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Psychology
Q:
When we specifically attribute good aspects about ourselves to dispositional factors, and bad things to the environment, we are demonstrating
A) fundamental attribution error.
B) self-serving bias.
C) wrongful attribution.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.
Q:
Treatment modalities that follow risk, need, responsivity principles are effective treatment approaches with serious sexual offenders.
Q:
Negligent manslaughter is killing another person
A) as a result of recklessness.
B) with malice aforethought.
C) as a result of uncontrollable passion.
D) in self-defense when danger of serious bodily injury exists.
Q:
Berkowitz's two criminal personality classifications are
A) psychopathic/nonpsychopathic.
B) violent/nonviolent.
C) greedy/altruistic.
D) socialized/individual.
Q:
Most child sex offenders commit a variety crimes against children.
Q:
The most frequently reported violent crime in the United States is
A) homicide.
B) arson.
C) aggravated assault.
D) rape.
Q:
According to Akers' theory, groups tend to adopt certain rules of conduct concerning what is bad, right or wrong, justified or unjustified. These group attitudes are called
A) discriminative stimuli.
B) ecological norms.
C) normative definitions.
D) neutralizing stimuli.
Q:
Pedophilia is a clinical condition that is not necessarily accompanied by action.
Q:
Homicides consistently account for about ________% of all violent crimes reported to the FBI.
A) 1-2
B) 12
C) 15-18
D) 25
Q:
Increasing desired behavior by distributing rewards is known as
A) extinction.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) positive reinforcement.
Q:
Childhood sexual abuse is common in female adolescents with persistent antisocial behavior.
Q:
"The intentional inflicting of serious bodily injury on another" is a sufficient definition of which of the following offense?
A) Simple assault
B) Aggravated assault
C) Assault with a deadly weapon
D) Murderous assault
Q:
Which individual is associated with the bystander effect?
A) Rodney King
B) Freddie Gray
C) Susan Darley
D) Kitty Genovese
Q:
Hebephilia is a distinct, diagnostic category of pedophilia.
Q:
How has the media affected public perception of mental disorder and violence? Include information on the history and prevalence of mental disorder and violence.
Q:
Acts performed in response to orders from authority considered illegal or immoral by the larger community are called
A) bystander apathy.
B) reductionism.
C) crimes of obedience.
D) fundamental attribution error.
Q:
Of the following treatment approaches, which has shown the most promise in the overall treatment of sexual offenders?
A) Behavior modification
B) Reality therapy
C) Implosive therapy
D) Cognitive-behavioral approaches
Q:
Discuss the role of law enforcement and mental health courts in deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill.
Q:
Studies of moral disengagement among adolescents indicate that it often declines with ________, and this finding is associated with an accompanying decline in ________.
A) academic performance; cognitive processes
B) age; antisocial behavior
C) socialization; parental monitoring
D) intelligence; moral aptitude
Q:
Which key psychological factors are most important to reducing sex offending?
A) Motivational factors
B) Static risk factors
C) Historical factors
D) Dynamic risk factors
Q:
Compare and contrast actuarial measures and clinical measures of risk assessment.
Q:
Which theorist is most closely associated with stimulus-response psychology?
A) Watson
B) Bandura
C) Pavlov
D) Wundt
Q:
All of the following have been found to predict recidivism for child sex offenders except
A) anger.
B) paraphilias.
C) social isolation.
D) sexual fixation.
Q:
Describe guilty but mentally ill statutes. Why do many legal scholars oppose them?
Q:
The belief that all behavior is at the mercy of stimuli in the environment is called
A) the ecological fallacy.
B) situationism.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) empiricism.
Q:
Research on the victims of child sexual assault indicates that
A) sexual abuse produces long-term psychological problems in many children.
B) most victims recover quickly without any long-lasting effects.
C) boys recover quickly without psychological effects, but girls show long-lasting effects.
D) "mild" abuse does not generate any long-lasting effects.
Q:
Identify and include symptoms of the four diagnostic categories most relevant to criminal behavior.
Q:
If Bandura's position is essentially correct, then aggressive and violent behavior can be substantially reduced by
A) providing appropriate models.
B) physically punishing children for aggressive behavior.
C) controlling the sale of guns and weapons in our society.
D) reducing high school truancy.
Q:
The term pedophilia is derived from the
A) Spanish word for children.
B) Latin word for love of feet.
C) Greek word for child lover.
D) French word for paraphilia.
Q:
Match up the terminology in the left column to the definitions in the right column.
