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Q:
While the secular trend toward earlier first menstruation has stopped in most industrialized nations, in the United StatesA) the trend has slightly reversed due to improved nutrition.B) soaring rates of overweight and obesity are responsible for a modest, continuing trend.C) improved health care is responsible for a modest, continuing trend.D) the trend has slightly reversed due to improved health care.
Q:
Which of the following statements is supported by research on secular trends?
A) The larger size of today's children is mostly due to a faster rate of physical development.
B) Age of first menstruation increased steadily from 1900 to 1970.
C) Secular trends are primarily observed in wealthy, industrialized nations.
D) Secular trends are larger for low-income children, who have poorer diets.
Q:
Vi, age 12, is taller and heavier than her mother was at her age, and Vi's mother was taller and heavier than Vi's grandmother was at age 12. This is an example of the
A) velocity curve.
B) proximodistal trend.
C) cephalocaudal trend.
D) secular trend.
Q:
Yesica is much taller than the worldwide average height for children her age. Yesica probably lives in a(n)
A) cold, Arctic area.
B) undeveloped region.
C) developed country.
D) poor nation.
Q:
In comparing ethnic variations in growth rate, researchers find that __________ children tend to mature faster than __________ children.
A) European; African-American
B) Asian; Caucasian-American
C) European; Asian
D) Caucasian-American; African-American
Q:
Dr. Widner is studying children's physical size worldwide by comparing the size of 8-year-olds in several countries, including Burma, Vietnam, Australia, the United States, and Canada. Dr. Widner can expect to find around a _____-inch gap between the smallest and the largest children.A) 3B) 5C) 7D) 9
Q:
The maturation of the breasts, uterus, and vagina are caused by the release of
A) estrogens.
B) adrenal androgens.
C) testosterone.
D) thyroxine.
Q:
A deficiency of thyroxine results in
A) morbid obesity.
B) mental retardation.
C) androgyny.
D) excess facial and body hair.
Q:
Growth hormone (GH)
A) affects prenatal growth.
B) decreases in production during puberty.
C) decreases in production after final adult height is reached.
D) affects development of the central nervous system.
Q:
__________ is the only pituitary secretion produced continuously throughout life.
A) Estrogen
B) Thyroxine
C) Growth hormone (GH)
D) Testosterone
Q:
The most important hormones for human growth are released by the __________ gland, which is located at the base of the brain near the __________.A) pituitary; hypothalamusB) pituitary; cerebellumC) thyroid; cerebrumD) endocrine; hypothalamus
Q:
Which of the following statements is true about organized youth sports?
A) Partly because of parents' concern about safety, today's children devote far less time to organized sports than children in previous generations.
B) About half of U.S. children participate in organized sports outside of school hours at some time between ages 5 and 18.
C) In most organized sports, the rate of serious injury is high throughout childhood and adolescence.
D) High parental pressure to excel at sports and frequent, intense practices are linked to promoting elite performance.
Q:
Although sex-related differences in muscle mass can explain boys' skill advantages like __________, the primary differences in athletic performance in boys and girls is probably due to __________.
A) throwing; social pressure
B) kicking; boys' growth spurts
C) balance; girls' body fat ratio
D) catching; neurological differences
Q:
Sex differences in gross-motor development
A) are non-existent.
B) are not present until adolescence.
C) decrease during middle childhood.
D) are present as early as the preschool years.
Q:
Four-year-old Liam can probably
A) gallop and skip with one foot.
B) run at about 18 feet per second.
C) involve his whole body in batting a ball.
D) display mature, whole-body throwing and catching patterns.
Q:
Jaynie walks down stairs, alternating her feet. Jaynie is probably _____ year(s) old.A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 4
Q:
__________ tend to be ahead of __________ in skeletal age.
A) African-American children; Caucasian-American children
B) Boys; girls
C) Premature infants; full-term infants
D) Low birth weight babies; normal birth weight babies
Q:
The best estimate of a child's physical maturity is
A) the distance curve.
B) biological age.
C) the velocity curve.
D) skeletal age.
Q:
Both sexes gain muscle at puberty, but this increase is _____ percent greater in __________.
A) 75; girls
B) 100; girls
C) 100; boys
D) 150; boys
Q:
Which of the following statements is true about muscle"fat makeup?
A) Body fat reaches a peak at about 9 months of age.
B) At birth, boys have slightly more body fat than girls.
C) During the early school years, boys have slightly more body fat than girls.
