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Q:
A teacher assigned each student in the class to a six-member group to work on a lesson. Each group is assigned to a section of the text chapter. The teacher then reassigns each group member to another group in which each student knows about the same section of the chapter. This group reviews together; then each member returns to her or his original group. What type of classroom activity is this? Explain how the characteristics of the scenario described above correspond to the defining features of the method you identified.
Describe one change the teacher could make in this lesson while maintaining the same method.
Indicate one way in which this lesson reflects a constructivist approach to learning.
Q:
The second stage of Piaget's theory of moral development is the stage where an individual understands that people make rules and that punishments are not automatic. This stage is called:
a) autonomous morality.
b) heteronomous morality.
c) preconventional.
d) postconventional.
Q:
Student evaluations serve six purposes. What are they? Using an example, illustrate how two or more of these six functions can be at cross purposes. In other words, illustrate how two of these purposes could call for conflicting evaluation strategies.
Q:
Give an example of a teacher's introduction to students of reciprocal teaching, to help them attend to what they are reading.
Q:
The inability to develop a clear direction or sense of self is referred to as:
a) identity diffusion.
b) reflectivity.
c) reactivity.
d) depression.
Q:
Identify the highest level of Bloom's taxonomy represented by each of the following objectives.
a) Students will critique a piece of artwork.
b) Using a map of the United States, students will label all state capitals.
c) Given a calculator, students will compute the area of rectangles.
For objective "a," above, name any additional levels of Bloom's taxonomy that the task incorporates. In other words, although the task is classified at a certain level, a student who performs the task may, in the process, meet some lower-level objectives. An informal task analysis will lead you to aspects of the task that address lower-level objectives. Using objective "a," illustrate how one lower-level objective is met by this task (which is focused on a higher level).
Q:
How do cooperative learning approaches fit a constructivist model? More specifically, identify features of cooperative learning that incorporate a constructivist view of the learner, and explain how those features reflect constructivism.
Q:
Taunting, harassment, and aggression toward weaker or friendless peers occur at all age levels, but can become particularly serious as children enter:
a) preschool.
b) elementary school.
c) early adolescence.
d) post secondary years.
Q:
An instructional objective has three basic parts. What are they? Create two instructional objectives for lessons you could teach, incorporating the three basic parts. For each objective, identify the three parts and explain how they will help in designing assessments.
Q:
Explain how Vygotsky's theories of learning and development have influenced constructivism.
Q:
Which term refers to the developmental stage at which a person becomes capable of reproduction?
a) Maturation
b) Moratorium
c) Puberty
d) Menopause
Q:
Performance standards for criterion-referenced testing are commonly determined by:
a) relative position.
b) class rank.
c) peer group responses.
d) absolute standards.
Q:
Why is individual accountability such an essential component of cooperative learning?
a) One student might do the work of others
b) Students might argue over group roles
c) The classroom may become chaotic and out of order
d) The teacher will be free of the need to provide feedback
Q:
Which of the following statements best reflects the conventional level of moral reasoning?
a) I do not want to break any traffic laws.
b) I can get away with it, so why not?
c) Sometimes it is right to break the law if it benefits others.
d) What's in it for me?
Q:
During norm-referenced testing, the content coverage most likely consists of:
a) focus on a limited number of learning tasks.
b) focus on a broad area of coverage.
c) focus on a single topic.
d) Lack of focus on pertinent topics
Q:
One key to the teaching of problem solving is providing problems that:
a) require students to learn from lecture and discussion.
b) intrigue and engage students.
c) instruct students about moral dilemmas.
d) feel challenging.
Q:
A belief about your strengths, weaknesses, abilities, attitudes, and values is known as:
a) self-esteem.
b) self-concept.
c) self-efficacy.
d) ego.
Q:
Research suggests that the new three R's ought to be defined by which of the following traits?
a) Responsibility
b) Revenue
c) Rationale
d) Replacement
Q:
An important goal of teaching critical thinking to students is to create:
a) a critical spirit.
b) a compliant student.
c) a successful test taker.
d) a gifted student.
Q:
Research on gender differences in moral reasoning suggests that:
a) Women never reach what Kohlberg considers the higher stages of justice.
b) Women are more likely than men to make everyday decisions based on an ethic of care.
c) Both justice and caring seem to be important bases for moral reasoning for men and for women.
d) Men do not experience growth in moral reasoning until adulthood.
Q:
Which level of Bloom's taxonomy exhibits the most complex level of understanding?
a) Analysis
b) Comprehension
c) Application
d) Synthesis
Q:
In comparing cooperative learning to traditional teaching methods, most research consistently favors cooperative learning, provided that two essential conditions are met. According to our text, there should be some group recognition and there must also be:
a) group assessment.
b) extended learning duration.
c) individual accountability.
d) continuous instructor feedback.
