Q&A Hero

Q: Baby Brenda is an anxious, emotionally reactive child with a reduced capacity for regulating emotion. Brenda's inability to learn to calm herself may be a result of parents who A) do not intervene when she is agitated, but rather let her "tough it out" on her own. B) wait to intervene until she has become extremely agitated. C) read and respond contingently and sympathetically to her emotional cues. D) attempt to intervene before she becomes agitated in any way.

Q: Baby Hugo readily turns away from a highly stimulating novel event and engages in self-soothing. Hugo is probably A) more likely to feel shame after failure. B) more likely to feel pride after success. C) less prone to distress. D) highly distractible.

Q: As a preschooler, Virgil experiences negative emotion intensely and has great difficulty inhibiting his feelings. When frustrated, Virgil is likely to A) react angrily or aggressively. B) withdraw into a make-believe world. C) stand by helplessly and watch classmates participate in activities without him. D) cry inconsolably and blame others for his situation.

Q: Emotional self-regulation requires A) an understanding of basic emotions. B) voluntary, effortful management of emotions. C) a sense of self-efficacy. D) an easygoing temperament.

Q: Three-year-old Kaylee wet her bed one night. In the morning, her mother said, "Wetting the bed is bad. I thought you were a good girl." Kaylee's self-evaluation is most strongly influenced by herA) mother's feedback.B) maturity level.C) culture.D) gender.

Q: Self-conscious emotions A) appear in the middle of the first year. B) are universal in humans and other primates. C) involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self. D) predict academic achievement during adolescence.

Q: Which of the following is an example of a self-conscious emotion? A) pride B) happiness C) sadness D) anger

Q: At the park, 13-month-old Felix wanders toward other toddlers, returns to his father, interacts briefly with a preschooler, and then returns to his father. Felix is demonstrating the concept of A) stranger anxiety. B) secure base. C) self-efficacy. D) emotional self-regulation.

Q: The most frequent expression of fear is A) stranger anxiety. B) the fear of falling. C) the fear of unfamiliar objects and toys. D) separation anxiety.

Q: Which of the following children is likely to display the most intense anger reaction?A) a hungry newbornB) a bored 6-month-oldC) a 12-month-old who has just had a toy taken away by a playmateD) an 18-month-old who has been put down for an unwanted nap

Q: Ten-month-old Annette is displaying a "mouth-open" smile. This reaction is probably a response to A) stimulating play. B) a parent's greeting. C) a friendly stranger. D) a startling sound.

Q: __________ reflects faster processing of information than smiling. A) Anger B) Withdrawal C) Crying D) Laughter

Q: Seven-week-old LaDonna breaks into a broad grin at the sight of her father's face. LaDonna is displaying A) a social smile. B) a sense of humor. C) subtle laughter. D) a self-conscious emotion.

Q: According to the dynamic systems perspective, A) children coordinate separate skills into more effective, emotionally expressive systems as the central nervous system develops. B) children's goals and experiences have only a minimal impact on emotional development. C) emotions become clear, well-organized signals by adolescence. D) infants come into the world with a repertoire of basic and self-conscious emotions.

Q: Which of the following is an example of a basic emotion?A) shameB) fearC) embarrassmentD) guilt

Q: Cross-cultural evidence reveals that people around the world A) associate photographs of different facial expressions with emotions in the same way. B) use the same responses to express a particular emotion. C) become freer and more open about emotional expression with age. D) exhibit similar levels of stranger anxiety in infancy.

Q: Three-month-old Tara displays excitement when she first reaches for and grabs a rattle. This excitement shows that Tara is developing A) fine-motor skills. B) self-conscious emotions. C) a sense of self-efficacy. D) basic emotions.

Q: Which of the following statements is true regarding paternal depression? A) At younger ages, paternal depression is linked to frequent father"child conflict. B) Children of depressed fathers tend to become overprotective parents. C) Persistent paternal depression is a strong predictor of child behavior problems. D) Over time, children exposed to paternal depression develop a positive worldview.

Q: Infants of depressed mothers A) often turn to their fathers for caretaking needs. B) have abnormally low cortisol levels. C) quickly learn to sooth themselves. D) are less attentive to their surroundings.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about postpartum depression?A) About 3 to 5 percent of fathers report symptoms after the birth of a child.B) It subsides as the new mother adjusts to hormonal changes in her body.C) It subsides as the new mother gains confidence in caring for her baby.D) It is common and does not interfere with children's development.

