Q&A Hero

Q: Dimitri believes that girls can be firefighters and boys can be caregivers for their children. Dimitri's beliefs illustrate A) androgyny. B) gender-stereotype flexibility. C) gender constancy. D) gender stability.

Q: In several recent investigations carried out in Canada, France, and the United States, a majority of elementary and secondary school students A) believed that boys are better at language arts than girls. B) continued to view math as a "feminine" subject. C) disagreed with the idea that math is a "masculine" subject. D) perceived girls as able to do better in math than in language arts.

Q: In both Asian and Western nations, A) boys and girls feel equally competent at math, science, and language arts. B) although girls outperform boys at language arts, they feel less competent about their performance in these subjects. C) although boys outperform girls at math and science, they feel less competent about their performance in these subjects. D) boys tend to feel more competent than girls at math, science, and athletics, and girls feel more competent than boys at language arts.

Q: Which of the following academic subjects does 9-year-old Sabra most likely view as "feminine"?A) mathematicsB) social studiesC) scienceD) reading

Q: Children's knowledge of personality trait stereotypes is first acquired through A) in-group favoritism. B) out-group favoritism C) interactions with other-sex peers. D) interactions with same-sex siblings.

Q: Research in many countries reveals that stereotyping of personality traits becomes adultlike around age _____. A) 3 B) 6 C) 11 D) 15

Q: Because older children realize that gender-stereotypic attributes are associatedbut not definingfeatures of gender, their beliefs about possible male and female characteristics and capacities A) do not yet encompass conflicting information. B) tend to be one-sided judgments. C) rely on gender labels. D) become more flexible.

Q: Reflecting the gender stereotypes of his age group, 4-year-old Youssef is likely to say that A) it is OK for boys to dress up in skirts or jewelry. B) girls cannot be doctors or police officers. C) girls can grow up to be anything they want to be. D) it is OK if boys want to play with dolls.

Q: The association of toys, articles of clothing, tools, household items, games, occupations, colors, and behaviors with one sex or the other occursA) when children lack access to androgynous role models.B) in elementary school.C) earlier for girls than for boys.D) by the preschool years.

Q: During early childhood, gender-stereotyped beliefs A) weaken. B) first emerge. C) strengthen. D) disappear.

Q: In a study in which 20- to 40-year-olds were shown photos of children and adults and asked to rate each on "masculine," "feminine," and "neutral" personality traits, adults A) differentiated men from women more sharply than they did boys from girls. B) differentiated girls from women more sharply than they did boys from men. C) differentiated boys from girls more sharply than they did men from women. D) had great difficulty assigning gender-stereotyped traits based on photos.

Q: Gender stereotypes tend to A) cast men in a generally positive light and women in a negative light. B) imply that expressive traits are more desirable than instrumental traits. C) cast women in a generally positive light and men in a negative light. D) strengthen in middle childhood and peak in adolescence.

Q: Which of the following traits is considered expressive? A) excitable in a major crisis B) takes a stand C) not easily influenced D) holds up well under pressure

Q: Which of the following traits is considered instrumental?A) emotionalB) self-confidentC) needs approvalD) considerate

Q: Competence, rationality, and assertiveness are examples of __________ traits that are typically considered to be __________. A) expressive; feminine B) expressive; masculine C) instrumental; feminine D) instrumental; masculine

Q: Dean associates certain activities, roles, and traits as being typical for either males or females. His associations conform to cultural stereotypes and encompass many gender-linked responses. This is an example of gender A) atypicality. B) roles. C) typing. D) identity.

Q: People in Country A hold a widely shared set of beliefs about characteristics deemed appropriate for males and females. They believe that females are passive and males are aggressive. Country A's beliefs represent gender A) identities. B) roles. C) stereotypes. D) types.

