Q&A Hero

Q: Jill correctly answered 15 items on a fifty-item, 150 point biology test correctly. The 15 items represent Jill's a. percentile score. b. raw score. c. stanine score. d. grade-equivalent score.

Q: The Buckley Amendment is designed to specifically to a. protect teachers participating in research. b. protect students from deception. c. protect the researcher from legal cases. d. protect privacy of student records.

Q: Ai-mu conducted a study on recent immigrants' opinions of schools in America. She is careful to report her training and abilities to conduct the research in her manuscript. By so doing, Ai-mu is specifically addressing a. threats to internal validity. b. threats to external validity. c. reliability. d. ethics concerns

Q: When a researcher explores whether the participant has the necessary knowledge to inform the case this is referred to as a. screening. b. pilot testing. c. pre testing. d. microethology.

Q: The selection of an inappropriate test of significance a. will cause one to make a Type I error. b. will cause one to make a Type II error. c. may cause either a Type I or Type II error. d. is independent of Type of error.

Q: Which of the following statistical procedure will Ms. Angelo use to analyze her data? a. Chi Square b. T-Test c. Pearson r d. ANOVA

Q: Which of the following is the best example of a standardized test? a. A classroom-based teacher developed test b. An attitude measure developed by a researcher c. The national achievement test d. The outcome measures of amount learned in an experimental study

Q: In a research study, deception refers to a. telling participants that their data will be confidential when it will not. b. telling participants that their data will be anonymous when it will not. c. not conveying the true nature of the research study in which participants have consented. d. not obtaining informed consent from participants but using their information as data.

Q: Eliza takes care to illustrate in her research report how long she was in the field and how she has minimized observer effects. In her efforts to address these concerns, Eliza is most directly addressing a. threats to internal validity. b. threats to external validity. c. ethics concerns d. reliability

Q: To state that a case study is heuristic means that a. it represents a strategy employed by scholars. b. it relies on participant knowledge. c. it shares something new about the phenomenon. d. it supports a priori hypotheses.

Q: Moya would like to increase the degrees of freedom in her study that explores students' test performance in Chemistry. How might she do this? a. She could make an easier test so students perform better. b. She could increase her sample size. c. She could divide her sample into subgroups. d. She could add a covariate to her analysis.

Q: It is the beginning of the school year and Ms. Angelo, an eighth grade teacher, is concerned about the students' standardized reading achievement test scores. She knows the current class did not do well the last time that they were tested. She decides to do a study to examine if there are differences in students' gain achievement scores from the last administration based upon the nature of the out of class reading she assigns during the school year. In two of her sections, she allows students to read seven books that they want to read. In two of her other sections, she assigns seven texts. In her last two sections she assigns four texts and allows students to select three.Which of the following best describes Ms. Angelo's study?a. Experimentalb. Correlationalc. Prospective causal-comparatived. Retrospective causal-comparative

Q: Sam is a psychology researcher interested in personality differences between university faculty who do and do not include computer-assisted technology in their class lectures. He groups the faculty based upon use of computer-assisted technology and he administers a 13-item Likert scale personality assessment. In Sam's study, personality is measured with a(n) a. nonprojective instrument. b. projective instrument. c. standardized instrument. d. alternative assessment.

Q: The Federal Act that protects privacy of educational records is referred to as a. The National Family Rights and Privacy Act b. The National Family Research Act c. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act d. The National Research Act

Q: Eliza takes care to illustrate in her research report how long she was in the field and how she has minimized observer effects.Which of the following types of research did Eliza most likely conduct?a. Experimentalb. Actionc. Correlationald. Ethnography

Q: Ruth is conducting a case study of typical ways of working in a College Registrar's office. Of the following, which is appropriate practice for Ruth as she selects participants for her study? a. Ruth should select all workers as participants for her identified case. b. Ruth should screen potential participants and include only those who can contribute to her understanding. c. Ruth should screen potential participants and include those with a strong perspective. d. Ruth should allow the administrator in the office to select the participants given their individual roles in the context.

Q: Degrees of freedom are dependent upon a. the number of participants. b. the number of participants and groups. c. the number of groups and their means. d. the number of participants and their performance.

