Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following statements is true about attachment?A) Contemporary research indicates that an infant's emotional tie to the mother is the foundation of all later relationships.B) Because feeding is an important context for building a relationship, attachment depends on hunger satisfaction.C) Although the parent"infant bond is vitally important, later development is influenced not just by early attachment experiences but also by the continuing quality of the parent"child relationship.D) Rhesus monkeys reared with terry-cloth and wire-mesh "surrogate mothers" clung to whichever mother-substitute held their bottle and fed them, regardless of the substitute's softness.

Q: When June's father enters the room at her child-care center, June breaks into a broad, friendly smile. When he picks her up, June pats his face, explores his hair, and snuggles against him. June is exhibiting A) attachment. B) empathy. C) temperament. D) compliance.

Q: In 1990, shyness in Chinese children was __________ associated with being well-adjusted. But as China's market economy expanded and the valuing of __________ increased, the direction of the correlations shifted. A) positively; collectivist values B) negatively; collectivist values C) negatively; assertiveness D) positively; sociability

Q: In a 2003 comparison of the temperaments of Russian and U.S. babies, Russian infants were A) more emotionally positive. B) more upset when frustrated. C) less fearful. D) less irritable.

Q: Mr. and Mrs. Yen know that their young son is aggressive and impulsive. As a result, they change their child-rearing style to counteract their son's maladaptive behavior. Mr. and Mrs. Yen are using A) positive reinforcement. B) a goodness-of-fit model. C) interactional synchrony. D) a functionalist approach.

Q: Which of the following children is at greatest risk for aggressive and antisocial conduct?A) Ralph, an irritable and impulsive childB) Raja, a sociable and assertive childC) Rhett, a shy and fearful childD) Rufus, an only child

Q: Colin is a highly active preschooler. Colin probably tends to be __________ than his agemates. A) less sociable with peers B) less aggressive C) involved in more conflict D) a higher achiever

Q: One-year-old Dominic demonstrates a high level of persistence. This temperamental characteristic correlates with A) frustration and overreaction. B) infant mental test scores and preschool IQ. C) poor social skills. D) strong interpersonal skills.

Q: When parents of multiple children are asked to describe their children's personalities, they often A) regard siblings as more distinct than other observers do. B) emphasize similarities between siblings. C) regard their children as more alike than other observers do. D) rate their children as moderately similar.

Q: Which of the following explains the marked differences in temperament between Asian and Caucasian-American babies? A) cultural variations in infant feeding B) heredity C) different beliefs about harsh discipline D) different cultural beliefs and practices

Q: Summarize the advantages of bilingualism, and describe a current approach to bilingual education in the United States.

Q: Describe pragmatic development, including factors that support early communication skills.

Q: Summarize current theoretical views on how children acquire grammar.

Q: Describe two accounts of how semantic development takes place.

Q: Cite evidence that suggests that young children's underextensions and overextensions are purposeful.

Q: Describe early speech sounds, including the acquisition of communication skills during infancy and toddlerhood.

Q: Describe the nativist and interactionist perspectives of language development.

Q: In classrooms where children's native language and English are integrated into the curriculum, minority children tend toA) exhibit more frustration, boredom, and withdrawal.B) experience serious academic difficulties.C) revert to using only their native language.D) acquire reading and speaking skills in the second language more easily.

Q: Madelina speaks Spanish at home and has been placed in an English-only classroom in school. Madelina A) is at risk of school failure and dropout. B) will become proficient in English within 6 months. C) must teach her family to speak English at home so that they can continue to communicate with her. D) will excel at school and graduate with honors.

Q: Research shows that children who become fluent in two languages A) often receive support for their native language in school. B) are advanced in cognitive development. C) can acquire normal native ability in only one language. D) often show serious metalinguistic deficits.

Q: Nicholas is a bilingual child who sometimes produces an utterance in one language that contains one or more "guest" words from the other. Nicholas is engaging in A) code switching. B) semantic bootstrapping. C) overregularization. D) telegraphic speech.

Q: Bilingual preschoolers A) are usually delayed in one or both languages. B) often have poor phonological processing skills. C) rarely mix the two languages in their everyday speech. D) can acquire good-to-native ability in a second language, depending on their exposure to it.

Q: __________ strongly predict(s) reading progress in young children.A) Phonological awarenessB) Telegraphic speechC) Illocutionary contentD) Referential communication skills

Q: Four-year-old Lacy asks her mother, "What's that?" Her mother replies, "It's an ice-cream maker." Lacy says, "No, you"re the ice-cream maker and that's an ice-cream make." Lacy's remarks illustrate A) illocutionary intent. B) referential communication skills. C) categorical speech perception. D) metalinguistic awareness.