Q: Which of the following terms refers to the public face of gender in society? A) gender stereotypes and gender roles B) gender stereotypes and gender identity C) gender roles and gender identity D) gender identity and gender typing

Q: Suze wants to foster moral maturity in her children. How should Suze interact with her children to accomplish this? A) Maintain a high level of power assertion and a low level of decision making. B) Always intervene when the children argue since sibling arguments often escalate to physical aggression. C) Engage in moral discussions and encourage prosocial behavior. D) Use either permissive or authoritarian child rearing.

Q: Vamsee is a flexible and open-minded individual. He will most likely A) be socially skilled and have many opportunities for social participation. B) be uninterested in others' moral ideas and justifications. C) have difficulty adapting to new experiences. D) put his own thoughts and preferences aside and adopt the perspectives of others.

Q: Personality, child-rearing practices, peer interaction, schooling, and aspects of culture affect maturity of moral reasoningA) in older adolescents and emerging adults but not children.B) by presenting cognitive challenges, which stimulate young people to think about moral problems in more complex ways.C) in individualistic but not collectivist societies, where moral reasoning tends to be delayed.D) by teaching individuals to follow their intuition instead of simply abiding by what adults tell them.

Q: Some evidence indicates that although the morality of males and females includes both orientations, females tend to stress __________, whereas males stress __________. A) justice; empathetic perspective taking B) empathetic perspective taking; care C) care; justice D) justice; care

Q: Many studies have tested Gilligan's claim that Kohlberg's approach underestimates the moral maturity of females, and A) most support it. B) most do not support it. C) the results are divided. D) none support it.

Q: Gilligan believes that feminine morality emphasizes a(n) A) earlier shift from Stage 2 to Stage 3 reasoning than in Kohlberg's system. B) an absence of justice and caring, unlike Kohlberg's system. C) focus on impersonal rights. D) ethic of care.

Q: What is Gilligan's primary criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning? A) Kohlberg's theory does not fully explain moral reasoning at Stages 4 and 5. B) Kohlberg's theory is at odds with Piaget's theory and little research has been conducted on its validity. C) Kohlberg's theory does not account for language differences between males and females. D) Kohlberg's theory, originally based on interviews with males, does not adequately represent morality of girls and women.

Q: Moral maturity is positively correlated withA) popularity.B) egocentrism.C) IQ.D) political aspirations.

Q: The existence of postconventional morality is a matter of speculation because A) it is so rare that no clear evidence exists that Stage 6 actually follows Stage 5. B) researchers disagree about how to assess it. C) Kohlberg himself was unclear about moral reasoning at that stage. D) it tends to emerge spontaneously in collectivist societies.

Q: With few exceptions, individuals move through Kohlberg's first four stages in A) reverse order. B) a random order. C) a rapid manner. D) the predicted order.

Q: In response to the Heinz dilemma, Dana says, "Respect for human life and personality is absolute; people have a duty to save one another from dying." Dana is most likely in the stage of __________ orientation. A) social-contract B) universal ethical principle C) instrumental purpose D) social-order-maintaining

Q: In response to the Heinz dilemma, David says, "It's a natural thing for Heinz to want to save his wife, but it's still his duty as a citizen to obey the law." David is most likely in the stage of __________ orientation. A) social-order-maintaining B) instrumental purpose C) "good boy"good girl" D) social-contract

Q: At Kohlberg's conventional level, moral understanding is based onA) rewards, punishment, and the power of authority figures.B) abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.C) actively maintaining the current social system to ensure positive human relationships and societal order.D) the degree to which morality is central to self-concept.

Q: If Tatum is in Kohlberg's stage of instrumental purpose orientation, which of the following statements would describe how she looks at moral dilemmas? A) "Don"t do that because you"ll be in trouble if you do." B) "Helping people is more important than following rules." C) "If you can"t do the time, don"t do the crime." D) "You do this for me, and I"ll do that for you."