Q:
Self-esteem is based on self-evaluation of:
a) self-actualization.
b) the Mirror Self.
c) the ego.
d) skills and abilities.
Q:
Martin gets A's (95"100) on all of the writing assignments that he does, but he has skipped half of the writing assignments. In discussing his grades with a friend, he says "I must have a C in writing, because I have A's on half the assignments, and F's on the other half." But Martin is worse off than he thinks. He actually has an F in writing. His grade is F because:
a) the teacher was using absolute grading standards.
b) the teacher used a system of scoring that is unreliable.
c) the teacher assigned a zero for every missing assignment.
d) each student's highest and lowest score were dropped.
Q:
Cooperative learning methods fall into which of these two broad categories?
a) Study method and visual learning
b) Study method and active learning
c) Passive learning and common assessments
d) Individual learning and common assessments
Q:
During which stage of development is the basic goal is to develop a sense of trust in the world?
a) Trust versus mistrust
b) Autonomy versus doubt
c) Trust versus inferiority
d) Doubt versus mistrust
Q:
Combining scores for grading (such as grades given for homework assignments) causes the important issue of:
a) how to treat extra credit work.
b) how to treat overachievers.
c) how to treat missing work.
d) how to treat work obviously done by a parent.
Q:
In cooperative scripting, the greatest gains in student performance often occur when:
a) the students serve as the teacher.
b) the student serves as the listener.
c) the student serves as the recorder.
d) the teacher serves as the teacher.
Q:
Gavin has developed a solid understanding of the rules associated with playing checkers. According to Piaget, Gavin has moved beyond the stage of:
a) morality of cooperation.
b) conventional morality.
c) preconventional reasoning.
d) heteronomous morality.
Q:
Which grading practice involves the use of work samples and rubrics, to convey to parents an understanding of what students have learned?
a) Performance grading
b) Mastery grading
c) Contract grading
d) Relative grading standards
Q:
Ms. Hurteau's eighth-grade class is using a cooperative learning strategy to discuss ramifications of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Which of the following is a specific skill Ms. Hurteau's students will need in the cooperative learning setting?
a) Active listening
b) Self directed learning
c) Metacognition
d) Means-end analysis
Q:
According to research, which of the following sexual educational programs has been generally found to be more effective?
a) Abstinence only
b) Abstinence with birth control
c) Birth control only
d) Informal
Q:
Which of the following is a problem that might arise in using relative grading standards?
a) Although the students did not learn very much, they nearly all got A's because the teacher's newly developed tests were so easy.
b) Students avoid one teacher's course because she never gives an Aher unrealistically high expectations for student learning are reflected on all of her assessment tasks.
c) Most of the students in a class received very low quarter grades because their tests did not reflect the teacher's use of class time.
d) A student whose performance is excellent cannot get an A because he is outscored by too many (for instance, 20%) of his classmates.
Q:
Which of the following phrases best characterizes critical thinking?
a) Focus on correct answer rather than reasons for an answer
b) Tolerate misleading interpretations of facts
c) Incubate irrational ideas
d) Recognize logical inconsistencies
Q:
According to the text, levels of anxiety in adolescents are highest in which of Marcia's identity stages?
a) Foreclosure
b) Diffusion
c) Moratorium
d) Achievement
Q:
One of the observations made by researchers (Shavelson, et al., 1992) regarding how well science performance assessments work, is that student scores from the performance assessments were:
a) more closely related to student aptitude than to what students were actually taught.
b) too low for educators to make a valid interpretation.
c) not found to be reliable based on multiple administrations.
d) consistently related more to what had been taught previously than to aptitude.
Q:
Studies of the Instrumental Enrichment treatment have found that the program has positive effects on:
a) both achievement and tests of aptitude.
b) tests of emotional intelligence.
c) achievement, but not on tests of aptitude.
d) tests of aptitude, but generally not on achievement.
Q:
James Marcia's identity stage in which an identity crisis has never been experienced is:
a) foreclosure.
b) diffusion.
c) moratorium.
d) achievement.
Q:
According to researchers, one of the most important criticisms of traditional standardized testing is that it:
a) can focus teachers on a narrow range of skills that happen to be on a test.
b) uses items that lack reliability.
c) relies on the judgments of many different scorers, who may produce a wide range of ratings for work of the same quality.
d) gives students too much input into which content is assessed.
Q:
During the incubation period teachers should value:
a) ingenuity and careful thought.
b) superficial responses.
c) the speed at which students can finish problems.
d) individual accountability.
Q:
Teachers who provide opportunities for feedback and practice are demonstrating which approach of social skill development?
a) Reinforcing
b) Modeling
c) Coaching
d) Instruction
Q:
Which of the following is true about using portfolios for evaluation?
a) Authentic testing advocates criticize their use.
b) Each item selected should address only one objective.
c) Student journals should not be included as selected items.
d) Students should have input in determining what will be included.
