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Psychology
Q:
The majority of property crimes eventually result in physical aggression.
Q:
Discuss four ways juveniles are able to access guns, despite the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act.
Q:
Which statement most accurately reflects research findings on gender differences in aggression?
A) Boys are more overtly aggressive than girls during the pre-school years, then aggression rapidly decreases.
B) Gender differences in aggression are primarily due to biology.
C) Gender differences are due to cultural and socialization processes that promote different kinds of aggression.
D) Girls are more aggressive than boys during the pre-school years only.
Q:
According to the authors, our inability to prevent crime is largely due to the
A) declining interest in the field of criminology.
B) lack of available research funding.
C) complexity of the issue.
D) difficulty in defining relevant terms.
Q:
Research by Merry and Hansent (2000) found that the psychological impact of burglary on victims is especially severe if the invasion involves
A) bedrooms.
B) kitchen cupboards.
C) motor vehicles.
D) decks or porches.
Q:
How may the availability heuristic account for our perception of violence?
Q:
Surveys estimate that the average American child sees approximately how many more than violent episodes on television before reaching adolescence?
A) 100
B) 1000
C) 10000
D) 100,000
Q:
All of the following are consistent with the developmental approach to the study of crime except
A) examining factors that place a child at risk of engaging in serious delinquency.
B) identifying the age of onset of antisocial behavior.
C) searching for protective factors in a child's life.
D) obtaining a child's IQ score as he or she enters adolescence.
Q:
The burglar who engages in destructive, malicious vandalism during the break-in is referred to as the ________ burglar.
A) riddlesmith
B) dominator
C) antisocial
D) feral threat
Q:
Explain what research tells about the perpetrators and victims of elder abuse.
Q:
After getting into a physical altercation with a co-worker at his job site, George tailgates two cars on the drive home and throws a cell phone at his wife when he arrives home to find that dinner is not ready. The above scenario is an example of
A) excitation transfer theory.
B) weapons effect.
C) road rage.
D) rumination.
Q:
Which piece of data would be included in the UCR?
A) A reported robbery with no arrest
B) A reported forgery with no arrest
C) A reported simple assault with no arrest
D) A reported statutory rape with no arrest
Q:
Medicare fraud committed by a physician would be considered ________ occupational crime under Green's categories.
A) medical
B) professional
C) individual
D) state-authority
Q:
Compare and contrast abusive head trauma and Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy as specific forms of child abuse.
Q:
The type of aggression that includes anger expressions, temper tantrums, and vengeful hostility, and more generally "hot-blooded" aggressive acts is called
A) proactive aggression.
B) mediated aggression.
C) aggressive mimicry.
D) reactive aggression.
Q:
The end result of a theory that is not verified is
A) justification.
B) falsification.
C) clarification.
D) subjugation.
Q:
Which type of crime is rarely examined in white-collar crime research?
A) Political crime
B) Embezzlement
C) Antitrust violations
D) Fraud
Q:
List and describe the four categories of homicide generated by Roberts, Zgoba, and Shahidullah (2007).
Q:
During early stages of frustration or general arousal, cognitive processes appear to have little influence beyond the immediate appraisal that the situation is aversive. This description outlines a stage of what model of aggression and violence?
A) The cognitive expectancy model
B) The neo-frustration-aggression model
C) The cognitive neoassociation model
D) The weapons effect model
Q:
Criminal behavior is best defined as
A) antisocial behavior.
B) deviant behavior.
C) an intentional act in violation of a criminal code.
D) a failure to impede the criminal process.
Q:
According to the Vaughn et al. (2008) burglar typology, which class of burglar was the most violent?
A) The feral threat
B) The young versatile
C) The sexual predator
D) The vagrant dominator
Q:
Match up the terminology in the left column to the definitions in the right column.
A) Physical violence in intimate or family relationships
B) The killing of another as a result of recklessness or culpable negligence
C) The capacity to control and alter one's behavior and emotions
D) A mental shortcut
E) The intentional inflicting of bodily injury on another person, or the attempt to inflict such injury
F) A particular system for classifying personality, motivations, or other behavioral patterns
G) The unlawful killing of one human being by another with malice aforethought, either expressed or implied
H) The killing of the newborn within the first 24 hours after birth
I) Homicides that occur in the process of committing a serious crime and are motivated by instrumental aggression
J) The visible presence of a handgun, a club, or a knife automatically brings violence-related thoughts (cognitions) to mind
1. Murder
2. Weapons effect
3. Negligent manslaughter
4. Availability heuristic
5. Typology
6. Self-regulation
7. Felony murders
8. Battering
9. Assault
10. Neonatacide
Q:
The tendency to perceive hostile intent in others even when it is totally lacking is called
A) hostile preference.
