Q&A Hero

Q: Of the following, which is a concern for correlational studies in particular?a. Is the method used to record responses described?b. Is the rationale for variable selection described?c. Is a rationale for the design selection given?d. Is the method for group formation described?

Q: Which of the following represents the most appropriate application of case study research? a. Donna studies how teachers use narrative stories in their content area teaching b. Lisa studies how middle school science teachers present Nanotechnology. c. Chris studies how a four-year Liberal Arts school developed an MBA program. d. Roger explores the experiences of authors as they publish through publishing houses.

Q: Darlene concludes in her thesis that there are significant differences in reading motivation between those children whose parents read to them daily and those who did not. There were, however, no actual differences between these groups. Darlene's conclusion represents a. a Type I error. b. a Type II error c. both a Type I and Type II error. d. neither a Type I or Type II error.

Q: Nala wants to determine if providing awards for science fair winners increases or decreases participation by average students. She thinks that by promoting science as a competition some children may decide not to participate. To address this question, Nala assigns schools in her district to two types, awarding or non-awarding schools and compares the participation rate of students in her two groups. Given Nala's study, what is the dependent variable? a. School location b. Student achievement c. School type d. Participation rate

Q: Matilda is interested in number of books read by each of the third grade children in her school district during the academic year. She believes that there may be differences in the number of books read by classroom and by school and she thinks there is a positive relationship between number of books read and reading achievement as measured on the standardized assessment given at the end of the year. In Matilda's study the variable "˜classroom" would be considered a(n) ___________ level variable. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: Liben studies the experiences of Ben at his first sleep-away camp. He interprets the experience through stories told to him by Ben. He collects these experiences and shares them with others in the form of a story. Liben's research can best be described as a. single subject. b. ethnographic. c. correlational. d. case study.

Q: Ntozake conducted a study in which she observed bullying in a middle school physical education environment. She conducted the study over a three-week time period. This may not have been long enough to combat observer effects. This illustrates which of the following concerns with conclusions from Ntozake's study? a. An instrumentation threat b. An internal validity threat c. A history threat d. An external validity threat

Q: Which of the following represents an appropriate application of a case study? a. Ned seeks to determine the variables that best predict university retention. b. Nala interviews teachers about their role in effective university student retention. c. Neal surveys students about the factors that they feel contribute to university retention d. Nairobi studies the efforts of Shaw College in retaining students.

Q: Mike concluded that there were no differences in self-confidence between those who had received his intervention and those in the control group. However, there were differences. Mike's intervention did work! Mike's conclusion represents a. a Type I error. b. a Type II error c. both a Type I and Type II error. d. neither a Type I or Type II error.

Q: Alice's study examined the benefits of early morning exercise on young children's attention during circle time. She had two groups of students, one who came to circle time first and then had recess and a second group that had recess before circle time. She is comparing the groups' attention based upon a frequency of off-task behaviors by group at circle. The likely measure of Alice's dependent variable is a. the range of off-task behavior by group. b. the mode off-task behavior by group. c. the mean off-task behavior by group. d. the median off-task behavior by group.

Q: Self-esteem, in Gary's study, is measured as a(n)___________ level variable. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: Bakari (2003) published a study in Urban Education that queried preservice teachers' attitudes toward African American students. Given her methodology, which of the following types of research did she likely complete? a. Experimental b. Causal-comparative c. Survey d. Correlational

Q: Chyleen owns a child care center for young children. She conducted a study of parents' perceptions of the need for structure in early learning environments. She was careful to report how her findings would benefit her practice as an early childhood learning professional. Chyleen's research would best be described as a. ethnographic. b. experimental. c. action. d. correlational.

Q: Which of the following represents an appropriate application of a case study? a. Jared wants to study how a school board weighs the options of a new bond proposal. b. Jorge studies the relationship between interest in science and game playing time in multi-user computer games. c. Janey wants to use a large extant database to study family relationships. d. Jillian surveys how superintendents prioritize qualifications when making hiring decisions.

Q: When a researcher is concerned about committing a Type I error which of the following significance levels should she use to reject or retain the null hypothesis? a. .001 b. .01 c. .05 d. .10

Q: Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study descriptions below.E X OC Oa. Ned examines how fourth graders who were provided after school homework help and those who were not on the end of year mathematics test.b. Ned describes the typical mathematics standardized test that fourth graders are required to take in his state.c. Ned compares how fourth graders given either after school homework help via the phone or the Internet perform on the end of year mathematics test.d. Ned examines how the amount of homework help available after school relates to performance on the end of year mathematics test.

Q: The information that Gary collects from the learners is referred to a. assessment. b. data. c. constructs. d. variables.