Q: In response to the Heinz dilemma, Bill says, "You shouldn"t steal the drug because you"ll be caught and sent to jail if you do. If you do get away, the police would catch up with you any minute." Bill is most likely in the __________ stage. A) punishment and obedience orientation B) social-order-maintaining orientation C) morality of interpersonal cooperation D) instrumental purpose orientation

Q: In Kohlberg's theory, at the __________ level, children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consquences. A) principled B) preconventional C) conventional D) postconventional

Q: Dr. Miller wants to assess the moral reasoning of young children with a short-answer questionnaire that allows for efficient gathering and scoring of information. Dr. Miller will most likely use the A) Wechsler Inventory of Social-Conventional Reasoning. B) Woodcock-Johnson Assessment of Moral Reasoning. C) Moral Judgment Interview. D) Sociomoral Reflection Measure"Short Form.

Q: According to Kohlberg, given a choice between obeying the law and preserving individual rights, the most advanced moral thinkers willA) follow the law.B) first advocate for reinterpretation of the law.C) break the law to support individual rights.D) break the law only with prior permission from an authority figure.

Q: Kohlberg emphasized that it is the __________, not the __________ that determines moral judgment maturity when presented with the Heinz dilemma. A) way an individual reasons about the dilemma; content of the response B) content of the response; way an individual reasons about the dilemma C) final outcome; way in which that outcome was achieved D) emotional reaction to the dilemma; justification of the response

Q: To study moral development, Kohlberg A) observed people in naturally occurring situations requiring moral reasoning. B) used an ethnographic approach to assess moral reasoning. C) studied moral reasoning in institutionalized children and adolescents. D) presented people with hypothetical moral dilemmas.

Q: Both Piaget and Kohlberg used a(n) __________ procedure to study moral development. A) cross-sectional B) structured observation C) clinical interviewing D) ecological

Q: Eight-year-old Carlos and 9-year-old Theresa are arguing over a bag of candy. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects their probable response to intervention?A) They will stop fighting if an adult threatens to spank them or put them in time out.B) They will stop fighting in an adult's presence but will resume the argument once the adult leaves the room.C) They will view a directive to stop fighting and share as right, regardless of who states it.D) They will not listen to anyone because candy involves a primary motivator, and their desire for it is too strong to control their actions.

Q: Follow-up research on Piaget's theory indicates that childrenA) regard adults with unquestioning respect.B) do not regard adults with unquestioning respect.C) cannot discriminate between truthfulness and lying until the end of elementary school.D) do not develop differential notions about the legitimacy of authority figures until the age of 10.

Q: Preschoolers more often than older children evaluate lies A) as always wrong. B) as sometimes necessary. C) in a positive manner. D) based on the situation.

Q: Canadian children are more likely than Chinese children to favor lying A) when the intention is modesty. B) to support the individual at the expense of the group. C) to support the group at the expense of the individual. D) when the intention is prosocial.

Q: Children __________ certain types of truthfulnessfor example, blunt statements, particularly when made in public contexts where they are especially likely to have negative social consequences. A) cannot separate the harm from the intentions in B) see only ill intentions in C) are unable to recognize D) evaluate negatively

Q: By what age do children clearly recognize the difference between truthfulness and lying? A) 2 years B) 4 years C) 8 years D) 10 years

Q: According to Piaget, older children in the morality of cooperation stage understand __________, which helps them realize that rules can be reinterpreted and revised.A) ideal reciprocityB) realismC) a moral dilemmaD) induction

Q: Piaget regarded peer disagreements as especially facilitating in the development of A) morality of cooperation. B) realism. C) heteronomous morality. D) inductive discipline.

Q: Lamis likes to play "Go Fish." One day when her older brother suggests changing the rules, she adamantly insists that the rules cannot be changed. Lamis has not yet made the transition to A) heteronomous morality. B) a punishment and obedience orientation. C) an instrumental purpose orientation. D) morality of cooperation.

Q: Satish is a young child whose moral understanding is characterized by the belief that rules are fixed external features of reality. Satish's moral understanding reflects A) induction. B) moral self-relevance. C) realism. D) compliance.