Q: About _____ percent of women experience mild to severe feelings of sadness, distress, and withdrawal that continue for months or years. A) 1 to 3 B) 4 to 7 C) 8 to 10 D) 11 to 15

Q: In a study of children reared in extremely depleted Romanian orphanages, the longer they remained in the orphanages, the A) higher their IQ scores. B) more resilient they became to environmental stressors. C) higher their cortisol levels. D) lower their cortisol levels.

Q: Elevated heart rate and blood pressure, a depressed immune response, and reduced digestive activity are all outcomes of A) social referencing. B) an avoidant attachment. C) joint attention. D) psychological stress.

Q: When her newborn brother cried, two-year-old Melly watched her mother's reactions. On a later occasion when her brother cried, Melly patted him and spoke softly to him. This is an example of A) joint attention. B) self-efficacy. C) social referencing. D) emotional self-regulation.

Q: By the end of the first year, babies become increasingly skilled atA) establishing an internal working model.B) joint attention.C) social smiling.D) labeling their feelings.

Q: The still-face reaction A) occurs when communication is between an infant and a still-faced doll. B) does not occur in nonindustrialized countries. C) occurs only when natural human communication is disrupted. D) is a learned response to a caregiver's ambiguous communication.

Q: A baby coos and pats his mother's face, but she does not respond. The baby makes repeated attempts through facial expressions, vocalizations, and body movements to gain her attention, all to no avail. The baby is now likely to A) coo at a toy. B) adopt a still-faced expression. C) engage in self-comfort strategies. D) turn away and cry.

Q: In a study, researchers taught 2- to 8-month-olds to pull a string to activate pleasurable sights and sounds, to which the infants responded with interest, happiness, and surprise. Then, for a short period, pulling the string no longer turned on the attractive stimuli, and the babies' emotional reactions changed to anger and sadness. Once the contingency was restored, the sad babies A) showed renewed interest. B) showed renewed enjoyment. C) turned away. D) reacted with high anxiety.

Q: The dynamic interplay between emotion and cognition begins A) in early infancy. B) in toddlerhood. C) during the preschool years. D) during the elementary school years.

Q: Which of the following four babies who went to the doctor for the same vaccination will most likely remember it better?A) Juan, who remained alert throughout the appointmentB) Mari, who smiled and cooed at the doctorC) Wyatt, who was startled by the injection, but did not cryD) Bina, who was highly upset by the injection

Q: Which of the following statements is true about emotions? A) Emotions are learned behaviors. B) Young children are unable to experience more than one emotion at a time. C) Authoritative parents tend to discourage emotional expression in their children. D) Emotional reactions can lead to learning that is essential for survival.

Q: In the years since her mother's death from breast cancer, Jeannine has participated in the local 5K run for cancer. When thinking about the run, Jeannine vacillates between pride and sadness. For Jeannine, this event has become A) personally relevant. B) a threat to her attachment security. C) an internal working model of anxiety and stress. D) a secure base.

Q: The __________ emphasizes that the broad function of __________ is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals. A) ethological theory of attachment; reasoning B) synchronist approach; language C) goodness-of-fit model; cognition D) functionalist approach; emotions

Q: As Toshio approaches any situation, he rapidly appraises its personal significance, which prepares him for action. What does Toshio's appraisal represent? A) emotion B) theory C) attitude D) temperament

Q: Discuss attachment security in skipped-generation families.

Q: Describe the Strange Situation. Identify and describe secure attachment and the three patterns of insecure attachment.

Q: Name and describe the three types of children Thomas and Chess identified in their groundbreaking longitudinal study of temperament. In what category did 35 percent of the children in the sample fit?

Q: Five-year-old John is afraid of dogs. His grandparents have two small dogs, and his parents ask your advice on how to help John manage his fear. What advice can you give them?

Q: Discuss the concept of stranger anxiety.

Q: Discuss paternal depression. How common is it? How does it interfere with children's development?

Q: Which of the following statements is true regarding the quality of child care in the United States?A) It is affected by a macrosystem of collectivist values and strict government regulation.B) Many parents think that their children's child-care experiences are higher in quality than they really are.C) Federal and state subsidies meet the needs for the provision of high-quality child-care in most areas.D) About 80 to 85 percent of U.S. child-care centers meet standards for developmentally appropriate practice.