Q: Evaluation researchers collect data primarily to a. determine methods for practical problems. b. make decisions about programs. c. develop theories. d. Develop educational "˜best practices'.

Q: Tobin conducted a study in which he randomly assigned participants to two treatment conditions to test if there were differences by treatment on the number of classroom referrals. He then interviewed selected students regarding their experiences with the two treatments. In the results section of his study it is unclear at times from which data he has drawn his conclusions. This flaw is most directly related to reporting of ____________ research study.a. Experimentalb. Mixed methodsc. Narratived. Corrleational

Q: Which of the following refers specifically to the product of a case study? a. Brief b. Narrative c. Report d. Case

Q: Which of the following represents a null hypothesis regarding differences in SAT score by identity status? a. There are no differences in SAT scores among students of different race and ethnicities. b. Hispanic students score lower than any other students on the SAT. c. Hispanic students score higher than any other students on the SAT. d. There are significant differences in SAT among students of different race and ethnicities.

Q: Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the options below. E X1 O C X2 O a. Ned examines how fourth graders who were provided after school homework help and those who were not on the end of year mathematics test. b. Ned describes the typical mathematics standardized test that fourth graders are required to take in his state. c. Ned compares how fourth graders given either after school homework help via the phone or the Internet perform on the end of year mathematics test. d. Ned examines how the amount of homework help available after school relates to performance on the end of year mathematics test.

Q: Gary is a researcher interested in self-esteem. He develops an instrument he names the "I am great questionnaire." He administers the survey and collects information from 500 middle school learners. He calculates a self-esteem score for each child in the study and then groups the students as low, medium, or high self-esteem. Given this scenario please answer the following questions. The instrument that Gary developed is an example of _______________ a(n) assessment. a. affective b. cognitive c. projective d. aptitude

Q: The method of knowing that relies on making decisions based upon the way things have always been done is a. tradition. b. inductive reasoning. c. deductive reasoning. d. scientific method.

Q: Quidera conducted a study in her classroom. She has been frustrated by the lack of time management skills of her graduating seniors. She implemented a required assignment notebook and planner program for two months and observed the effects on students' homework completion. Quidera's study can best be described asa. action research.b. narrative research.c. experimental research.d. ethnographical research.

Q: Case studies are referred to as particularistic. This definition assumes which of the following characteristics? a. Case studies are focused on describing particular phenomenon. b. Case studies are focused on a interviewing a particular person. c. Case studies are focused on relationships within a particular society. d. Case studies are focused on predicting particular phenomenon.

Q: Which of the following represents a null hypothesis regarding the differences between two groups learning biology content? a. There are differences in a practicum exam between those who learn dissection in the actual lab and those who learn dissection by computer simulation. b. There are no differences in a practicum exam between those who learn dissection in the actual lab and those who learn dissection by computer simulation. c. Those students who learn dissection in the lab will perform better on the practicum exam than those who learn dissection via the computer simulation. d. Those students who learn dissection via the computer simulation will perform better on the practicum exam than those who learn dissection in the lab.

Q: Of the following, which likely describes a causal-comparative study? a. The hygiene procedures followed during a day in a high school alternative schooling environment. b. The differences between mathematics learning outcomes in traditional and alternative schooling. c. The relationship between alternative schooling and later youth criminal offenses in urban youth offenders. d. The qualifications or credentials of teachers in a typical alternative school located in the southwest United States.

Q: Given the following research question: "Are there differences in individual student achievement scores in advanced science classes between classes where students sit in the lecture style seating and those where students sit in cluster seating?" Type of classroom represents a(n) a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. extraneous variable. d. affective variable.

Q: Given the following reference, what type of study was most likely conducted? Wimer, J.W., Ridenour, C. S., Thomas, K., & Place, A. W.(2001). Higher-order teacher questioning of boys and girls in elementary mathematics classrooms. Journal of Educational Research, 95, 84-102. a. Narrative b. Experimental c. Causal-comparative d. Correlational

Q: The question of whether data are time constrained is most relevant to which of the following types of research?a. Experimentalb. Causal-comparativec. Mixed methodsd. Single subject

Q: Case study research is most appropriate under which of the following conditions? a. The researcher is interested in a product as an outcome. b. The researcher is interested in process. c. The researcher is interested in external validity. d. The researcher is a paid consultant to study a context.

Q: Inferential statistics are generally concerned with a. how well the sample represents the population. b. if the correct statistical test is used for analysis. c. the internal validity of the research design. d. the consequential validity of the dependent measure.