Q: According to Piaget, two factors that limit children's moral understanding are __________ and __________. A) a limited understanding of conservation; egocentrism B) animistic thinking; a lack of concern for others C) the power of adults to insist that children comply; cognitive immaturity D) an underdeveloped ego; poor perspective-taking skills

Q: Children in Piaget's heteronomous morality stageA) want to maintain the affection and approval of others by being a "good person."B) view rules as unchangeable and requiring strict obedience.C) base their moral understanding on reward, punishment, and the power of authority figures.D) view the "right" action as what satisfies their needs or otherwise results in personal advantage.

Q: Children's earliest moral understanding can be described as A) an inner propensity to adhere to socially agreed-upon principles. B) an understanding of intentions. C) a superficial orientation to physical power and external consequences. D) extensive moral imperatives.

Q: Viewing the child as a thinking moral being who wonders about right and wrong and searches for moral truth is the approach endorsed by A) social learning theorists. B) reinforcement theorists. C) behaviorists. D) cognitive-developmental theorists.

Q: Dr. Kalpoe is a cognitive-developmental theorist. As such, Dr. Kalpoe probably believes that the major means by which children become moral is through A) specific teaching by parents and caregivers. B) modeling and reinforcement. C) identification with parents. D) construction.

Q: A major criticism of theories that regard morality as entirely a matter of internalization of societal norms is that A) the role of emotion is disregarded in the development of prosocial behavior. B) they do not consider cultural influences on moral development. C) they overemphasize biological contributions to morality. D) prevailing standards sometimes may be at odds with important ethical principles and humanitarian goals.

Q: Ursula has developed a firm conscience, displays empathy, behaves responsibly, plays fairly in games, and is exceptionally considerate of other's welfare. Ursula's mother probably used __________ as her primary form of discipline.A) positive disciplineB) time outC) corporal punishmentD) withdrawal of privileges

Q: Longitudinal research shows that spanking is associated with a A) high level of respect toward adults and other authority figures. B) rise in behavior problems if parents are cold and rejecting. C) decrease in behavior problems if parents deliver it when they are highly agitated. D) decrease in antisocial behavior in girls but not boys.

Q: Mr. and Mrs. Briggs, Caucasian-American parents, regularly use physical punishment with their son Max. Max will probably A) develop respect for adults. B) avoid delinquent peers. C) show a decrease in aggressive behavior. D) engage in aggressive and antisocial behavior.

Q: Jelena had a temper tantrum, so she was sent to her room until she was ready to act appropriately. This technique is known as A) time out. B) withdrawal of privileges. C) induction. D) withdrawal of love.

Q: More than one-__________ of physically punishing U.S. parents report having used a hard object, such as a brush or a belt. A) fifth B) fourth C) third D) half

Q: An alarming __________ percent of U.S. infantswho are not yet capable of complying with adult directivesget spanked or hit.A) 25 to 35B) 35 to 40C) 35 to 50D) 50 to 60

Q: Ethnographic evidence indicates that corporal punishment increases in societies with A) a collectivist orientation. B) an individualistic orientation. C) autocratic political decision making. D) low rates of poverty.

Q: Harshly treated children react with resentment and a chronic sense of being personally threatened, which prompts A) timid, but more social, behavior. B) a strong internalization of moral rules. C) a focus on the self's distress rather than a sympathetic orientation to others' needs. D) increased genetic risk for aggression.

Q: Which of the following is a side effect of harsh punishment? A) It models aggression. B) It helps children distinguish between prosocial and antisocial behaviors. C) It permanently stops children's misbehavior. D) It encourages children to seek closeness with adults.

Q: Models of effective behavior are especially influential A) in the early years. B) in middle childhood. C) in adolescence. D) if they combine harsh punishment with frequent time outs.

Q: Warmth and responsiveness, competence and power, and consistency between assertions and behavior are allA) characteristics that affect children's willingness to imitate a model's behavior.B) less likely to promote moral development than spankings and threats.C) evident in primates, reinforcing the biological perspective of morality.D) traits that develop around age 2 as precursors to moral development.