Q: Sara always says "please" and "thank you" in front of her grandmother, but not always when she is with her friends. This represents Sara's sensitivity to A) speech registers. B) phonology. C) illocutionary intent. D) categorical speech perception.

Q: Mr. and Mrs. Manet's children have advanced oral narrative skills. The Manets probably A) avoid using recasts and expansions with their children. B) eat meals together with their children. C) engage in authoritarian child rearing. D) communicate in English and a nonnative language.

Q: Child M uses a topic-associating style of narrative, blending several similar anecdotes into a longer and more complex narrative than that of many other children. Child M is probably A) African American. B) an American white child. C) Japanese. D) Mexican American.

Q: Preschoolers' __________ is/are partly responsible for their restricted narratives.A) egocentric thinkingB) poor perspective-taking skillsC) limited false-belief understandingD) limited working memories

Q: What is the typical developmental pattern of young children's narratives? A) classic, chronological, leapfrog B) evaluation, classic, leapfrog C) leapfrog, chronological, classic D) chronological, evaluation, classic

Q: Young children's conversations appear A) more mature in highly demanding situations in which they cannot see their listeners' reactions or rely on typical conversational aids. B) less mature in highly demanding situations in which they cannot see their listeners' reactions or rely on typical conversational aids. C) egocentric and immature in face-to-face situations with unfamiliar adults or peers. D) adultlike in situations with familiar adults, such as parents, grandparents, or child-care workers.

Q: When 3-year-old Melissa was talking to her father on the phone, she asked, "What's that?" as she pointed to a bug on the window. Melissa's question demonstrates her lack of A) illocutionary intent. B) metalinguistic awareness. C) speech registers. D) referential communication skills.

Q: To communicate effectively, 9-year-old Arpita must use her __________, through which she produces clear verbal messages and recognizes when messages she receives are unclear so she can ask for more information. A) referential communication skills B) illocutionary intent C) narrative skills D) sociolinguistic understanding

Q: Which of the following children will probably have enhanced conversational skills?A) a first-born child who spends a lot of time playing with other first-born childrenB) a younger sibling who often plays with an older brother or cousinC) a younger sibling who usually plays with a parentD) a low-SES child who is the youngest in a large family

Q: __________ exposes children to great breadth of language knowledge, and is especially helpful in modeling how to communicate in a clear, coherent narrative style. A) Independent exploration of picture books B) Dialogue with caregivers about storybooks C) Reading aloud with same-age peers D) Observing adults' conversations

Q: When Latisha said, "I"m cold," Mary shared her blanket with her. Mary's actions reflect her understanding of A) illocutionary intent. B) turnabout. C) shading. D) referential communication.

Q: Enrique tells Jimmy that soccer is his favorite sport. Jimmy responds, "I like soccer, too. What's your favorite position?" Jimmy's response is an example of A) shading. B) a turnabout. C) an expansion. D) recasting.

Q: Research on the extent to which adult communication helps children correct errors and take the next grammatical step forward shows that such techniques A) are actually negative in outcome because children become overly frustrated. B) make no demonstrable difference in grammar development. C) are inconclusive in their impact. D) are dramatic in effect across cultures.

Q: Gina said, "My toy breaked," and her mother replied, "Yes, you broke your toy." Her mother's response is an example ofA) shading.B) recasting.C) turnabout.D) overregularization.

Q: Many adult reformulations inform children about grammar through which of the following two techniques, often used in combination? A) turnabout and shading B) overregularization and shading C) recasts and expansions D) semantic bootstrapping and infant-directed speech

Q: Among the theories of how grammatical development takes place, one holds that children have a special language-making capacity A) based on innate knowledge of grammatical categories. B) that determines much of a child's cognitive development. C) directed by illocutionary intent. D) that supports the discovery of grammatical regularities.

Q: Tyrone groups words with agent qualities as subjects and words with action qualities as verbs. He then merges these categories into sentences. Tyrone is demonstrating A) semantic bootstrapping. B) syntactic bootstrapping. C) telegraphic speech. D) semantic complexity.

Q: Some experts have concluded that grammar is a product of general cognitive development and A) is modeled by experiential passives in everyday conversation. B) is learned primarily through semantic bootstrapping and syntax. C) occurs when regular verb forms are acquired before irregular forms. D) is explained by children's tendency to search for consistencies and patterns of all sorts.