Q: Diana examines violence prevention programs. She is interested in the differences in number of referrals for violent behavior between two schools. One school has implemented a violence prevention program and the other has not. Diana is likely to use which of the following statistical procedures to analyze her data? a. Chi Square b. T-test c. Pearson r d. ANOVA

Q: Given the following research question: "Are there differences in individual student achievement scores in advanced science classes between classes where students sit in the lecture style seating and those where students sit in cluster seating?" Achievement scores represents a(n) a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. extraneous variable. d. affective variable.

Q: What type of research does the following statement suggest was conducted? "A significant moderate relationship between text-based interest and achievement was indicated." a. Causal-comparative b. Correlational c. Survey d. Experimental

Q: Marjorie conducted a study of students' views of race relations in America. She did not, however, share information about her participants. Marjorie has demonstrateda. a threat to internal validity.b. a threat to external validity.c. a threat to statistical conclusion validity.d. a threat to reliability.

Q: Which of the following is the statement most consistent with your textbook's perspective of case study research? a. Case studies are generally considered a type of quantitative research b. Case studies focus on mixed methods designs. c. Case studies only include qualitative data. d. Case studies are generally considered a type of qualitative research.

Q: Given a set of scores with a mean of 80, a standard deviation of 3, and a sample size of 82, calculate the standard error of the mean. a. .27 b. .33 c. .68 d. .80

Q: Gretchen is comparing second grade students' spelling ability across three existing groups. One group has had phonemic instruction, one group has used invented spelling, and the final group has had weekly spelling activities with high frequency words. Gretchen will likely use which of the following data analysis techniques to examine differences between these groups on a spelling test? a. Chi Square b. T-test c. Pearson r d. ANOVA

Q: A local government group recently conducted a survey to ask those living in the community if they would like to see a new pool facility built. The survey asked the following six questions: 1) Do you live in the community defined by zip codes 16801,16802, 16803 or 16804? Y_______ N_______ 2) Do you currently own a membership to any community or private swimming pools? Y_______ N_______ 3) How many people live at your residence. 1_______ 2_________ 3-6_________ 6+___________ 4) Please indicate the combined annual income of the members of your residence in thousands of dollars. $__________________ Given the following scale answer questions 5 and 6. 1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3 =Neutral, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly Agree 5) Our community should build a new indoor pool facility. 1 2 3 4 5 6) I support spending tax dollars for recreational opportunities. 1 2 3 4 5 Item 6 best represents an example of which of the following types of items? a. Semantic Differential Scale b. Likert Scale c. Mann-Whitney Scale d. Wilcoxon Scale

Q: Given the following research finding, "Students in the treatment condition indicated significantly better achievement on the recognition assessment than those in the control condition." What type of research was likely conducted? a. Survey b. Action c. Correlational d. Experimental

Q: Samantha was disappointed when she finished reading a survey study that assessed principals' hiring practices. The authors had drawn conclusions but had not indicated any frequency distributions for items so Samantha was unsure how the conclusions were supported. This is primarily a problem with the______________ section of the research report.a. problem statementb. hypothesisc. methodd. results

Q: Val decides to study one district as a case in her study of teacher professional development opportunities and outcomes. Of the following, which is a primary data source for her study? a. Students' standardized test scores b. The district's operating budget c. Demographic data of the school's students and personnel d. Interviews with teachers in the district

Q: Given a set of scores with a mean of 25, standard deviation of 4 and a sample size of 50, calculate the standard error of the mean. a. .36 b. .57 c. 1.75 d. 2.42

Q: Ruth collected data on boys' and girls' self-esteem. Which statistical procedure will Ruth employ to analyze differences between conditions? a. Spearman's rho b. T-test c. Chi Square d. ANOVA

Q: A local government group recently conducted a survey to ask those living in the community if they would like to see a new pool facility built. The survey asked the following six questions: 1) Do you live in the community defined by zip codes 16801,16802, 16803 or 16804? Y_______ N_______ 2) Do you currently own a membership to any community or private swimming pools? Y_______ N_______ 3) How many people live at your residence. 1_______ 2_________ 3-6_________ 6+___________ 4) Please indicate the combined annual income of the members of your residence in thousands of dollars. $__________________ Given the following scale answer questions 5 and 6. 1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3 =Neutral, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly Agree 5) Our community should build a new indoor pool facility. 1 2 3 4 5 6) I support spending tax dollars for recreational opportunities. 1 2 3 4 5 Given the above survey, Item 5 would represent ________ level data. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: Given the following portion of a research manuscript, "Three-hundred and sixty students were asked about their attitudes toward school." Findings indicate positive attitudes in the lower grades and more negative attitudes as learners' age" What type of study does this suggest was conducted? a. Experimental b. Correlational c. Survey d. Ethnography

Q: Monique read a study that included the use of eye-movement technology to collect data from young learning disabled readers. She would really like to replicate the study with an older population but there was no information about the technology used in the study. This is considered a flaw in thea. participants.b. design and procedure.c. analysis.d. discussion.