Q: It is the beginning of the school year and Ms. Angelo, an eighth grade teacher, is concerned about the students' standardized reading achievement test scores. She knows the current class did not do well the last time that they were tested. She decides to do a study to examine if there are differences in students' gain achievement scores from the last administration based upon the nature of the out of class reading she assigns during the school year. In two of her sections, she allows students to read seven books that they want to read. In two of her other sections, she assigns seven texts. In her last two sections she assigns four texts and allows students to select three. What is the independent measure in Ms. Angelo's study? a. Type of books read b. Eighth grade students c. Gain achievement scores d. Number of books read

Q: Sam is a psychology researcher interested in personality differences between university faculty who do and do not include computer-assisted technology in their class lectures. He groups the faculty based upon use of computer-assisted technology and he administers a 13-item Likert scale personality assessment. In Sam's study, personality is considered a(n) a. aptitude measure. b. affective measure. c. achievement measure. d. cognitive measure.

Q: Researchers seek approval from the IRB prior to a. generating hypothesis. b. collecting research data. c. developing a research plan. d. conducting a literature review.

Q: Ar-Mu'min has conducted a study that examines teachers' understandings of child development. He is certain to present how he gained entry into the research site and how he coded his data. Which of the following is the most likely type of research that Ar-Mu'min has conducted?a. Ethnographicb. Experimentalc. Correlationald. Causal-comparative

Q: Of the following, which is the most accurate statement regarding sample selection in case study research? a. The available sample defines the unit of analysis. b. The researcher selects the unit of analysis. c. The client defines the unit of analysis. d. The unit of analysis is determined by the context.

Q: One benefit of conducting a two-tailed test is that a. it allows for a greater region of rejection than a one tailed test. b. it allows for differences in groups be in either direction. c. it is easier to obtain significant differences between groups. d. it is easier to reject the null hypothesis than for a one tailed test.

Q: It is the beginning of the school year and Ms. Angelo, an eighth grade teacher, is concerned about the students' standardized reading achievement test scores. She knows the current class did not do well the last time that they were tested. She decides to do a study to examine if there are differences in students' gain achievement scores from the last administration based upon the nature of the out of class reading she assigns during the school year. In two of her sections, she allows students to read seven books that they want to read. In two of her other sections, she assigns seven texts. In her last two sections she assigns four texts and allows students to select three. What is the dependent measure in Ms. Angelo's study? a. Type of books read b. Eighth grade students c. Gain achievement scores d. Number of books read

Q: Of the following, which is considered an affective measurement? a. The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) b. Preschool Reading Ability Measure c. A Field Dependence Test d. A self-esteem measure

Q: By law, an IRB must contain at least _________ members. a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 9

Q: A guiding hypothesis is likely to be found in which of the following type of research study? a. Qualitative b. Causal-comparative c. Correlational d. Experimental

Q: Which of the following is the most common form of sampling in case study research? a. Random b. Convenience c. Purposive d. Cluster

Q: Researchers determine the probability level a. prior to the execution of the study and any data collection. b. after the data are collected by prior to analysis c. after analysis but prior to interpretation d. after the data are analyzed and interpreted but before writing it up.

Q: Katrina has conducted a study that examines entering children's social skills. She has first-grade teachers rate students' social skills at the end of first grade. She then compares the scores of students who attended formal Pre-Kindergarten programs with those who did not. Which of the following statistical procedures would Katrina use to analyze her data? a. T-test b. ANOVA c. Chi-Square d. Pearson r

Q: Hanna is conducting a problem-solving study that relates learners' motivation to number of challenging problems attempted. She defines motivation as self-efficacy. She uses a self-report instrument to measure self-efficacy. Paul is a participant in Hanna's study. His score on the self-efficacy measure is considered a. a variable. b. a construct. c. data. d. knowledge.

Q: The ethical principle that requires that psychologists try to eliminate the effect of biases in their work is referred to as a. respect for people's rights and dignity. b. beneficence and nonmaleficence. c. fidelity and responsibility. d. integrity.

Q: Yaseen's research has addressed middle school students' body image. He is sure to include information about how he selected the scale that he used. One of the drawbacks of his study is that the scale had previously only been used with older populations. Yaseen should include this information in which of the following sections of his research report?a. Literature reviewb. Instrumentsc. Resultsd. Participants

Q: The tool used in cross-site analysis designed to assist the researcher in seeing differences across cases is best described as a a. site-ordered descriptive matrix. b. cross-site analytic matrix c. time-ordered matrix. d. causal model matrix.

Q: As the probability of committing a Type I error increases a. the probability of committing a Type II error decreases. b. the probability of committing a Type II error generally increases. c. the probability of committing a Type II error may increase or decrease. d. the probability of committing a Type II error will remain constant.