Q:
Mr. Allen's class is discussing potential solutions to world hunger. He has asked his students to come up with as many solutions to solving the world hunger problem as they can think of, no matter how seemingly unrealistic. What is this problem solving process called?
a) brainstorming
b) critical thinking
c) feedback
d) wasted time
Q:
Controversial children are children who are:
a) named more often as someone who is liked and often not listed as disliked.
b) named as equally liked and disliked.
c) someone often named as disliked and rarely mentioned as liked.
d) named as neither liked nor disliked.
Q:
According to your text, when does portfolio assessment not have important uses?
a) When teachers want to evaluate students for reports to parents
b) When teachers want to show improvement over time
c) When teachers want to evaluate students for school accountability
d) When combined with consistent and public rubrics
Q:
Providing students with a great deal of practice on a wide variety of problem types is essential for skill development, but practice alone is not sufficient unless the practice includes:
a) extensive direct instruction.
b) an absence of teacher interference and feedback.
c) feedback on their solutions, and on the process by which they arrived at the solutions.
d) freedom from teacher analysis and coding.
Q:
In lower elementary, peer groups are comprised mainly of:
a) different sex children of different ages.
b) different sec children of the same age.
c) same sex children of different ages.
d) same sex children of the same age.
Q:
Which of the following best describes what portfolios should contain?
a) A set of required items selected by the student without teacher input
b) A set of required items selected by the teacher with minimal student input
c) A thoughtfully selected collection of core and optional items
d) A randomly selected set of items chosen by either the student or the teacher
Q:
Which of the following is a motivational factor that enhances students' creative problem solving by affecting their feelings?
a) Means-ends analysis
b) Instrumental Enrichment
c) Appropriate climate
d) Incubation
Q:
The trend to use social comparison information to evaluate the self appears to correspond with developmental changes in:
a) physical development.
b) academic self-esteem.
c) abstract thinking.
d) cognition.
Q:
What is the term used for evaluations that simulate the use of abilities in real-life situations?
a) Goal setting
b) Authentic assessment
c) Formative evaluation
d) Standardized tests
Q:
During the incubation period of problem solving teachers must avoid:
a) interacting with students.
b) allowing students to work together.
c) putting time pressures on students.
d) providing information that could foster in-depth thinking.
Q:
The process of comparing oneself to others to gather information and to evaluate and judge one's abilities, attitudes, and conduct is referred to as:
a) social comparison.
b) appraisal.
c) composition.
d) adaptation.
Q:
Mr. Romanowski gives an essay a C. Then he realizes that the essay is not Michael's it is Michelle's. A grade of C is not what Mr. Romanowski expects of Michelle, so he takes another look and finds some ideas in the essay that he didn't notice before. Now he sees it as a B essay and assigns Michelle a B. Michelle is benefitting from:
a) formative evaluation.
b) backward planning.
c) clang.
d) a halo effect.
Q:
What is the term for considering all possibilities before trying out a solution?
a) Suspension of disbelief
b) Suspension of judgment
c) Ends-means analysis
d) Means-ends analysis
Q:
Self-esteem refers to how an individual:
a) perceives his or her strengths.
b) evaluates his or her strengths.
c) develops his or her strengths.
d) shares his or her strengths.
Q:
Why would a teacher who was planning to evaluate student problem-solving be interested in the following steps: understanding the problem to be solved, attacking the problem systematically, and arriving at a reasonable answer?
a) Each of the steps should be assessed with a different type of test.
b) The steps illuminate the affective objectives of problem-solving tasks.
c) The steps will be useful assessment tools because they are components of problem-solving tasks that apply to varied subject matter.
d) The steps show that problem solving should be assessed at levels 1 and 2 of Bloom's taxonomy.
Q:
One important principle of creative problem solving is to:
a) quickly find a solution.
b) realize that the solution may be impossible.
c) seek the expertise of those who have greater knowledge of the problem.
d) avoid rushing to a solution.
Q:
Associative play is play that:
a) occurs alone.
b) occurs when children join together.
c) occurs when children play with very little interaction.
d) occurs with increased levels of interaction.
Q:
Some teachers count grammar, spelling, and other technical features when evaluating essays. Is this practice appropriate?
a) Yes, evaluation of essays should be based on rules of grammar.
b) If this practice is used, the teacher should also grade the essays on effort.
c) Yes, if two separate grades (one for content and one for writing mechanics) are given.
d) No, evaluation should be based on content knowledge only.
Q:
In general, people who do well on tests of creative problem solving:
a) resolve issues conceding to the group.
b) are impulsive, quick thinkers.
c) are reluctant to change.
d) do not worry about making mistakes.