Q: Which of the following represents a topic most suitable for study using case study methodologies? a. Is the role of the academy decreasing as a result of online universities? b. How does an enrolled student navigate her curriculum and degree process at an online university? c. What are the differences in the types of students that traditional and online universities attract? d. Is degree completion higher at online universities versus traditional universities among low ability students?

Q: As the population standard deviation increases a. sampling error decreases. b. sample mean decreases. c. sampling error increases. d. population mean increases.

Q: Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the options below. E X1 O C X2 O a. Susan compares mathematics achievement scores between those students who were given after school instruction and those who were not. b. Susan compares self-esteem levels between children who are in ability grouped versus non-ability grouped classrooms. c. Susan examines the relationship between school violence incidences and number of children in a typical class. d. Susan describes how fathers and mothers feel about moral education curriculum legislation.

Q: A local government group recently conducted a survey to ask those living in the community if they would like to see a new pool facility built. The survey asked the following six questions: 1) Do you live in the community defined by zip codes 16801,16802, 16803 or 16804? Y_______ N_______ 2) Do you currently own a membership to any community or private swimming pools? Y_______ N_______ 3) How many people live at your residence. 1_______ 2_________ 3-6_________ 6+___________ 4) Please indicate the combined annual income of the members of your residence in thousands of dollars. $__________________ Given the following scale answer questions 5 and 6. 1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3 =Neutral, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly Agree 5) Our community should build a new indoor pool facility. 1 2 3 4 5 6) I support spending tax dollars for recreational opportunities. 1 2 3 4 5 Given the above survey, Item 4 data would represent _______level data. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: Given the following reference, what type of study does this title suggest was conducted? Ramalho, T., & Cullen, K. (2001). Study group in professional development school investigates the State of New York's Grade 4 English Language Arts Assessment. Journal of Research in Education, 11, 116-119. a. Action research b. Ethnographic research c. Correlational research d. Experimental research

Q: Diane read a research report of a study that used a translated version of a measure used in French Canadian schools in an English-speaking population in Nebraska. There was little information about the approach the researchers took to translation and no mention of a pilot test. While this might be a flaw in the instrumentation of the study it is also a flaw in thea. hypothesisb. analysis.c. design and procedure.d. problem statement.

Q: Which of the following represents a topic most suitable for study using case study methodologies? a. Do students in Germany experience different motivational orientations than students in the United States? b. How is the NCLB legislation changing teacher education at Adaptive University? c. Are there differences in teacher preparation between Japan and the United States? d. Is there a relationship between NCLB legislation and teacher stress?

Q: As standard error of the mean increases a. population mean decreases. b. sample mean increases. c. sampling error increases. d. sample mean decreases.

Q: Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study descriptions below. E X O C O a. Susan compares mathematics achievement scores between those students who were given after school instruction and those who were not. b. Susan compares number self-esteem levels of children who are in ability grouped versus non-ability grouped classrooms. c. Susan examines the relationship between school violence incidences and number of children in a typical class. d. Susan describes how fathers and mothers feel about moral education curriculum legislation.

Q: A local government group recently conducted a survey to ask those living in the community if they would like to see a new pool facility built. The survey asked the following six questions: 1) Do you live in the community defined by zip codes 16801,16802, 16803 or 16804? Y_______ N_______ 2) Do you currently own a membership to any community or private swimming pools? Y_______ N_______ 3) How many people live at your residence. 1_______ 2_________ 3-6_________ 6+___________ 4) Please indicate the combined annual income of the members of your residence in thousands of dollars. $__________________ Given the following scale answer questions 5 and 6. 1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3 =Neutral, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly Agree 5) Our community should build a new indoor pool facility. 1 2 3 4 5 6) I support spending tax dollars for recreational opportunities. 1 2 3 4 5 Given the above survey, Item 1 data would represent ________ level data. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: Which of the following is a typical characteristic of a qualitative research study? a. Data collection is ongoing b. Control over contextual factors c. Generalization of findings d. Statistical procedures for data analysis

Q: In several studies in a recent edition of a peer-reviewed journal, there is no reference in the articles about the ethnicity or race of the samples. There is a flaw in the _______________ portion of the articles.a. instrumentsb. participantsc. analysisd. design and procedures

Q: Which of the following is a typical characteristic of case study research? a. Case studies are generally more quantitative than qualitative. b. External validity is a critical component of case study research. c. Case studies focus on a bounded system. d. Case studies often employ modeling statistical procedures.