D) During puberty, the arm and leg fat of boys increases.
Q:
During adolescence,A) boys' shoulders broaden relative to the hips.B) boys and girls have similar body proportions.C) girls' legs are longer than boys' in relation to the rest of their body.D) girls' shoulders broaden relative to the hips and waist.
Q:
Which of the following statements best describes growth during puberty?
A) It follows the cephalocaudal trend.
B) The hands, legs, and feet accelerate first, followed by the torso.
C) It proceeds from near to far.
D) It occurs in brief but steady spurts.
Q:
During infancy and childhood, the
A) upper body grows faster than the lower body.
B) hands and feet continue to grow ahead of the arms and legs.
C) arms and legs continue to grow ahead of the hands and feet.
D) head grows at a much faster rate than any other body part.
Q:
Baby Andrea's head and chest are growing at a greater rate than her trunk and legs. This is an example of the
A) velocity curve.
B) proximodistal trend.
C) distance curve.
D) cephalocaudal trend.
Q:
A distance curve
A) plots the average amount of growth at each yearly interval.
B) indicates typical yearly progress toward maturity.
C) reveals the exact timing of growth spurts.
D) helps track brain and body growth in children from diverse cultures.
Q:
In early and middle childhood, children add about _____ inches in height and _____ pounds in weight each year.A) 1-2; 3B) 2-3; 5C) 3-4; 7D) 4-5; 10
Q:
Ben is a typical infant. He was 21 inches long and 8 pounds at birth. Assuming normal growth, what is a realistic estimate of his measurements at age 6 months?
A) 30 inches and 12 pounds
B) 36 inches and 12 pounds
C) 42 inches and 16 pounds
D) 45 inches and 23 pounds
Q:
Human children's prolonged physical immaturity
A) gives them added time to acquire the knowledge and skills essential for life in the complex social world.
B) hinders cognitive development because young children are too physically immature to manipulate their environment.
C) is adaptive because of the physical dangers present in their everyday environment.
D) hinders emotional development because physically immature children are too small to socialize effectively.
Q:
Physical immaturity is exaggerated in humans, who devote about _____ percent of their total years to growing.
A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20
Q:
When asked what they expect their sons and daughters to be like as teenagers, Kate and Harriett, moms of preschoolers, say "Rebellious and reckless" and "Full of rages and tempers." Their view is consistent with which theorists' views on adolescence?
A) G. Stanley Hall and Erik Erikson
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau and G. Stanley Hall
C) Sigmund Freud and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D) Jean Piaget and John Bowlby
Q:
Infants with severe visual impairments are not motivated to move independently until
A) "reaching on sound" is achieved.
B) their parents push them to do so.
C) they have received extensive orientation and mobility training.
D) they receive vision correction through eyeglasses or surgery.
Q:
Which of the following infants is the most likely to refuse to cross the deep side of the visual cliff?A) Joey, a shy baby, who has just begun crawlingB) Monica, a fearless baby, who has just begun crawlingC) Ross, a shy baby, with a few weeks of crawling experienceD) Phoebe, a fearless baby, with several weeks of crawling experience
Q:
Baby Samantha adjusts her arm and hand movements to match the distance of objects from her eyes. Samantha is demonstrating
A) shape sensitivity.
B) contrast sensitivity.
C) pictorial depth perception.
D) binocular depth perception.
Q:
__________ is the first depth cue to which infants are sensitive.
A) Motion
B) Stereopsis
C) Perspective
D) Texture
Q:
At birth, infants perceive objects at a distance of 20 feet about as clearly as adults do at _____ feet.
A) 100
B) 200
C) 500
D) 600
Q:
At birth, __________ is the least developed of the senses.
A) touch
B) smell
C) vision
D) hearing
Q:
A study that asked infants to distinguish between ABA and ABB structured strings of nonsense words revealed that infants.A) cannot detect speech patterns in nonsense words.B) can detect simple word-order rules.C) cannot detect regularities in word sequences.D) are less attentive to nonsense words than to nonspeech sounds.
Q:
Research findings suggest a sensitive period during the __________, when babies are biologically prepared to "zero in" on socially meaningful perceptual distinctions.
A) second half of the second year
B) first half of the first year
C) first half of the second year
D) second half of the first year
Q:
Unlike adults, 6-month-olds
A) are unaware of deviations in foreign musical rhythms.
B) can detect rhythmic-pattern deviations in Western but not in non-Western melodies.