Q: In Australia, infants who spend full days in government-funded child-care centers A) show a mild decrease in saliva concentrations of cortisol across the day. B) have a higher rate of secure attachment than infants informally cared for by relatives, friends, and babysitters. C) have a lower rate of secure attachment than infants informally cared for by relatives, friends, and babysitters. D) exhibit defiance and disobedience in middle childhood.

Q: Some studies suggest that babies placed in full-time child care before __________ of age are more likely to display insecure attachment in the Strange Situation. A) 6 months B) 12 months C) 18 months D) 2 years

Q: U.S. child-care settings providing the very worst care tend to serve __________ families. A) low-SES B) middle-SES C) high-SES D) ethnic minority

Q: Studies of child-care quality in the United States found that __________ percent of child-care centers and family child-care settings provide infants and toddlers with sufficiently positive, stimulating experiences to promote healthy psychological development. A) 5 to 10 B) 20 to 25 C) 35 to 40 D) 50 to 60

Q: Today, more than _____ percent of U.S. mothers with a child under age 2 are employed.A) 30B) 40C) 50D) 60

Q: A secure attachment in infancy A) guarantees continued good parenting. B) launches the parent"child relationship on a positive path that is likely to continue. C) causes improved cognitive, emotional, and social competence in later years. D) is weakly linked to poor adjustment in adolescence.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about attachment security and later development? A) Children with mixed histories of attachment and maternal sensitivity tend to be physically and cognitively delayed. B) Children with disorganized/disoriented attachment tend to become securely attached to at least one caregiver by middle childhood. C) Mounting evidence indicates that continuity of caregiving determines whether attachment security is linked to later development. D) A secure father"child relationship is less important for long-term adjustment than a secure mother"child relationship.

Q: Research on the Aka of Central Africa reveals that a strong father"infant relationship is due in great part to a(n) A) unusually cooperative and intimate bond between husband and wife. B) lack of respect for women within the tribe. C) lack of respect for men within the tribe. D) strong division of male and female duties in the tribe.

Q: In a German study, fathers' __________ predicted children's secure internal working models of attachment during middle childhood and adolescence. A) physical caregiving B) sustained affection C) expressions of love D) play sensitivity

Q: Paternal availability to children is fairly similar across SES and ethnic groups, with one exception: __________ fathers spend more time engaged.A) HispanicB) CaucasianC) AsianD) African-American

Q: Which of the following statements is true regarding fathers and attachment security? A) Unlike mothers', fathers' interactional synchrony with infants does not predict attachment security. B) Fathers in many cultures, including Australia, Germany, and Japan, devote more time to physical care and expressing affection than to playful interaction. C) Fathers tend to engage in highly arousing physical play with bursts of excitement and surprise that increase as play progresses. D) Fathers and mothers in Western nations tend to play in similar ways with their children, providing toys and playing gentle conventional games.

Q: About 19 percent of North American mothers and 15 percent of fathers without psychological disturbance have a(n) __________ internal working model. A) autonomous/secure B) dismissive C) preoccupied D) unresolved

Q: Parents with a(n) __________ internal working model of attachment tend to idealize their own parents without being able to recall specific experiences. What they do recall is discussed intellectually, with little emotion. A) autonomous/secure B) dismissing C) preoccupied D) unresolved

Q: Twin comparisons reveal that the heritability of attachment is A) virtually nil. B) low to moderate. C) moderate to high. D) very high.

Q: In one study, the combination of __________ and __________ increased the likelihood of insecure attachment at 12 months.A) preterm birth; maternal ageB) preterm birth; maternal depressionC) low marital satisfaction; maternal anxietyD) maternal age; maternal depression

Q: Donna appears to have a disorganized/disoriented attachment style. It is likely that A) she is overstimulated by her mother. B) her mother is depressed or has experienced a traumatic event. C) she suffered anoxia at birth. D) her mother is overly permissive.

Q: Compared with infants who display __________ attachment, __________ babies tend to receive overstimulating care. A) secure; resistant B) avoidant; securely attached C) secure; avoidant D) resistant; disorganized/disoriented

Q: Research indicates that attachment security is more likely when the interactional synchrony between adult and infant reflects __________ coordination. A) constant B) tight C) minimal D) moderate

Q: A special form of communication called __________ separates the experiences of secure from insecure babies. A) interactional synchrony B) harmonious rhythm C) goodness-of-fit D) the maternal waltz

Q: Attachment security in both biological and adoptive mother"infant pairs is moderately related toA) less physical contact.B) sensitive caregiving.C) parental temperament.D) parental IQ.