Q: Which of the following does one need to know to calculate the standard error of the mean? a. Mean and sample size. b. Mean and standard deviation. c. Standard deviation and sample size. d. Mean, standard deviation, and sample size.

Q: Of the following, which describes a likely causal-comparative study? a. Typical management procedures used by experienced teachers in a child-care setting b. Relationship between teacher job satisfaction and years of teaching c. Differences in problem solving performance between children provided exposure to a computer training program and those who were not given the same exposure d. Differences in acclimation to high-school between children from small and large middle schools

Q: Test scores, reported as proportion correct, on a recent math test in Ms. Polk's fourth grade class represent _____________ level data. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: Experimental research differs from causal-comparative research in that a. causal-comparative research is interested in statistical relationships between variables and experimental research is not. b. experimental research relies on data collection from multiple pools of participants while causal comparative research relies on participants from a single pool. c. experimental research controls the dependent variable in the study and causal-comparative does not. d. experimental research controls the selection of participants from a single pool and divides them into groups while causal-comparative research does not.

Q: Fred reported on his qualitative study that investigated perceptions of higher-education by high-achieving but low SES students. In his report he does not provide any information about the context of the study. This is primarily a concern regarding hisa. instruments.b. hypothesis.c. analysis.d. design and procedure.

Q: Shar is interested in the experiences of high profile community members who serve community service for Driving Under the Influence of drugs or alcohol. For her study she is going to engage in community service with several offenders. Shar's ethnographic report will most likely represent which of the following types of ethnographies? a. Autoethnography b. Critical ethnography c. Microethnography d. Ethnographic case study

Q: Both the mean and the standard deviation are examples of which of the following? a. Statistics. b. Parameters. c. Data. d. Assessment.

Q: Of the following, which is NOT a primary statistical procedure employed to analyze data in a causal-comparative study? a. Spearman rho b. ANOVA c. T-test d. Chi Square

Q: Ne is a program evaluator for a large school district. This past year the district implemented a new reading program. Ne must measure the level of implementation of the program by individual schools in the district. In this study, school is measured as a __________ level variable. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: Of the following, which is a type of qualitative research? a. Narrative b. Causal-comparative c. Experimental d. Correlational

Q: Donna, a reading specialist, compared reading motivation between two fifth grade classes. For one class she provided a free selection of books of their choice. For the other class she pre-selected the books for the students. Her hypothesis was that students given more choice in the library would have higher motivation to read. Her hypothesis was supported. Lisa, when reading her report, wondered if there were pre-existing differences between the classes that were not considered or if there were extraneous variables not addressed. These oversights in Donna's work are primarily a problem with hera. participants.b. hypothesis.c. design and procedure.d. Instruments.

Q: Shar is interested in the experiences of high profile community members who serve community service for Driving Under the Influence of drugs or alcohol. For her study she is going to engage in community service with several offenders. Shar's status would best be described as which of the following types of observers? a. Passive observer b. Determined observer c. Privileged active observer d. Active participant observer

Q: The smaller the standard error the a. more accurate the sample means are as an estimate of the population mean. b. more likely differences between groups are due to chance. c. less likely that the statistic represents the parameter. d. less accurate the subject's response is on a dependent measure.

Q: The most common descriptive statistic used in causal-comparative research as a measure of variability is the a. range. b. standard deviation. c. mean. d. t-test.

Q: Marty assesses teachers' attitudes toward inclusion based upon number of years of teacher experience. He groups his teachers as those that have 4 or less years of experience, 5-10 years of experience, 11-20 years of experience and more than 20 years. The variable of years of experience in Marty's study illustrates an example of ___________level data. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: Which of the following illustrates Aaron, a qualitative researcher, collecting data for an ethnographic study on alternative schooling. a. Aaron sends out surveys to directors of alternative schools. b. Aaron examines achievement measures of students enrolled in alternative schools. c. Aaron invites students from alternative schools to visit him and conducts interviews. d. Aaron goes to an alternative school and volunteers on the staff.

Q: When Michelle got to the method section of the study she reviewed for a class assignment she found that the researchers had clearly described the questionnaire and the pilot procedures used to test the items. This is a strength of this __________ research report.a. observationalb. correlationalc. surveyd. causal-comparative

Q: Which of the following is NOT consistent with the guidelines for fieldwork and field notes as presented in your text? a. Clearly separate description from interpretation and judgment b. Maintain a "˜safe distance" and use nonformal observation when possible. c. Gather a variety of information from different perspectives d. Represent people in their own terms