C) can detect rhythmic-pattern deviations in non-Western but not in Western melodies.
D) can detect rhythmic-pattern deviations in both Western and non-Western melodies.
Q:
In a study examining infants' ability to perceive faces, 6-month-olds could
A) discriminate individual faces of both humans and monkeys equally well.
B) distinguish human but not monkey faces.
C) distinguish monkey but not human faces.
D) only distinguish their mother's face from an unfamiliar woman's face.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true about speech perception?
A) Not until the end of the second year can toddlers "screen out" sounds not used in their native tongue.
B) Between 6 and 8 months, babies start to "screen out" sounds not used in their native tongue.
C) Young infants listen longer to nonspeech sounds than to human speech.
D) Newborns prefer speech that is fast, low-pitched, and monotone.
Q:
ERP brain-wave recordings reveal that around 5 months, babiesA) become sensitive to syllable stress patterns in their own language.B) begin to prefer the sound of their mother's voice.C) divide the speech stream into wordlike units.D) have no statistical learning capacity.
Q:
Which of the following sounds is newborn Cherise most likely to prefer?
A) nonspeech sounds
B) her mother's voice
C) children laughing
D) an unfamiliar speaker's voice
Q:
Research on hearing shows that
A) newborns prefer listening to Mozart minuets with awkward breaks to those with pauses between phrases.
B) newborns prefer pure tones to complex sounds, such as noises and voices.
C) the ability to identify the location of a sound is at adult levels by 1 month of age.
D) newborns' ability to perceive sounds not found in their own language is more precise than an adult's.
Q:
By __________, infants recognize the same melody when it is played in different keys.
A) 2 to 4 months
B) 4 to 6 months
C) 6 to 8 months
D) the end of the first year
Q:
At birth, babies prefer
A) pure tones to complex sounds, such as noises and voices.
B) nonspeech sounds to human speech.
C) male voices to female voices.
D) complex sounds, such as noises and voices, to pure tones.
Q:
In many mammals, the sense of smell plays an important role inA) protecting the young from predators.B) communicating a baby's discomfort.C) choosing non-poisonous foods.D) communicating danger.
Q:
Newborn Amelia is presented with the odor of chocolate. Which of the following facial expressions do you expect to see?
A) pursed lips
B) a frown
C) a relaxed, pleasant face
D) a distinct, archlike mouth opening
Q:
At birth, babies
A) cannot hear high-pitched sounds.
B) display no taste preferences.
C) display certain odor preferences.
D) cannot detect nonspeech sounds.
Q:
Baby Noah prefers a salty taste to plain water. This may indicate that Noah is
A) iron-deficient.
B) ready to accept solid foods.
C) malnourished.
D) ready to be weaned.
Q:
Baby Nathalie is trying a new food. Her facial expression shows a distinct, archlike mouth opening. Based on her reaction, Nathalie probably finds that the food tastes
A) sweet.
B) salty.
C) sour.
D) bitter.
Q:
Which of the following newborns is the most likely to feel pain especially intensely?A) Miranda, who was born eight days after her due dateB) Helen, who was born two days after her due dateC) Miguel, who was born three weeks before his due dateD) Demitria, who was born on her due date
Q:
Infant reactions to __________ include an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, palm sweating, and pupil dilation.
A) pain
B) hunger
C) cold
D) anxiety
Q:
The newborn baby responds to touch, especially around the
A) eyes, ears, and soles of the feet.
B) eyes, palms, and genitals.
C) feet, stomach, and head.
D) mouth, palms, and soles of the feet.
Q:
The sense of __________ is a fundamental means of interaction between parents and babies.
A) taste
B) smell
C) touch
D) hearing
Q:
Trying to push infants beyond their current readiness to handle stimulation
A) will delay social development.
B) can undermine the development of important motor skills.
C) enhances early motor development.
D) can cause depression and insecurity in early childhood.
Q:
Twelve-month-old Britney picks up a raisin from the table. Britney is most likely usingA) the ulnar grasp.B) prereaching.C) the pincer grasp.D) proprioception.
Q:
Three-month-old Royal holds his rattle and shakes it. He is most likely using
A) the pincer grasp.
B) the ulnar grasp.
C) gross-motor skills.
D) prereaching.
Q:
Reaching is largely controlled by
A) vision.
B) proprioception.
C) gross-motor development.
D) depth perception.
Q:
Early __________ behaviors suggest that infants are biologically prepared to coordinate hand with eye in the act of exploring.
