Q&A Hero

Q: According to psychoanalytical theory, Denzel will adopt his society's standards of moral behavior through the process ofA) choice.B) motivation.C) biological necessity.D) internalization.

Q: The fact that pride, guilt, empathy, and sympathy require strong caregiving supports to develop indicates that A) these emotions are present in all species. B) morality is fully explained by its biological foundations. C) morality cannot be fully explained by its biological foundations. D) these are basic emotions.

Q: As a child, Rico suffered damage to the ventromedial area of his prefrontal cortex. As an adult, Rico will A) have difficulty with language-dependent activities. B) rarely react with empathy to others' distress. C) be overwhelmed by others' distress. D) be especially prosocial and empathetic toward others.

Q: Which of the following statements supports the biological theory of morality? A) Newborns cry when they hear another baby cry. B) Researchers have recently discovered the "moral gene." C) Infants are skilled at regulating emotion, which leads to internalization of moral rules. D) Reciprocal exchanges are far more common, varied, and highly developed in primates than in humans.

Q: Researchers who favor the biological perspective of morality believe that __________ is/are involved in the development of prosocial behaviors. A) synaptic pruning B) innate reflexes C) brain lateralization D) prewired emotional reactions

Q: Evolutionary theorists speculate that our unique capacity to act prosocially toward genetic strangers originatedA) when man began walking upright.B) several million years ago.C) about 500 years ago.D) during the Reformation.

Q: Although a variety of built-in bases for morality have been posited, __________ and __________ are of prime importance. A) protection; charity B) empathy; self-sacrifice C) reproduction; competition D) compassion; obedience

Q: Two chimpanzees embrace and groom each other after a physical fight in an apparent effort to restore their long-term relationship. This behavior is consistent with __________ perspective of morality. A) the biological B) the psychoanalytic C) the social learning D) Kohlberg's

Q: Dr. Moussai observes that bees sacrifice their lives to protect the hive, and a dog cowers in the corner after wetting the carpet. Dr. Moussai concludes that many morally relevant behaviors have evolutionary roots, which coincides with __________ theory(ies) of human social behavior. A) Piaget's B) social learning C) biological D) Kohlberg's

Q: Morality has its roots in which three major aspects of our psychological makeup? A) biological, ethological, and conceptual components B) social experiences, self-control, and inner standards C) self-awareness, representational capacities, and social learning D) emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components

Q: Describe the development of aggression, including individual differences in aggressive behavior.

Q: Discuss how children separate moral imperatives from social conventions, and explain how they learn to distinguish between these moral domains.

Q: Describe and evaluate Gilligan's claim that Kohlberg's approach to moral development underestimates the moral maturity of females.

Q: Explain why positive discipline is effective and reduces the need for punishment.

Q: When adults use punishment with children, what factors can increase its effectiveness?

Q: What is moral identity, and why is it important to identify its origins?

Q: Describe the biological bases for morality.

Q: __________ refers to an adult-guided but adolescent-conducted small-group approach aimed at creating a prosocial climate. A) Moral self-relevance B) Positive peer culture C) Multisystemic therapy D) Community justice

Q: Fourteen-year-old Brady is in a program where he is taught to attend to relevant, nonhostile behaviors, to seek additional information before acting, and to evaluate the likely effectiveness of potential responses. Brady is participating in a __________ intervention. A) home-based B) psychodynamic C) social-cognitive D) cognitive-developmental

Q: For children who experience ethnic or political violence, __________ is/are the best protection against lasting problems.A) parental affection and reassuranceB) permissive child rearingC) extensive therapy and extracurricular involvementD) psychotropic medication

Q: A loss of a sense of safety, desensitization to violence, and a pessimistic view of the future are characteristics of A) late-onset adolescent delinquents. B) inner-city children. C) children of war. D) children who grow up in large, single-parent families.

Q: In the past decade, wars have left _____ million children physically disabled and _____ million homeless. A) 1; 6 B) 2; 8 C) 3; 10 D) 6; 20

Q: In schools located in areas with high poverty, their large classes, weak instruction, rigid rules, and reduced academic expectations and opportunities A) lead to extremely low self-esteem. B) heighten the capacity for delayed gratification. C) are associated with higher rates of lawbreaking. D) foster a fanatical adherence to social conventions and moral norms.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about antisocial adolescents? A) They are delayed in maturity of moral judgment. B) They tend to view aggression as within the moral domain. C) They score high in moral identity. D) They have low self-esteem.