A) Assumes that one cannot be held responsible if an unlawful action is the product of mental disease or defect
B) Major disturbances in perception which involve sensing or perceiving things or events that others do not sense or perceive
C) An approach to risk assessment that focuses on small number of risk factors, may ignore others
D) A disorder (some say a disease) of the mind that is judged by experts to interfere substantially with a person's ability to cope with life on a daily basis
E) A person's state of mind at the time an offense was committed
F) Allows the court to render a "middle-ground" verdict in the case of allegedly mentally disordered defendants
G) A risk assessment instrument developed by the MacArthur Research Network
H) The guidebook for clinicians seeking to define and diagnose specific mental disorders
I) False beliefs about the world
J) Addressed directly the question of what duty therapists owe to third parties in warning them of possible harmful behavior from their clients
1. Mental illness
2. DSM
3. Delusions
4. Hallucinations
5. The Durham Rule
6. Guilty but Mentally Ill
7. The Multiple Iterative Classification Tree
8. The Tarasoff case
9. Actuarial approach
10. Insanity
Q:
According to Sutherland's differential association theory
A) criminal behavior can be learned only by associating with others who are criminal.
B) violent behavior is biologically determined.
C) criminal behavior is learned like any other behavior.
D) criminal behavior is learned primarily through classical conditioning.
Q:
Recent research on child sexual assault suggests
A) substance abuse is rare in perpetrators.
B) offenders tend to have an extremely high recidivism rate, especially those who demonstrate no age preference of victim.
C) child sex offenders are generally younger in age than rapists.
D) a vast majority of child sex offenders prefer acquaintances or relatives.
Q:
Adjudicative competence involves competence to proceed and ________ competence.
Q:
Behaviorism is to ________ as social learning is to ________.
A) biological drives; socialization
B) objectivity; subjectivity
C) reinforcement; environmental stimuli
D) environmental stimuli; cognition
Q:
According to the DSM-5, those individuals who are drawn to children and adults for sexual gratification are diagnosed as which type of pedophile?
A) Exclusive type
B) Nonexclusive type
C) Mixed age type
D) Combination type
Q:
Delusional disorder is now included under the ________ spectrum and other psychotic disorders section in the DSM-5.
Q:
Which of the following conclusions is supported by Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment?
A) Situational variables are powerful determinants of behavior.
B) An individual's personality is more important than situational factors in determining behavior.
C) Most people remain true to their principles, even when put into psychologically compelling situations.
D) People do not easily become deindividuated.
Q:
CSOs tend to be ________ and rapists tend to be ________.
A) generalists; specialists
B) male; female
C) specialists; generalists
D) female; male
Q:
Schizophrenia typically begins ________ in life.
Q:
Milgram's famous studies on obedience to authority indicate that
A) people pay little attention to authority figures once they become adults.
B) in general, Americans are not obedient or conforming.
C) most people are obedient to authority even if it causes pain to others.
D) children are less obedient to authority than adults.
Q:
Juvenile sex offenders mostly victimize
A) females.
B) males.
C) adolescents.
D) children.
Q:
Mental illness is manifested in behavior that ________ notably from normal conduct.
Q:
The common human tendency to discount the influence of a situation and explain behavior by referring to the personality of an actor is called
A) type II error.
B) type I error.
C) ecological error.
D) fundamental attribution error.
Q:
When a person gains sexual arousal from observing unsuspecting people who are nude, or in the act of undressing, or engaging in sexual activity, it is referred to as
A) nyctophilia.
B) partialism.
C) voyeurism.
D) parorexia.
Q:
A major criticism of drug treatment is the ________ they often produce.
Q:
According to Julian Rotter, whether a particular pattern of behavior will occur depends on
A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) our ability to control biological drives.
D) our expectancies and how much we value the outcome.
Q:
Why aren't sex traffickers typically studied from a psychological perspective?
A) They don't cause psychological harm to their victims
B) They are often kind to their victims
C) They are difficult to find
D) They are perceived as economic not sex offenders
Q:
Structured professional judgment is also referred to as structured ________ judgment.
Q:
Akers' differential association reinforcement theory is based largely on the criminological theory of
A) Edwin Sutherland.
B) Albert Bandura.
C) B.F. Skinner.
D) Walter Miller.
Q:
A sexual disorder in which bizarre fantasies are necessary for sexual excitement is called
A) hebephilia.
B) paraphrenia.
C) pornography.
D) paraphilia.
Q:
The ________ case was the impetus for duty to warn/protect statutes.
Q:
According to Akers' differential association reinforcement theory, criminal behavior develops primarily as the result of
A) frustration.
B) heightened expectancies that are innate in the individual.
C) social reinforcements given by significant others.
D) classical conditioning.
Q:
Sexual contact with immature family members by individuals from outside the family is called
A) extrafamilial child molestation.
B) intrafamilial child molestation.
C) hebephilia.
D) paraphilia.