Q: In adopted children with longer institutional stays, the volume of the __________ is atypically __________. A) amygdala; large B) corpus callosum; large C) amygdala; small D) corpus callosum; small

Q: Mr. and Mrs. Paxton are adopting Aina, a 5-year-old who has lived in a large orphanage her whole life. Which of the following can the Paxtons expect to experience? A) Aina will never develop deep ties to them. B) Aina may fail to check back with them in anxiety-arousing situations. C) After six or eight months, Aina will display few, if any, attachment difficulties. D) Aina will probably shy away from adult attention.

Q: Marisol was placed in a large ward in an orphanage at the age of 8 months. Marisol shares a nurse"caregiver with ten other infants. As a result, Marisol will probably A) develop a secure attachment to the nurse"caregiver. B) become increasingly self-sufficient with age. C) become withdrawn, lose weight, and have difficulty sleeping. D) actively seek a close relationship with another baby in the ward.

Q: Although strong cultural variations exist, the most common attachment quality in all societies is A) avoidant. B) resistant. C) disorganized/disoriented. D) secure.

Q: __________ mothers spend much time in physical contact with their babies and rarely leave them in others' care.A) DogonB) Israeli kibbutzC) GermanD) Japanese

Q: German babies are more likely than American babies to display a(n) __________ attachment style. A) resistant B) avoidant C) secure D) disorganized/disoriented

Q: Which of the following insecure attachment classifications is as stable as secure attachment? A) social B) disorganized/disoriented C) avoidant D) resistant

Q: Infant Doris has an attachment quality that changes from one insecure pattern to another. Doris is probably A) from a middle-SES family with strong attachments to several caregivers. B) being raised by a single mother who has strong social support. C) growing up in a low-SES family with many daily stresses. D) from a high-SES family with many children.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about the Attachment Q-Sort? A) It taps only a small number of attachment-related behaviors. B) Results cannot be used to determine real-life interventions for insecure children. C) It taps a wider array of attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation. D) It is efficient because the nonparent informant spends just a few minutes observing the child.

Q: In the Strange Situation, Helena clings to her mother and fails to explore. When her mother leaves, Helena is distressed. When her mother returns, she clings to her mother, but hits and pushes her. Helena is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.A) secureB) avoidantC) resistantD) disorganized/disoriented

Q: In the Strange Situation, Marcus is not distressed when his father leaves. He reacts to the stranger in much the same way as to his father. During reunion, Marcus is slow to greet his father. Marcus is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment. A) secure B) avoidant C) resistant D) disorganized/disoriented

Q: The Strange Situation measures A) the quality of attachment. B) Bowlby's phases of attachment. C) infant temperament. D) the stability of attachment.

Q: Hobie has developed a set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures, their likelihood of providing support during times of stress, and his interaction with those figures. Hobie has a(n) A) avoidant attachment. B) resistant attachment. C) internal working model of attachment. D) slow-to-warm-up temperamental style.

Q: Two-year-old Jonathan asks his father to read him a story before leaving him with a babysitter. According to Bowlby's theory of attachment, Jonathan is in the __________ phase. A) preattachment B) "attachment-in-the-making" C) "clear-cut" attachment D) reciprocal relationship

Q: During Bowlby's "attachment-in-the-making" phase,A) built-in signals help bring newborns into close contact with other humans.B) infants respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger.C) separation anxiety is evident.D) separation protests decline.

Q: Baby Winnie recognizes her mother's smell, voice, and face, but does not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult. According to Bowlby's theory of attachment, Winnie is in the __________ phase. A) preattachment B) "attachment-in-the-making" C) "clear-cut" attachment D) reciprocal relationship

Q: John Bowlby's theory of attachment was inspired by studies of A) imprinting. B) drive reduction. C) scaffolding. D) social referencing.

Q: __________ theory of attachment recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival. A) Ecological systems B) Sociocultural C) Behaviorist D) Ethological

Q: Toddlers in Western cultures who sleep alone and experience frequent daytime separations from their parents A) rarely form secure attachments to their parents. B) sometimes develop strong emotional ties to cuddly objects. C) usually form a secure attachment with the caregiver who feeds them. D) do not experience separation anxiety when separated from their parents.