does not accept traditional values C. refuses to affiliate himself or herself with an organized religion D. lives in accordance with deception and despair

Q: According to Heidegger, to live an authentic life, one must first: A. realize that one's life is finite B. recognize the continuity between humans and nonhuman animals C. realize that although the body dies, the soul continues to live D. be willing to accept the mores of one's society

Q: Heidegger used the term ____ to indicate that a person and the world were inseparable. A. thrownness B. Eigenwelt C. Mitwelt D. Dasein

Q: Traditionally, the beginning of existential psychology is marked with the writings of: A. May and Husserl B. May and Nietzsche C. Kierkegaard and Husserl D. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche

Q: ____ is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of existence or being. A. Phenomenology B. Dasein C. Ontology D. Humanism

Q: Husserl's phenomenology soon expanded into: A. humanism B. cognitive socialism C. existentialism D. analytic ontology

Q: The goal of Husserl's pure phenomenology is to: A. study the mind turned outward B. catalog mental acts and processes of environmental interactions C. verify Brentano's concept of intentionality D. explore the meaning of human existence

Q: Husserl's ____ studied the processes of the mind independent of the physical world to discover the essence of conscious experience, or of the person turned inward. A. intentionality B. pure phenomenology C. ontology D. Dasein

Q: Of prime importance to Husserl was that phenomenology: A. not be used B. be equated with intentionality C. be free of any preconceptions D. be used to examine only the mind turned inward

Q: The contention that mental acts always refers to objects or events outside of themselves defines Brentano's concept of: A. phenomenology B. intentionality C. ontology D. pure phenomenology

Q: In general, phenomenology refers to any methodology that studies: A. how to reduce conscious experience to its component parts B. conscious experience as it occurs without attempting to reduce it to its component parts C. how the human experience is linked to non-human animals D. the inheritance of human traits involved in determining behavior

Q: In order for psychology to qualify as humanistic, it must: A. study things of concern to humans B. seek to improve the human condition C. emphasize the uniqueness of humans D. accept the continuity between human and nonhuman animals

Q: Third-force psychology contrasts with most other types of psychology because: A. it assumes determinism in explaining behavior B. it assumes people are not free to choose their own type of existence C. it proposes that the most important cause of behavior is subjective reality D. it proposes that the most important cause of behavior is objective reality

Q: According to the third-force psychologists, behaviorism neglected ____ and psychoanalysis focused on ____. A. rational thought; external forces B. moral consciousness; the role of memory C. the uniqueness of humans; the abnormal D. objective reality; subjective reality

Q: In Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Freud refers to minor errors in everyday living such as slips of the tongue, forgetting things, and small accidents. These are called: A. parapraxes B. overdeterminations C. wish fulfillments D. thanates

Q: Freud originally concluded that young boys tend to love their mothers and hate their fathers. This was called: A. the Oedipus complex B. psuedoaffection C. parapraxal complex D. cathartic complex

Q: In dream analysis, displacement is when: A. we dream of something symbolically similar to an anxiety-provoking event B. one element of a dream symbolizes several things in waking life C. we substitute our real desires for imagined ones D. we forget our dreams after we awaken

Q: Freud concluded that every dream is a ____, meaning a symbolic expression of a desire that the dreamer could not express directly without experiencing anxiety. A. transference B. cathexis C. wish fulfillment D. anticathexis

Q: According to Freud, what a dream appears to be about is its ____ content and what it is really about is its ____ content. A. manifest; latent B. latent; manifest C. primary; secondary D. pleasurable; reality

Q: According to Freud, both hysterical symptoms and dreams could be: A. viewed as symbolic manifestations of repressed traumatic thoughts B. discarded during the therapeutic process C. taken at face value without needing to know what they symbolized D. analyzed quite simply even by individuals with minimal professional training

Q: According to Masson, Freud's major mistake was concluding that: A. the childhood seductions reported to him by his patients were real rather than imagined B. the childhood seductions reported to him by his patients were imagined rather then real C. childhood experiences had no effect on adult personality D. the medical model was better able to explain human personality than the psychological model