Q:
Risk assessment suggests that clinicians and researchers are more proficient at assessing the ________ that a given individual will engage in harmful behavior than they are at outrightly predicting that someone is dangerous or will be violent.
Q:
Which behavioral scientist maintains that human behavior, including criminal behavior, is acquired primarily through observational learning or modeling?
A) Julian Rotter
B) Albert Bandura
C) Ronald Akers
D) John Watson
Q:
Which question is a key of child pornography research?
A) Do those involved in child pornography have legitimate access to the child?
B) Is child pornography a crime?
C) Are the victims of child pornography harmed?
D) Do those persons interested in child pornography online also seek physical sexual contact with children?
Q:
All states and all courts recognize that behavior that is likely to result in ________ harm is dangerous.
Q:
Which term refers to the idea that all complex behavior can be broken down into simple stimulus-response behavior?
A) Interactionism
B) Deindividuation
C) Reductionism
D) Extinction
Q:
In Groth's typology, the MO that is characterized by threat of harm or use of physical force is
A) fixated.
B) sex pressure.
C) sex force.
D) sex demanded.
Q:
Most contemporary research indicates that the percentage of mentally disordered inmates in the nation's jails and prisons is ________.
Q:
All of the following are examples of frustration-induced aggression except
A) the 2015 protests in Ferguson, Missouri.
B) the 2014 demonstrations in Baltimore Maryland.
C) the 1993 riots in Los Angeles, California.
D) the 2011 occupy Wall Street movement.
Q:
The producers of child pornography often have
A) a history of substance abuse.
B) legitimate access to the child.
C) inadequate communication skills.
D) poor relationships with family members.
Q:
Mental health courts are alternative, specialized courts that are designed to treat offenders with a history of substance abuse.
Q:
According to Berkowitz, in order for frustration to occur, the person must have
A) some hope for goal attainment.
B) a specific frustration gene.
C) a history of academic failure.
D) an idea where to direct his or her aggression.
Q:
Current research suggests that symptoms most commonly reported among adolescents and adults who were molested are
A) depression and PTSD.
B) schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations.
C) fear and sleep problems.
D) phobias and psychosomatic complaints.
Q:
The term prediction of dangerousness has been replaced by the term criminal responsibility.
Q:
Milgram's obedience studies found that ________ of people are willing to shock a victim with high levels of electric shock primarily on the basis of request from an experimenter.
A) a majority (or about two-thirds)
B) a small portion (less than 10%)
C) about 25 percent
D) about half
Q:
Which statement is true of sex trafficking?
A) The average age of trafficked children has been getting younger.
B) Most traffickers are members of an organized crime group.
C) The average age of trafficked children has been getting older.
D) Most traffickers are not violent.
Q:
According to the text, the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior.
Q:
The process whereby people lose their identities and feel less responsible in a crowd is called
A) deindividuation.
B) mob reaction.
C) reciprocation.
D) crowd masking.
Q:
While fetishism is not itself a criminal offense, the desire for fetishes often leads to
A) rape.
B) voyeurism.
C) burglary.
D) robbery.
Q:
Statistics show that more than half of all prison and jail inmates might benefit from mental health treatment.
Q:
Which individual is a well-known social learning theorist?
A) B. F. Skinner
B) Hans Eysenck
C) John Watson
D) Julian Rotter
Q:
The third leading criminal enterprise in the world is
A) child sexual assault.
B) pedophilia.
C) internet pornography.
D) human trafficking.
Q:
In Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1974., the Supreme Court of California held that a psychotherapist has an obligation to use reasonable care to protect potential victims of a patient.
Q:
Which of the following is a basic assumption of classical conditioning?
A) Humans are automatons.
B) Humans are active learners.
C) Humans are good.
D) Humans are evil.
Q:
Groth identifies two major types of pedophiles. They are
A) sex pressure and sex force offenders.
B) heterosexual and homosexual offenders.
C) discreet and indiscreet.
D) aggressive and nonaggressive offenders.
Q:
Ken Bianchi, the Hillside Strangler, was diagnosed as a psychopath.
Q:
An essential difference between the behavior theory of Watson and Skinner is
A) Watson recognized the existence of private mental events, whereas Skinner did not.
B) Skinner recognized the existence of private mental events, whereas Watson did not.
C) Skinner believed that the primary goal of psychology is the control of behavior, whereas Watson did not.
D) Watson believed that the goal of psychology is the prediction of behavior, whereas Watson did not.
Q:
Which of the following illustrates a difference between the MTC and the MTC:CM3?
A) The removal of the regressed offender classification
B) The addition of male victims
C) The revision of the homosexual nurturer type
D) The classification of offenders based on physical injury to victims