Q: Which of the following appears first as children's speech matures?A) embedded sentencesB) tag questionsC) passive sentencesD) verb phrases

Q: Which of the following questions is most likely to appear first in a young child's speech? A) "Where Mommy hiding?" B) "Why is Sally sad?" C) "Daddy go work?" D) "What you are eating?"

Q: Four children all say, "No cookie." Aneel means that he has eaten his cookie. Aria means she doesn"t want a cookie. Alex means he can"t find his cookie. Aveen means the cookie is not his. Which child uses the words "No cookie" as a rejection? A) Aneel B) Aria C) Alex D) Aveen

Q: Which of the following grammatical morphemes is acquired earliest by English-speaking children? A) noun possessive (Mary's cat) B) verb present progressive ending (Laura jumping) C) noun plural (Boys) D) verb regular past tense ending (She spilled)

Q: Two-year-old Jacqueline says, "Mommy dancing," rather than her usual "Mommy dance," when her mother starts dancing. The -ing ending is known as a A) grammatical phoneme. B) grammatical morpheme. C) protodeclarative. D) recast.

Q: Two-year-old Calvin said, "My cup falled," when his cup fell off the table. Calvin's error is known as anA) underregularization.B) underextension.C) overregularization.D) overextension.

Q: The sequence of acquiring grammatical morphemes depends on __________ and __________. A) overregularization; adult modeling of correct grammar B) development of the cerebral cortex; the language spoken in the home C) semantic bootstrapping; the existence of overextensions D) structural complexity; semantic complexity

Q: Once children form three-word sentences, they add __________ that change the meaning of sentences. A) protoimperatives B) grammatical morphemes C) phonological stores D) protodeclarative gestures

Q: Most children are first able to produce a subject"verb"object word order A) by age 2. B) in the third year. C) upon entering kindergarten. D) by the end of elementary school.

Q: Two-year-old Jenna is taught nonsense words for a noun (pling for a soft, cuddly puppet) and a verb (dass for a rocking motion). Jenna is likely to A) easily combine the new noun with words she knows well. B) confuse the new noun with the new verb. C) produce novel word combinations with the new verb. D) understand both new words, but is unlikely to use them in spontaneous speech.

Q: Which of the following provides the best example of telegraphic speech?A) Two-year-old Robbie says, "I go to the store with you."B) Baby Clara says, "Babababa," while holding her bottle.C) Two-year-old Venla asks, "Daddy home?"D) One-year-old Tobias yells, "NO!" when his mother gets out her coat.

Q: According to the emergentist coalition model, infants rely solely on __________ cues, while toddlers increasingly attend to __________ cues until language develops further and __________ cues play larger roles. A) perceptual; social; linguistic B) intonation; linguistic; social C) visual; verbal; social D) syntax; intonation; pitch

Q: Which of the following statements is supported by research on early word learning? A) The principle of mutual exclusivity sufficiently explains early vocabulary growth. B) Most word learning strategies are innate. C) Children's first several hundred nouns refer mostly to objects well-organized by shape. D) Young children assume that all words refer to entirely separate categories.

Q: Ms. Varria holds up a particularly curly French fry and says, "Wow! This is a corkscrew fry!" Four-year-old Danita points to a little girl with curly hair and says, "Corkscrew hair!" Danita is using __________ to decipher the meaning of corkscrew. A) fast-mapping B) syntactic bootstrapping C) the principle of mutual exclusivity D) telegraphic speech

Q: According to the principle of mutual exclusivity bias, children A) assume that objects have multiple labels. B) ignore the shapes of objects and focus instead on color distinctions. C) assume that words refer to nonoverlapping categories. D) discover the structure of sentences by relying on the meanings of words.

Q: Research on strategies for word learning indicates that young childrenA) learn to speak grammatically because these types of statements will effectively communicate their desires and needs.B) use different syntactic structures to associate vocabulary words with objects.C) develop specialized linguistic processing skills that enable them to analyze speech and detect semantic relationships.D) figure out the meanings of words by contrasting them with words they already know and assigning the new label to a gap in their vocabulary.

Q: Research suggests that a child with good phonological memory A) had a better chance of transferring new words to long-term memory. B) does not use working memory for word recognition. C) bases most word recognition on visual cues. D) is typically slow at word recall.

Q: As he prepares for college, 17-year-old Dylan wants to improve his vocabulary and understanding of figurative language. Dylan should A) read a wide variety of adult literary works. B) work with a study group. C) engage in extensive conversations with adults. D) enroll in a foreign-language class.

Q: Preschoolers do not understand why puns are funny because they have not yet developed the ability to A) handle unconventional word meanings. B) extend language meanings through metaphor. C) deal with word meanings on an entirely verbal plane. D) appreciate the multiple meanings of words.