Q:
According to Piaget, during which stage of moral development will the subject begin to weigh consequences of his or her actions?
a) Heteronomous morality
b) Autonomous morality
c) Moral dilemmas
d) Postconventional level of morality
Q:
A teacher wants to determine how well students can discuss ways in which related concepts differ. Based on the text author's discussion of item types, which of the following is most appropriate for this objective?
a) True-false
b) Multiple choice
c) Matching
d) Short essay
Q:
The question "What is the difference between where I am now and where I want to be?" is a critical step in:
a) inductive reasoning.
b) means-ends analysis.
c) expository learning.
d) discovery learning.
Q:
The ability to find a partner in friendship, sex, and cooperation demonstrates which of Erikson's conflicts?
a) Intimacy versus isolation
b) Generativity versus self-absorption
c) Integrity versus despair
d) Initiative versus guilt
Q:
Which of the following statements about matching items is correct?
a) It is inappropriate to allow the alternatives in List B to be used for more than one item in list A.
b) Matching items can be used to cover a large number of concepts.
c) Directions on how to respond can be eliminated or made very short.
d) Possibilities for guessing are virtually eliminated.
Q:
Given a problem to solve, beginners tend to jump right into proposing solutions, while experts tend to spend time thinking about the underlying causes of the problem, and interpreting it from different perspectives. Which step in the IDEAL model are the beginners neglecting?
a) Explore possible strategies.
b) Anticipate outcomes and act.
c) Look back and learn.
d) Define goals and represent the problem.
Q:
A child's ability to create expectations satisfied by the need for food and affection is an example of which of Erikson's stages?
a) Autonomy versus doubt
b) Identify versus role confusion
c) Trust versus mistrust
d) Intimacy versus isolation
Q:
A recommended procedure for writing multiple-choice items is to:
a) list alternatives horizontally rather than vertically.
b) make the stem as short as possible.
c) include at least one implausible choice for each item.
d) use letters rather than numbers to identify choices.
Q:
In the general problem-solving strategy IDEAL, what does the A stand for?
a) Anticipate outcomes and act.
b) Argue the point.
c) Analyze possible strategies.
d) Answer the question.
Q:
During adolescence people begin to explore their:
a) sexual identity.
b) civic ability.
c) academic integrity.
d) trust versus mistrust.
Q:
A main goal in writing multiple-choice test questions is to:
a) make the distractors appear as reasonable as the correct answer to students who do not know the material.
b) make the distractors tricky enough to fool about half of the students in a class.
c) include at least one distractor that a knowledgeable student is likely to regard as correct.
d) make the average difficulty index .60 (60 percent).
Q:
One study found that students in schools were a variety of cooperative learning methods in all subjects were used for a two-year period, differed from students in schools using traditional teaching approaches. How did they differ?
a) High- and low-achieving students from cooperative learning schools were not helped by cooperative learning, but those with average achievement levels benefited dramatically.
b) Students from cooperative learning schools achieved less in reading and math than students from traditional schools.
c) Students from cooperative learning schools achieved significantly more than students from traditional schools.
d) Students from cooperative learning schools achieved less than students from traditional schools.
Q:
Pregnancy and childbirth are major concerns for all groups of female adolescents, but particularly among those from:
a) lower-income families.
b) middle class families.
c) white middle class families.
d) black middle class families.
Q:
The opening statement of a multiple-choice item, which may be a question or partial sentence, is referred to as the:
a) stem.
b) participle.
c) consequence.
d) antecedent.
Q:
Research has favored cooperative learning in cases where two essential conditions are met. First, there must be some kind of recognition or small reward provided to groups that do well so that group members can see that it is in their interest to help their group-mates learn. What is the second essential condition?
a) Whole-class accountability
b) Group accountability
c) Teacher accountability
d) Individual accountability
Q:
Which of the following correctly describes the substance use of contemporary adolescents, as they complete high school?
a) Fewer than 10 percent have tried marijuana.
b) 80 percent drink alcohol.
c) About one-third drink alcohol.
d) Most have tried marijuana.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true about using a table of specifications?
a) A table of specifications is useful for increasing reliability when scoring essay questions.
b) Teachers use a table of specifications to distribute test items across different instructional objectives.
c) A table of specifications helps teachers keep track of student progress.
d) It is unnecessary to construct a table of specifications if the teacher knows the subject matter well.
Q:
Cooperative learning methods fall into two broad categories. One category might be called group study methods. The second category is project-based learning or collaborative learning also known as:
a) active learning.
b) passive learning.
c) observational learning.
d) well-structured problem solving.
Q:
Adolescents seek to share their inner feelings most often with:
a) parents.
b) school teachers.
c) popular peers.
d) close friends.