Q: Katrina has conducted a study that examines entering children's social skills. She has first-grade teachers rate students' social skills at the end of first grade. She then compares the scores of students who attended formal Pre-Kindergarten programs with those who did not. Of the following, which best describes Katrina's study? a. Correlational b. Prospective causal-comparative c. Retrospective causal-comparative d. Experimental

Q: Hanna is conducting a problem-solving study that relates learners' motivation to number of challenging problems attempted. She defines motivation as self-efficacy. She uses a self-report instrument to measure self-efficacy. Hanna has operationalized which of the following variables? a. Self-efficacy b. Motivation c. Problem-solving d. Challenging problems

Q: The ethical principle that encourages psychologists to contribute a portion of their time is referred to as a. justice. b. integrity. c. fidelity and responsibility. d. respect for people's rights and dignity.

Q: Jackie wants to examine teachers' efficacy for her dissertation project. She has consulted with her committee and they have suggested that Jackie must make it clear how her qualitative and quantitative data relate. Which of the following types of research study does Jackie propose?a. Ethnographicb. Mixed methodsc. Experimentald. Correlational

Q: James is interested in describing some plausible cause and effect relations within his case study data. Which of the following will James find most useful in his quest to describe these data? a. Scatterplot b. Time-ordered matrix c. Site-ordered effects matrix d. Cross-site matrix

Q: If a researcher rejects the null hypothesis she is concluding that a. there are real differences between groups. b. there are no real differences between groups. c. differences between groups are due to chance. d. differences between groups are due to measurement error.

Q: Katrina has conducted a study that examines entering children's social skills. She has first-grade teachers rate students' social skills at the end of first grade. She then compares the scores of students who attended formal Pre-Kindergarten programs with those who did not. What is the independent variable in Katrina's study? a. Social Skills b. First grade teachers c. Pre-Kindergarten program d. First grade

Q: Mitch's study addresses the role of parental involvement in the classroom and the effects on student grades. In his work, final averages in the core subject areas are compared between children who are in classrooms with parent volunteers and those in classrooms with no parent volunteers. His dependent measure, final averages in core subjects, illustrates which type of assessment? a. Cognitive b. Aptitude c. Attitude d. Personality

Q: IRB stands for a. Institutional Review Board. b. Institutional Research Board. c. Interagency Review Board. d. Interagency Research Board.

Q: Maria has turned in her honor's thesis that considers the prevalence of ability grouping in local intermediate grades. One of her readers questions the prompts that might have been provided to the participants and how the participants' responses were coded. Given this information, what type of study did Maria conduct for her thesis?a. Causal-Comparativeb. Ethnographicc. Mixed Methodsd. Experimental

Q: Jamal needs a cross-site analysis tool to assist him in creating master charts. Which of the following would best serve his purpose? a. Unordered meta-matrix b. Site-ordered predictor-outcome matrix c. Multi-dimensional site matrix d. Site-ordered meta-matrix

Q: If a null hypothesis is retained one can conclude which of the following? a. Any differences between groups are due to sampling error. b. Differences between conditions are due to the treatment. c. The treatment is successful. d. There are no significant differences between groups.

Q: Katrina has conducted a study that examines entering children's social skills. She has first-grade teachers rate students' social skills at the end of first grade. She then compares the scores of students who attended formal Pre-Kindergarten programs with those who did not. What is the dependent variable in Katrina's study? a. First grade b. Pre-Kindergarten programs c. Social Skills d. First grade teachers

Q: Matilda is interested in number of books read by each of the third grade children in her school district during the academic year. She believes that there may be differences in the number of books read by classroom and by school and she thinks there is a positive relationship between number of books read and reading achievement as measured on the standardized assessment given at the end of the year. Matilda's study addresses two primary research questions. One addresses whether there is a positive relationship between number of books read by standardized test score. The type of research addressed by this question represents a(n) _________research study. a. Descriptive b. Casual-Comparative c. Correlational d. Experimental

Q: Which of the following, by law, is a required characteristic of Institutional Review Board (IRB) membership composition? a. a minimum of seven members b. both qualitative and quantitative researchers c. gender diversity d. cultural diversity

Q: Ron is reviewing a qualitative study. Which of the following should be of concern to his review?a. Is the deductive logic applied to the data to produce results stated in detail?b. Is the rationale for variable selection described?c. Were any control procedures used to equate the groups on extraneous variables?d. Are sources of invalidity associated with the design identified and discussed?