Q: Which of the following is a biased social-cognitive attribution of proactively aggressive children?A) extremely low self-esteemB) overly high self-esteemC) high rates of empathyD) advanced moral reasoning

Q: Compared with siblings in typical families, preschool siblings who have critical, punitive parents A) are more passive toward one another. B) are more aggressive toward one another. C) display characteristics of an inhibited temperament. D) recognize hostile intent only when it is specifically directed at them.

Q: Which of the following parenting behaviors is linked to aggression from early childhood through adolescence in diverse cultures? A) reinforcement of prosocial modeling B) inductive discipline C) consistent discipline D) power assertion

Q: Research on adolescent aggression shows that late-onset youths A) first display antisocial behavior around the time of puberty, gradually increasing their involvement. B) commit more serious crimes and spend more time in prison than early-onset youths. C) often have deficits in cognitive functioning, as well as a diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. D) first display antisocial behavior in late adolescence, which then peaks in the mid-twenties.

Q: Fourteen-year-old Shaq demonstrated a difficult and fearless temperamental style as a young child and often physically attacked his parents and siblings. When he was 12, Shaq was arrested for breaking into houses. He is now a regular drug user and rarely attends school. Which of the following statements about Shaq is probably true? A) Shaq will most likely grow out of this behavior once he understands the consequences of his actions. B) Shaq's parents need to use corporal punishment to correct his antisocial behavior. C) Shaq is at-risk for high school dropout, unemployment, and future arrests. D) Shaq is engaging in normal adolescent behavior.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about adolescent delinquency?A) The late-onset type is far more likely to lead to a life-course pattern of aggression and criminality than the early-onset type.B) Most research on adolescent delinquency has focused on boys from middle- and upper-SES families.C) Early-onset youngsters seem to inherit traits that predispose them to aggressiveness and also show subtle deficits in cognitive functioning.D) The longer antisocial young people spend in prison, the less likely they are to sustain a life of crime.

Q: For both boys and girls, persistently high physical or relational aggression A) predicts later externalizing problems but not internalizing problems. B) predicts involvement in aggressive sports like hockey and rugby. C) is associated with peer admiration and respect. D) predicts later internalizing and externalizing difficulties and social skills deficits.

Q: Assuming the following four boys will eventually engage in various forms of adolescent delinquency, which child is likely to engage in less violent forms, such as theft? A) Mark, who has high levels of oppositional behavior B) Matt, who has high levels of physical aggression C) Mike, who has low levels of oppositional behavior D) Max, who has medium levels of physical aggression

Q: __________ contribute(s) to an increase in antisocial behavior among teenagers. A) The desire for autonomy B) A decreased capacity for moral self-regulation C) Changes in the brain's emotional/social network at puberty D) A strict adherence to gender stereotypes

Q: U.S. 12- to 17-year-olds account for _____ percent of police arrests. A) 8 B) 14 C) 21 D) 33

Q: __________ declines as preschoolers' improved capacity to delay gratification enables them to resist grabbing others' possessions.A) Reactive aggressionB) Relational aggressionC) Proactive aggressionD) Malicious intention

Q: Research shows that between ages 3 and 6, __________ aggression decreases, whereas __________ aggression increases. A) physical; verbal B) overt; hostile C) relational; proactive D) reactive; relational

Q: In his rush to be first in line, 5-year-old Corey knocks down a classmate. Corey has just engaged in __________ aggression. A) proactive B) reactive C) relational D) verbal

Q: Between the ages of 6 and 11, A) proactive, or instrumental, aggression declines. B) physical aggression declines, while verbal aggression increases. C) girls' relational aggression becomes increasingly indirect. D) teacher- and peer-reported aggression declines.

Q: With age, the emotional, reactive hot system is increasingly subordinated to the cognitive, reflective cool system, as a result of A) diffusion of executive function. B) improved functioning of the prefrontal cortex. C) temperaments subjected to inconsistent discipline. D) decreases in self-control.

Q: Which of the following characteristics is present in Mischel's "hot" processing system?A) cognitiveB) slow and reflective developmentC) self-controlD) stimulus control

Q: Avery is able to monitor her own conduct, constantly adjusting it as circumstances present opportunities to violate inner standards. Avery has developed the capacity for A) moral self-regulation. B) postconventional thought. C) induction. D) ideal reciprocity.