B) Meckel's syndrome.
C) hostile attribution bias.
D) inductive bias.
Q:
Vaughn et al.'s 2008 research identified four classes of burglars based on ________ motives.
A) psychological
B) financial
C) sexual
D) external
Q:
Significant ________ problems appear to be the most prominent learning problems among juvenile murderers.
Q:
The tendency of a variety of people across the country to model or copy particular criminal activity portrayed by the entertainment media is called
A) contagion effect.
B) copy-cat syndrome.
C) escalation.
D) circular imagining.
Q:
A concept that refers to the perceived discrepancy between what an individual has and what he or she would like to have is called
A) restrictive opportunity.
B) discrepant distribution of wealth.
C) relative deprivation.
D) displacement of needs fallacy.
Q:
General altercation homicide is a result of ________ aggression.
Q:
Cognitive scripts are ________ behavioral patterns for certain situations that are ________ to change.
A) available; relatively easy
B) persistent; resistant
C) innate; impossible
D) aggressive; relatively easy
Q:
Which one of the following offenses would not be considered larceny?
A) Shoplifting
B) Home invasion
C) Pickpocketing
D) Purse snatching
Q:
The homicide victimization rate for blacks is ________ times higher than for whites.
Q:
Malicious gossip is an example of what type of human aggression?
A) Direct active verbal
B) Indirect active verbal
C) Direct passive verbal
D) Indirect passive verbal
Q:
How does larceny-theft differ from burglary?
A) It doesn't involve unlawful entry.
B) It doesn't involve violent crime.
C) It is committed by professionals.
D) It is almost always carefully planned.
Q:
When considering police data on homicide, it's important to consider that arrests do not necessarily result in ________.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the GAM?
A) It is based on "Stand Your Ground" laws.
B) It draws heavily on social-cognitive and social learning theories the reinforcement gained as a result of the behavior.
C) It posits that violence occurs solely because of basic cognitive processes.
D) It was developed from research on road rage.
Q:
The standards, perceptions, and values the work group establishes for itself with or without approval by the organization is referred to as
A) work ethic.
B) employee principle.
C) unionization.
D) normative support.
Q:
An attack becomes ________ assault when the purpose is to inflict serious bodily injury.
Q:
The social learning approach to the reduction of aggressive behavior would most likely emphasize
A) appropriate modeling.
B) biological development.
C) innate drives.
D) cognitive processes.
Q:
Green's concept of occupational crime would include all of the following except
A) a bank officer embezzling funds.
B) a corporation illegally dumping hazardous waste.
C) a police officer using excessive force against a suspect.
D) a restaurant employee committing motor vehicle theft during non-work hours.
Q:
From a psychological perspective, it is often difficult to separate ________ and aggravated assault.
Q:
The psychodynamic approach to the treatment of aggressive behavior would most likely emphasize
A) appropriate modeling.
B) reinforcement.
C) reduction of aggressive energy through supervised aggressive behavior.
D) avoidance of aggressive-provoking stimuli.
Q:
What is the essential difference between occupational crime and corporate crime?
A) Occupational crime involves large sums of money; whereas corporate crime involves smaller amounts of money.
B) In occupational crime, the individual benefits; whereas in corporate crime, the corporation benefits from the crime.
C) Corporate crime is illegal, occupational crime is legal.
D) The perpetrator of corporate crime almost always is wealthy, which is not so in occupational crime.
Q:
Theories that view domestic violence as a tactic for gaining power and control in relationships are highly consistent with ________ theory.
Q:
How does I3 Theory differ from GAM theory?
A) It incorporates social and cognitive processes.
B) It disregards risk factors.
C) It incorporates recent research on self-regulation.
D) It disregards social learning theory.
Q:
Which one of the following individuals first used the term "white collar crime?"
A) Peter Letkemann
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Gresham Sykes
D) Marvin Wolfgang
Q:
Families characterized by continual cycles of intrafamilial physical aggression and violence are known as ________ families.
Q:
The frustration-aggression hypothesis was first proposed by
A) Berkowitz and Simpson.
B) the Dollard group.
C) Albert Bandura.
D) Konrad Lorenz.
Q:
Which statement is true about carjacking?
A) Women are carjacked more than men.
B) The driver is frequently killed by the carjacker.
C) Eighty-seven percent of carjackers are drinking alcohol at the time of the crime.
D) Carjacking incidents are highest in urban areas.
