Q&A Hero

Q: Match up the terminology in the left column to the definitions in the right column. A) Commercial shoplifters B) The likelihood of additional burglary in a neighborhood after one house in that neighborhood has been successfully burglarized C) The unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another D) Deception used for the purpose of obtaining illegal financial gain E) Any crime committed by an individual unlawfully entering a residence while someone is home F) The array of illegal acts committed by nonsalaried workers against their place of employment G) The irresistible impulse to steal objects H) A situation in which people shoplift for someone else because that other person asks or tells them to do so I) The completed or attempted theft in which a motor vehicle is taken by force or threat of force J) One individual or a group of individuals misappropriates another person's personal identification information 1. Boosters 2. Identity theft 3. Carjacking 4. Larceny-theft 5. Home invasion 6. Near-repeat offending 7. Fraud 8. Blue-collar crime 9. Shoplifting by proxy 10. Kleptomania

Q: Which practice accounts in part for the fact that ethnic minorities are disproportionately represented in arrest statistics? A) Racial profiling B) Geographic profiling C) Psychological autopsy D) Criminal profiling

Q: The ethological perspective has evolved into what is referred to today as ________ psychology.

Q: All of the following information is found in the Uniform Crime Reports except A) crime rates. B) homicide rates. C) clearance rates. D) conviction rates.

Q: When an organization is the violator of crime, civil suits are often preferred to ________ charges.

Q: Jenkins' 1988 study of serial killers in England found that A) serial killers had a long history of violent offenses before caught. B) serial killers began killing at a late age. C) serial killers had extensive juvenile records. D) the majority were former police officers.

Q: The aggression debate is part of a wider controversy about the respective merits of ________ and nurture.

Q: The UCR's four violent crimes are A) burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. B) murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. C) homicide, sex offenses, arson, and robbery. D) aggravated assault, homicide, larceny-theft, and vandalism.

Q: Identity theft is known to victimize the deceased and ________.

Q: Which of the following is not listed in the text as a motive of male serial murderers? A) Domination B) Sexual excitement C) Media attention D) Material gain

Q: Hostile and instrumental aggression are distinguished by the ________ they offer the perpetrator.

Q: Compared to the UCR, the NIBRS A) provides information on international crime. B) includes demographic data about the arresting officer. C) provides more detailed information about a criminal event. D) includes conviction data as well as arrest data.

Q: Carjacking often involves ________ planning and decision making.

Q: The strongest determining factor of victim selection for most serial murders is the ________ of the victim. A) availability B) appearance C) sexuality D) psychological characteristics E) social isolation

Q: The copycat effect is similar to social learning.

Q: Which statement is most accurate about official crime statistics? A) They overestimate the number of sexual offenses but underestimate property offenses. B) They overestimate juvenile crime but underestimate adult crime. C) They typically overestimate the true incidence of crime. D) They typically underestimate the true incidence of crime.

Q: There has been a growth in the prevalence of auto theft involving ________ as a method of access.

Q: The murders at Virginia Tech in 2007 is an example of A) domestic terrorism. B) spree terrorism. C) serial murder. D) classic mass murder.

Q: Bullying is an example of reactive aggression.

Q: Behaviors that are forbidden only to juveniles because of their age are known as A) public order violations. B) Part I crimes. C) status offenses. D) juvenile delinquency.

Q: The individual who commits state-authority occupational crime is essentially violating the ________ trust.

Q: The primary difference between what qualifies as serial murders and what qualifies as mass murders is A) premeditation. B) the selection of victims. C) a cooling-off period. D) the number of victims.

Q: All violent behavior is aggressive behavior.

Q: The biological approach to criminal behavior often focuses on A) cognitions. B) pathways. C) aggression. D) traits.

Q: The primary motive for professional burglars is ________ gain.

Q: A term coined by Havelock Ellis that refers to self-arousal and the self-gratification of sexual arousal is A) autoeroticism. B) authochthonous. C) autoplasty. D) autophagy.

Q: The research community is sharply divided on the long-term effects of violent media on aggressive behavior.