Q: According to social learning theorists, operant conditioning is not enough for young children to acquire moral responses because A) prosocial behaviors do not increase with positive reinforcement. B) parents rarely provide reinforcement following a prosocial act. C) many prosocial acts occur so rarely at first that reinforcement cannot explain their rapid development. D) negative reinforcement does not decrease the likelihood of antisocial behavior.

Q: Dr. Milo believes that moral behavior is acquired through reinforcement and modeling. Dr. Milo's view is consistent with A) the biological perspective. B) psychoanalytic theory. C) the social learning perspective. D) Piaget's theory of moral development.

Q: When inducing empathy-based guilt, parents must help children A) deal with guilt feelings constructively by guiding them to make up for immoral behavior. B) understand why harsh punishment is sometimes necessary to correct misbehavior. C) understand why adults are always right and that their goal is to protect children. D) understand that people sometimes behave inappropriately.

Q: Empathy-based guilt reactions are associated with A) anger, hostility, and future antisocial behavior. B) stopping harmful actions and repairing damage caused by misdeeds. C) fearful behavior, particularly toward adults. D) prosocial behavior in girls and antisocial behavior in boys.

Q: Parents of impulsive children can foster conscience development byA) combining firm correction of misbehavior with induction.B) using harsh discipline when it is necessary to change behavior.C) using gentle discipline, reinforced by mild suggestions.D) limiting positive reinforcement until the child's behavior improves.

Q: Jinelle is an anxious, fearful preschooler. What can her parents do to foster guilt reactions and conscience development? A) Focus more on misbehavior than prosocial behavior. B) Engage in power assertions. C) Avoid using mild, patient tactics, as these will reinforce anxious behavior. D) Use mild patient tactics, such as requests, suggestions, and explanations.

Q: Diane's mother threatens to punish her or gives her the silent treatment when Diane does something wrong. This approach A) is more effective than induction, particularly when used with younger children. B) makes Diane feel anxious and unable to think clearly enough to figure out what she should do. C) promotes Diane's compliance and prosocial behavior. D) helps Diane learn to internalize moral norms.

Q: Research on induction shows that it A) encourages empathy and sympathetic concern. B) encourages anger and hostility toward peers. C) should not be used with children under the age of 10. D) is less effective than corporal punishment.

Q: Three-year-old Ally throws a block at her sister, who starts to cry. Her mother says, "Your sister is crying because you hurt her." Ally's mother is using __________ as a form of discipline. A) induction B) reverse psychology C) punishment D) construction

Q: Induction points out the effects ofA) unacceptable behavior, but does not lead to internalization of moral norms.B) harsh punishment on moral development.C) the child's prosocial behavior on adults and peers.D) the child's misbehavior on others and makes it clear that the child caused it.

Q: Which of the following situations challenges Freud's view of conscience development? A) Although Mia has been told that violating codes of conduct is wrong, her conscience is too strong to experience guilt. B) Mia's parents frequently use disciplinary techniques, such as threats, commands, and physical force, yet she violates rules often with little guilt. C) Because her parents often use threats, commands, or physical force, Mia feels extreme guilt after violating rules or codes of conduct. D) Although her parents withhold attention and love when she misbehaves, Mia compensates for this through attention from teachers and peers.

Q: Which of the following statements reflects Freud's view of guilt? A) Guilt does not emerge until middle childhood. B) Guilt is a hostile impulse redirected toward the self. C) Guilt is controlled by the id. D) Guilt is a hostile impulse directed toward others.

Q: According to Freud, moral development is largely complete by age A) 3 to 4. B) 4 to 5. C) 5 to 6. D) 7 to 8.

Q: Although physical violence is condoned in 10-year-old Jalila's household, she agrees with society that fighting is unacceptable and subsequently acts according to her personal standards. Jalila is demonstrating evidence of A) internalization. B) induction. C) construction. D) realism.