Q: Mischel's research shows that diverting attention is especially important in teaching children to A) monitor temptation. B) resist temptation. C) transform stimuli in ways that emphasize arousing qualities. D) be able to plan effectively.

Q: Which of the following children will be most successful in dealing with delay of gratification? A) a frustrated child B) an immature child C) an angry child D) an inhibited child

Q: According to Vygotsky, children cannot guide their own behavior until they have integrated standards represented in adult"child dialogues into their own A) self-directed speech. B) intersubjectivity. C) cooperative dialogue. D) zone of proximal development.

Q: Two-year-old Kanye is able to show clear awareness of his mother's wishes and expectations, and obeys her simple requests and commands. Kanye is demonstratingA) effortful control.B) self-control.C) compliance.D) reciprocity.

Q: In order for Adrian to be able to behave in a self-controlled fashion, he must A) be taught how to sit still and be quiet, particularly in structured settings. B) have some ability to think of himself as a separate, autonomous being who can direct his own actions. C) be able to obey simple requests and commands. D) learn how to distinguish and coordinate moral imperatives.

Q: Cross-cultural research on moral behavior shows that A) children in Western cultures demonstrate greater moral maturity than children in non-Western cultures. B) Chinese and Japanese young people say that adults always have the right to interfere in their personal matters. C) American young people say that adults always have the right to interfere in their personal matters. D) children and adolescents in diverse Western and non-Western cultures use similar criteria to reason about moral, social-conventional, and personal concerns.

Q: When asked if it is OK to exclude a child from friendship or peer group on the basis of race or gender, Sam, a fourth grader, would say that A) exclusion is fair under some conditions. B) exclusion is always unfair. C) exclusion is always fair. D) it depends on who the person is.

Q: Disagreements between adolescents and parents are most often A) due to different moral imperatives. B) related to social conventions. C) disputes over personal issues. D) related to drug use and antisocial behavior.

Q: Which of the following actions would school-age children consider to be worse in a moral sense?A) purposefully burning a flag in publicB) accidentally burning a flag in publicC) burning a flag to protest the unfair treatment of a country's citizensD) purposefully burning a flag in private

Q: As children's understanding of morality becomes more complex, they regard violations of purposeful conventions A) as dependent on individuals' intentions. B) as closer to moral transgressions. C) to be less important than random convention transgressions. D) as the linkage to immoral beliefs.

Q: Three-year-old Noelle is shown two pictures: one shows a child stealing an orange and the other shows a child eating spaghetti with her fingers. Noelle is most likely to view A) both actions as equally wrong. B) both actions as okay if an adult did not see them. C) the stealing as more wrong than the bad table manners. D) the bad table manners as more wrong than the stealing.

Q: __________ do not violate rights and are up to the individual. A) Moral imperatives B) Social conventions C) Immoral beliefs D) Matters of personal choice

Q: Which of the following is an example of a social convention? A) a couple's decision to not have any children B) a rule that forbids pets in a city zoo C) the right to free speech that is guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution D) placing a napkin on your lap at meals

Q: After seeing two little boys taunt another child on the playground, Najai tells the teacher that they should make playground rules that protect other people's rights and welfare. Najai is requesting a common set ofA) moral imperatives.B) social conventions.C) matters of personal choice.D) moral ideals.

Q: According to Krebs and Denton, everyday moral judgments A) often focus on money matters. B) overlap with Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning. C) are practical tools that people use to achieve their goals. D) are often irrational and immature.

Q: A key controversy about Kohlberg's theory is A) that there is not much research-validated support for his work. B) with his belief that moral maturity is not achieved until the postconventional level. C) that his stages focus solely on moral reasoning during early and middle childhood. D) that cross-cultural studies do not support the progression from one stage to the next.

Q: Increased autonomy and efforts to construct a personally meaningful religious identity coincides with A) increased spirituality during adolescence. B) an increase in church attendance during early adulthood. C) a drop in formal religious involvement during adolescence. D) the questioning of one's religious beliefs during early childhood.