Q: Psychological criminology recently shifted its focus to a more ________ and ________ approach to the study of criminal behavior. A) forensic; scientific B) trait-focused; instrumental C) personality; biological D) cognitive; developmental

Q: Alarms and window locks are examples of ________ cues.

Q: A serial violent offender who does not specifically search for victims is using which one of Rossmo's four hunting patterns? A) Poacher B) Scavenger C) Hunter D) Troller

Q: Extremely high levels of arousal seem to mitigate aggressive behavior in certain situations.

Q: Sigmund Freud is most associated with which one of the following fields? A) Traditional psychiatric criminology B) Sociological criminology C) Psychological criminology D) Contemporary psychiatric criminology

Q: Official burglary rates have ________ in recent years.

Q: The tendency to gather evidence that confirms one's pre-existing expectations, while failing to seek contradictory information is called A) biased profiling. B) pre-existing orientation. C) confirmation bias. D) skewed reconnaissance.

Q: Research studies have found that viewing violence and playing violent video games have the same detrimental effects on adults.

Q: Three disciplines that have traditionally dominated the study of crime are A) sociology, psychology and psychiatry. B) psychology, sociology and anthropology. C) psychology, anthropology and economics. D) psychology, anthropology and medicine.

Q: Most of the crimes discussed in the chapter are treated as ________ crimes in official statistics.

Q: According to the text, criminal profiling is currently most useful in identifying the perpetrator of what type of offense? A) Serial homicide B) Drug-induced crime C) Political crimes D) Serial rape

Q: Territoriality is a central concept in Konrad Lorenz's theory of aggression.

Q: According to the UCR, all of the following offenses are considered violent crimes except A) forcible rape. B) arson. C) nonnegligent manslaughter. D) robbery.

Q: The highest levels of employee theft and counterproductive behaviors are reported by younger, unmarried, ________ employees.

Q: What kind of offender would be most likely to engage in undoing at a murder scene? A) Sadistic B) Shy C) Psychopathic D) Emotionally distraught

Q: Children with a hostile attribution bias are less likely than average children to see aggressive actions from others where there are none.

Q: Which psychologist would most likely have prescription privileges? A) A psychologist working on a college campus in New York B) A psychologist working in mental health hospital in Virginia C) A psychologist working in a prison in California D) A psychologist working on a military base in Florida

Q: Green's categories of white-collar crime are mutually exclusive.

Q: The term reconstructive psychological evaluation is synonymous with A) criminal profiling. B) identity assessment. C) psychological autopsy. D) postmortem profiling.

Q: Aggression is a simple, direct way of solving immediate conflicts.

Q: Which term is central to the psychodynamic approach? A) Motive B) Personality C) Trait D) Heredity

Q: Research suggests that the majority of burglary victims report minimal psychological effects of the crime.

Q: Which type of profiling is often used in the search for property offenders? A) Residential B) Racial C) Geographical D) Equivocal

Q: Aggressive behavior is always criminal.

Q: Sociological criminology would be LEAST concerned with which of the following? A) Personality characteristics of rapists B) Age characteristics of murderers C) Gender of victims of aggravated assault D) Relationship of victim to offender

Q: Of all property crimes, burglary probably offers the greatest probability of success with the least amount of risk.

Q: Investigative psychology is to ________ as profiling is to ________. A) the crime scene; the offender B) criminal analysis; criminal tendencies C) forensics; anthropology D) anthropology; forensics

Q: Which statement is not true of I3 theory? A) It organizes aggression risk factors into three categories. B) It emphasizes the concept of self-regulation. C) It is an expansion of the hostile attribution model. D) It provides a structure for understanding the process by which a factor promotes aggression. E) It specifies different ways in which aggression risk factors produce violence.

Q: Social control theory is an example of A) the conformity perspective. B) the confirmation perspective. C) Merton's strain perspective. D) the nonconformist perspective.

Q: The irresistible impulse to steal unneeded objects is referred to as kleptomania.

Q: Psychological profiling has its roots in A) behaviorism. B) psychometrics. C) psychoanalysis. D) politics. E) behaviorism.