Q: During the elementary school years, vocabulary increases __________, eventually exceeding comprehension of _____ words. A) twofold; 25,000 B) threefold; 30,000 C) threefold; 60,000 D) fourfold; 40,000

Q: Three-year-old Serena refers to a squirrel as a "rabbit," but points correctly to a squirrel when given the word squirrel in a comprehension task. Serena probably hasA) difficulty discriminating between squirrels and rabbits.B) difficulty recognizing squirrels.C) difficulty pronouncing the word squirrel.D) a hearing disability.

Q: Two-year-old Nerea uses the word "ball" for anything round, including the moon, a globe, and a light fixture. She is making an __________ error. A) overextension B) overregularization C) underregularization D) underextension

Q: One-year-old Alex uses the word "hat" to refer only to his favorite blue baseball cap. Alex is demonstrating an __________ error. A) overextension B) overregularization C) underregularization D) underextension

Q: Which state-word distinction is most likely to appear first in a child's vocabulary? A) "today"tomorrow" B) "big"small" C) "wide"narrow" D) "now"then"

Q: Cross-cultural research on semantic development shows that A) English-speaking toddlers are more likely than Asian toddlers to acquire action words in their beginning vocabularies. B) children in many cultures have more object words than action words in their beginning vocabularies. C) Asian toddlers are more likely than English-speaking toddlers to use object words. D) toddlers more readily understand extensions of action words to new contexts than extensions of object words.

Q: Research on styles of early language learning suggests that referential-style children oftenA) have parents who use verbal routines designed to support social relationships.B) have highly sociable personalities.C) have an especially active interest in exploring objects.D) spend a lot of time watching people.

Q: __________-style toddlers think words are for naming things, whereas __________-style toddlers believe words are for talking about people's feelings and needs. A) Referential; expressive B) Objective; social C) Receptive; expressive D) Expressive; referential

Q: Which of the following toddlers would you expect to have the most advanced vocabulary? A) Claire, a shy girl B) Clarisse, an outgoing girl C) Carlton, a shy boy D) Carter, an outgoing boy

Q: Mr. Chidie chases his 2-year-old son, Fana, saying, "I"m going to geech you!" When he catches Fana, he tickles him. Fana replies, "Geech, Daddy, geech!" in an attempt to receive another tickle. Fana's connection of the term "geech" with tickling is an example of A) fast-mapping. B) shading. C) syntactic bootstrapping. D) semantic bootstrapping.

Q: Recent evidence indicates that most children A) do not experience a significant vocabulary spurt until they enter kindergarten, when vocabulary increases by 50 to 100 words per week. B) experience a vocabulary spurt during the toddler years, learning as many as 5 to 10 new words per day. C) experience a vocabulary spurt between ages 7 and 8, learning between 50 and 100 new words per day. D) show a steady, continuous increase in rate of word learning throughout the preschool years, adding as many as nine new words per day.

Q: __________ are more often produced by Chinese than U.S. babies as their first words.A) Sound effectsB) AnimalsC) Common objectsD) Action words

Q: Which of the following words is most likely to be among a toddler's first spoken words? A) "skip" B) "ball" C) "tree" D) "chair"

Q: The speed and accuracy of toddlers' __________ of spoken language increases dramatically over the second year. A) comprehension B) seriation C) recognition D) production

Q: As 3-year-old Settje acquires language, __________ will develop ahead of __________. A) association; recognition B) recall; comprehension C) production; reception D) comprehension; production

Q: When 6-month-olds listen to the words "Mommy" and "Daddy" while looking at side-by-side videos of their parents, they A) always look longer at their mother. B) always look longer at their father. C) look longer at the video of the named parent. D) look longer at the parent who feeds them most often.

Q: Phonological development is largely complete by ageA) 3.B) 5.C) 7.D) 8.

Q: Three-year-old Kailyn says "dawbuddies" when referring to strawberries. Her father repeatedly corrects her mistake, but A) his attempts are unsuccessful because she will not learn the correct pronunciation until she matures. B) his attempts are unsuccessful because the word "strawberries" has too many syllables for a 3-year-old to pronounce clearly. C) it will take 1 to 2 weeks of constant practice until she can pronounce the word correctly. D) his attempts are unsuccessful because this type of mispronunciation is symptomatic of a speech disorder.

Q: Replacing __________ is a common phonological strategy used by young children to simplify pronunciation of adult words. A) an ending vowel syllable with a consonant B) glides with liquid sounds C) individual sounds with unstressed syllables D) fricatives with stop consonant sounds