A) ulnar grasping
B) prereaching
C) visual acuity
D) pincer grasping
Q:
Newborn Alexia makes poorly coordinated swipes toward an object in front of her. Alexia is demonstrating
A) prereaching.
B) the ulnar grasp.
C) the pincer grasp.
D) voluntary reaching.
Q:
Of all motor skills, __________ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development.A) rolling overB) reachingC) crawlingD) walking
Q:
Kipsigis and Jamaican infants walk considerably earlier than North American infants because
A) they are physically smaller at birth, requiring less leg-muscle strength for standing.
B) they must help their parents work in the fields at an extremely young age.
C) they are genetically "hardwired" to do so.
D) their parents promote early walking instruction, practicing formal exercises to stimulate skills.
Q:
In Wayne Dennis's research, Iranian babies who spent their days lying on their backs
A) learned to walk by 16 months of age.
B) scooted in a sitting position rather than crawled on their hands and knees when they first moved on their own.
C) rarely attempted to reach or grasp at moving objects.
D) transitioned from crawling to walking within several weeks of adoption.
Q:
Microgenetic research by James Galloway and Esther Thelen shows that
A) of all the motor skills, walking alone plays the greatest role in infant cognitive development.
B) infants reach for objects with their feet before they reach for objects with their hands.
C) there are minimal individual differences in the rate and progression of infant motor development.
D) infant motor skills develop according to a strict, predetermined cephalocaudal pattern.
Q:
To find out how infants acquire motor capacities, researchers conduct
A) field experiments.
B) ethnographic studies.
C) microgenetic studies.
D) natural experiments.
Q:
Dynamic systems theory provides convincing evidence that motor skill behaviors areA) governed by a built-in maturational timetable.B) hardwired.C) genetically determined.D) softly assembled.
Q:
According to dynamic systems theory of motor development, each new skill is a joint product of central nervous system development, the body's movement capacities, the child's goals, and
A) environmental supports for the skill.
B) the child's cognitive development.
C) the child's social relationships.
D) the child's age.
Q:
Baby Rolf first demonstrated the ability to kick and reach, then learned to rock on all fours, and later combined the skills to crawl. Rolf is exhibiting evidence of
A) dynamic systems theory of motor development.
B) the cephalocaudal trend.
C) the proximodistal trend.
D) a built-in maturational timetable.
Q:
Which of the following infants is the most likely to engage in a game of pat-a-cake with a caregiver?
A) Yolanda, age 4 months
B) Xavier, age 6 months
C) Juanita, age 8 months
D) Zeb, age 10 months
Q:
Ninety percent of infants will crawl between _____ months.
A) 2 to 7
B) 5 to 9
C) 5 to 11
D) 7 to 15
Q:
Which of the following motor achievements, on average, occurs last?A) grasps cubeB) sits aloneC) rolls from back to sideD) rolls from side to back
Q:
Motor skills
A) develop more rapidly in boys than girls.
B) follow a fixed maturational timetable.
C) develop in highly individualized ways.
D) follow a strict, predetermined cephalocaudal pattern without exception.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true about the sequence of motor development?
A) A baby who is a late reacher will probably also be a late crawler.
B) Motor skills are separate, innate abilities that emerge in a fixed sequence.
C) Motor skills are interrelated; each is a product of earlier motor attainments.
D) All children acquire motor skills in the same way.
Q:
Which of the following pairs are examples of fine-motor activities?
A) sitting and crawling
B) standing and grasping
C) reaching and grasping
D) walking and crawling
Q:
Babies' motor achievements have a powerful effect on their
A) development novelty preference.
B) social relationships.
C) sleep"wake cycle.
D) visual acuity.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true regarding mirror neurons?A) Brain-imaging studies confirm that human adults have especially elaborate systems of mirror neurons.B) Mirror neurons do not appear until visual acuity is fully developed.C) Mirror neurons undergo a short period of development during infancy.D) Mirror neurons develop at the same rate as the development of the child's self-image and ego.
Q:
According to Andrew Meltzoff, newborns
A) do not actually imitate; their responses are actually mouthing.
B) have an automatic imitative capacity that declines with age.
C) imitate much as older children and adults do.
D) cannot yet imitate facial expressions.
Q:
Habituation studies test
A) recall memory.
B) imitation.
C) operant responses.
D) recognition memory.
Q:
__________ is/are among the earliest available predictors of intelligence in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood.
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Habituation and recoveryto visual stimuli
D) Imitation