Q:
Violence between ________ is believed to be the most common form of violence within families.
Q:
Freud believed the causes of aggression to be
A) instinctive.
B) learned.
C) an interaction between biological and environmental factors.
D) biochemical.
Q:
The most common form of violence in burglaries is
A) aggravated assault.
B) forcible rape.
C) arson.
D) simple assault.
Q:
The primary perpetrators of elder abuse are ________ members.
Q:
If you were a TV producer and wanted an argument to support your position of the value of violence on television, you would probably rely on which of the following theoretical positions?
A) Psychoanalytic
B) Social learning
C) Frustration-aggression
D) Behaviorism
Q:
The motive for most carjackings seems to be
A) vicarious gratification.
B) selling of the car.
C) killing the victim.
D) alert optimism.
Q:
A youth who has been thrown away from the home by a parent or caretaker is called a thrownaway.
Q:
According to Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber, overt and covert acts of aggression are in different in all of the following ways except
A) innate degree.
B) behavior patterns.
C) emotions.
D) development.
Q:
Which technique do most identity thieves use to explain their crimes?
A) Victim blaming
B) Duplication
C) Neutralization
D) Emotionality
Q:
Incidence refers to the total number of cases per year.
Q:
Konrad Lorenz believed that a principle purpose of aggression in animals is to
A) keep the species population down to a survival level.
B) kill other species.
C) defend and protect "staked out" territory.
D) demonstrate which species is the most powerful and controlling.
Q:
The most common type of identity theft involves
A) credit cards.
B) cell phones.
C) checking accounts.
D) social media.
Q:
The cycle of violence theory posits that coercive and punitive tactics in parenting increase the likelihood of later aggressive behavior and potential domestic violence.
Q:
Most forms of white collar crime would fall into which of the following categories of aggressive behavior?
A) Instrumental
B) Hostile
C) Passive-aggressive
D) Functional
Q:
Which of the following factors does not appear to determine whether or not a person is arrested for shoplifting?
A) The value of the item stolen
B) The address of the shoplifter
C) The gender of the shoplifter
D) The shoplifter's resistance to being apprehended
Q:
Studies investigating the sociological correlates of criminal homicides have found that most murderers are under the age of thirty.
Q:
All of the following offenses are considered violent except
A) cyberstalking.
B) murder.
C) rape.
D) robbery.
Q:
Available research on shoplifting indicates that it is
A) almost exclusively a female offense.
B) neurotically motivated.
C) performed principally by teenagers.
D) largely due to spontaneous impulses rather than careful planning.
Q:
Infanticide refers to the killing of an infant.
Q:
In hostile aggression, the perpetrator's primary goal is to
A) ridicule the victim.
B) kill the victim.
C) make the victim suffer.
D) obtain an item of value.
Q:
Which statement is true of kleptomania?
A) It is highly prevalent among female shoplifters.
B) It is highly prevalent among male shoplifters.
C) It has not been strongly substantiated by the available research.
D) It is a disease specific to Caucasian females over age forty.
Q:
Spousal and child abuse appears to occur primarily in economically disadvantaged families.
Q:
Which of the following crimes is associated with instrumental aggression?
A) Larceny
B) Manslaughter
C) Rape
D) Vandalism
Q:
In addition to the other negative effects of victimization, victims of fraud and identity theft are most likely to experience
A) post-traumatic stress.
B) feelings of self-blame.
C) uncontrollable anger.
D) clinical depression.
Q:
Studies of homicide have shown that murderers rarely know their victims.
Q:
Which of the following behaviors represents an example of passive-aggressive behavior?
A) Slapping someone
B) Refusing to speak to someone
C) Shouting at someone
D) Shooting someone
Q:
Which of the following is not considered a type of larceny/theft in the UCR?
A) Shoplifting
B) Purse snatching
C) Softlifting
D) Bicycle theft
Q:
The weapon most commonly used in homicides in the United States is a knife.
Q:
Explain the process of operant conditioning and describe an example of how criminal behavior is acquired.
Q:
Joe Harris is a professional burglar who has targeted the Livingston family home at 57 Mulberry Lane. On the day of the burglary, Joe notices Mrs. Livingston's car is unexpectedly parked in the driveway. Joe decides to burglarize another home on Mulberry Lane instead. Joe is using
A) occupancy cues.
B) burglar ease.
C) integrated transference.
D) systematic skill.
Q:
In the United States, the victims of homicide are mostly male.
Q:
Discuss the situational factors that can influence criminal behavior. In addition to those mentioned in this chapter, what others might be identified?