Q: According to Berkowitz, high levels of arousal ________ aggressive behavior in certain situations. A) completely dissipate B) cause C) slightly reduce D) facilitate

Q: Which statement reflects the basic premise of strain theory? A) Crime occurs when there is a discrepancy between the materialistic values and goals cherished in our society and the availability of legitimate means for reaching these goals. B) Crime occurs when a society's values are too materialistic. C) Crime occurs when society places too much value and emphasis on doing the right thing for the highest number of individuals. D) Crime occurs when one's level of stress outweighs one's coping mechanisms.

Q: Data on shoplifting is difficult to obtain because store personnel have wide discretion in whether or not to report the incidents.

Q: In which type of crime scene is there evidence that the offender used planning and premeditation? A) Reconstructive crime scene B) Spontaneous crime scene C) Mixed crime scene D) Organized crime scene

Q: An approach in psychology that views human cognition and behavior in a broadly Darwinian context of adaptation to evolving physical and social environments is called A) Darwinian psychology. B) adaptation psychology. C) positive psychology. D) evolutionary psychology.

Q: Which perspective on crime is most closely linked with the humanistic perspective? A) Conformity B) Strain C) Learning D) Determinism

Q: Carjacking most commonly occurs in rural, isolated areas.

Q: The primary difference between staging and undoing is A) the relationship between offender and victim. B) the reason behind the action. C) the level of aggression involved in the crime. D) the amount of clothing left on the victim. E) the placement of the victim's body.

Q: ________ refers to self-focused attention toward one's thoughts and feelings. In other words, the person keeps thinking about an incident long after it is over. A) Expressive aggression B) Rumination C) Nodal behavior D) Antinodal behavior

Q: Positivist theory is to ________ as classical theory is to ________. A) determinism; free will B) jurisprudence; behavior C) cognitions; biology D) predictability; social norms

Q: Burglaries are more likely to occur in January and February, after the holidays.

Q: In investigative psychology, any behavior that goes beyond what is necessary to commit the crime is called A) restructuring. B) undoing. C) staging. D) signature.

Q: The tendency to attack space violators is referred to as A) territoriality. B) hydraulic model of aggression. C) passive violence. D) animality.

Q: Sara is a 23-year-old, single, college graduate who has just moved into her first apartment. She is working as a barista at the local coffee house while she considers her career options. Which term best describes Sara's current life stage? A) Adolescent-limited B) Emerging adulthood C) Life-course persistent D) Social control

Q: Most burglaries involve commercial establishments.

Q: The modus operandi A) is an unusual pattern that is not necessary to commit the offense. B) refers to the procedures an offender engages in to successfully commit a crime. C) is a consistent, unchanging behavior the offender uses across all crimes. D) is a crucial link investigators must focus on when linking crimes.

Q: Instigating triggers, impelling forces, and inhibiting forces are the three categories of A) overt aggression. B) GAM theory. C) covert aggression. D) I3 theory.

Q: Dr. Brown is a developmental criminologist. Dr. Brown's research most likely examines A) demographic features of offenders who participate in burglary. B) how violent individuals learn their aggressive behavior. C) the unequal power distribution among members of society. D) when robberies most frequently occur.

Q: The psychological distance between what people perceive they have now and what they feel they can realistically attain is referred to as relative deprivation.

Q: Which of the following is not a fundamental question of investigative psychology? A) What are the important behavioral features of the crime that may help identify the perpetrator? B) Are there any other crimes that are likely to have been committed by the same person? C) What are the important behavioral features of the crime that may help prosecute the perpetrator? D) Does the victim's body show signs of ossification?

Q: What do Edinboro, Pennsylvania, Fayetteville, Tennessee, and Jonesboro, Arkansas have in common? A) They are all locations of school-shooter copycats. B) They are all locations of road range incidents. C) They are all locations of terror attacks. D) They are all locations of media-induced violent attacks.

Q: After hearing that her neighbors' home was burglarized, Dee told her co-worker that her neighbors were asking for the burglary because they never locked their doors and didn't have a security system. Dee's statements reflect the A) fairness doctrine. B) self-fulfilling prophecy. C) cognition distortion. D) just-world hypothesis.