Q: Which of the following individuals would most likely actively practice religion? A) Barbara, who lives in the United States B) Sophia, who lives in Italy C) William, who lives in Great Britain D) Simon, who lives in Canada

Q: __________ is associated with civic commitment that persists into adulthood.A) Participation in nonsport extracurricular activities at schoolB) Reading about social injustice in other countriesC) Attending youth ralliesD) Watching movies that have a strong social message

Q: Sasha's parents bring up controversial issues at home and encourage her to form opinions. Her school fosters a democratic climate in which teachers promote discussion of controversial issues while insisting that students listen to and respect one another. This environment will A) enhance Sasha's sense of civic responsibility. B) decrease Sasha's sense of civic responsibility. C) cause Sasha to become self-absorbed and materialistic. D) inhibit Sasha's ability to develop sympathy or empathy.

Q: As part of a school project, Pritindra gathers food donations for the poor and homeless. What is the likely result of Pritindra's participation in this project? A) a belief that personal factors, such as low intelligence or addiction problems, are the cause of an individual's plight B) a commitment to future community service and a gain further in moral maturity C) a distaste for community service that is forced upon him by those in positions of authority D) a sense of sympathy, but not empathy, for those in need

Q: At age 3, Heike shows great concern when her mother injures her finger while gardening. Given her empathy in this situation, which of the following will be true of Heike at age 5? A) She is likely to ignore social convention in her moral behaviors. B) She will show strong moral self-perceptions. C) She will understand and act on moral imperatives. D) Her empathy does not predict tendencies in moral identity or action.

Q: The connection between mature moral reasoning and action is __________, due to the __________. A) weak; impact of personal relationships on the decision-making process B) strong; realization that behavior reflects thinking and judgments C) modest; influence of empathy, sympathy, and guilt D) nonexistent; fact that theoretical morality and real-life morality are based on different constructs

Q: Research on collectivist cultures has shown thatA) Kohlberg's highest stages are limited to Western societies that emphasize individual rights.B) moral statements portray the individual as disconnected from the social group.C) individuals in individualistic and collectivist societies reason in much the same way.D) their responses to moral dilemmas are often more other-directed than in individualistic societies.

Q: Adolescents who __________ are advanced in moral reasoning. A) base social life on authority relations B) interact with peers who have the same viewpoints C) more often participate in conversations with their friends D) like to engage in debate with their peers

Q: Which of the following statements is true regarding the influence of schooling on fostering mature moral reasoning? A) Higher education introduces young people to social issues that extend beyond personal relationships to entire political or cultural groups. B) Moral reasoning is explicitly taught in college and university settings. C) When young people do not attend school, they often engage in deviant behavior, which has a negative impact on moral reasoning. D) Students who attend college must have advanced moral reasoning in order to be successful in a competitive environment.

Q: Describe the differences between in-group and out-group biases, including how such biases contribute to the development of prejudice.

Q: Describe the four identity statuses and their influence on psychological well-being.

Q: Explain how cultural factors and gender contribute to the development of self-esteem.

Q: Describe the development of self-concept from early childhood to adolescence.

Q: Describe how children grapple with false beliefs as they develop a theory of mind.

Q: Describe factors that contribute to the development of theory of mind during the first three years of life.

Q: How do children use their categorical self in the development of their self-awareness?

Q: Describe the beginnings of self-awareness in infancy, citing examples of this development.

Q: Intervening with children who have weak social problem-solving skills can enhance development by A) giving children a sense of mastery in the face of stressful life events. B) permitting children to represent and express the self more clearly. C) increasing children's self-esteem. D) increasing children's awareness of others' feelings.

Q: As an intervention, the Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) curriculum for preschool children teaches skills such as A) using no-intervention controls. B) attending selectively to social cues. C) satisfying an impulse. D) detecting others' thoughts and feelings.

Q: Instead of grabbing, hitting, or insisting that another child obey, 5- to 7-year-olds tend to A) tattle on the child since they are unable to resolve disagreements without adult intervention. B) verbally threaten the child and later exclude the child from play groups. C) rely on friendly persuasion and compromise, to think of alternative strategies when one does not work, and to resolve disagreements without adult intervention. D) first bribe the child, and if that strategy fails, they seek adult intervention.

Q: Children improve greatly in social problem solving over the preschool and early school years, largely as a result of gains in A) false-belief understanding. B) attribution retraining. C) recursive thought. D) self-esteem.

Q: Research on social problem solving shows thatA) without adult intervention, quarrels among preschoolers often result in physical violence.B) social conflicts have a negative impact on children's problem-solving skills.C) children who get along well with agemates tend to hold biased social expectations.D) children with peer difficulties often misinterpret others' behaviors.