Q: The type of cross-site analysis tool used specifically to examine chronology as an organizing variable is referred to as a. Multi-dimensional site matrix b. Site-ordered descriptive matrix c. Site-ordered predictor matrix d. Time-ordered meta-matrix

Q: If a null hypothesis is rejected it means a. the treatment causes significant differences. b. there are no differences between treatments. c. any differences between groups are due to sampling error. d. the differences found between groups are not due to chance.

Q: Steve studies diet and endurance during extended swim practices. Which of the following represents a causal-comparative research question he might examine? a. Is there a relationship between calories consumed at breakfast and endurance during after-school practice? b. Are there differences between year-round swimmers' versus summer swimmers' endurance after 12 weeks of winter practice? c. What is the typical fatigue response in ninth grade female swimmers? d. How long does the typical competitive middle school swimmer train before he first shows signs of fatigue?

Q: Matilda is interested in number of books read by each of the third grade children in her school district during the academic year. She believes that there may be differences in the number of books read by classroom and by school and she thinks there is a positive relationship between number of books read and reading achievement as measured on the standardized assessment given at the end of the year. Matilda's study addresses two primary research questions. One addresses whether there are differences in number of books read by class and by school. The type of research addressed by this question represents a(n) _________research study. a. Descriptive b. Casual-Comparative c. Correlational d. Experimental

Q: The U. S. Congress passed the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, also known as the Buckley Amendment in a. 1954. b. 1964. c. 1974. d. 1984.

Q: Willa conducted a study on the effects of violent television viewing on choice of playground activity. Her data indicated no support for her research hypothesis that those children that watched violent television played more aggressively on the playground. Interestingly, however, although not related to her hypothesis, she found that children who watched violent television played on the playgroundfor a shorter amount of time when compared to children who did not watch violent television. How should Willa address this finding?a. Change her hypothesis statements to include a hypothesis about duration of playground activity.b. Add the analysis to the results section and discuss the finding in the conclusions and recommendations section.c. Rewrite the research problem to include duration of play as a variable of interest in the study.d. Address the finding in the conclusions and recommendations section and suggest future work that addresses duration of play as a variable.

Q: Which of the following is a strategy for cross-site analysis? a. Coordinate concept matrix b. Cross-site analytic matrix c. Unordered meta-matrix d. Multi-dimensional site matrix

Q: When a researcher concludes that there are no differences between the treatment and control groups in a study, and in fact, there were no differences between the conditions. The researcher is illustrating a. Type I error. b. Type II error. c. both Type I and Type II error. d. neither Type I and Type II error.

Q: Which of the following is most likely a dependent variable in a causal-comparative study? a. Gender b. Ethnicity c. Interest d. Grade level

Q: Matilda is interested in number of books read by each of the third grade children in her school district during the academic year. She believes that there may be differences in the number of books read by classroom and by school and she thinks there is a positive relationship between number of books read and reading achievement as measured on the standardized assessment given at the end of the year. In Matilda's study the variable "˜school" represents which of the following type of variable? a. Independent variable b. Neutral variable c. Manipulated variable d. Dependent variable

Q: The federal government has enacted laws to protect research participants. These laws include a. The National Research Act. b. The National Rights Act. c. The Family Research Act. d. The Family Inquiry Act.

Q: Jill reported in her research that there were significant differences between males and females on several items of a personality inventory. She conducted many t-tests on a relatively small sample, without correcting for error rate problems. This best illustrates a flaw in Jill'sa. instruments.b. design and procedures.c. results.d. conclusions and recommendations.

Q: Of the following, which is the best example of a comparative case study? a. Josh compares the results of two studies conducted on the outcomes of environmental education programs. b. Maricella compares the experiences of two different families as they cope with medical decisions related to their newborn children. c. Kenya compares the self-reported family dynamics between male and female single-parent families d. Nadia examines the differences between student writing outcomes between those provided personal laptops in school and those who are not provided laptops

Q: In a recent study that tested differences in metacognition between those with high ability and those with low ability, Teo concluded that there were not differences between these groups. In fact, however, the low ability students were actually significantly better at monitoring their learning. Teo's conclusion represents a. a Type I error b. a Type II error c. both a Type I and a Type II error d. neither a Type I or Type II error

Q: Which is most typical of an independent variable in a causal-comparative study? a. Achievement b. Gender c. Intelligence d. Attitude

Q: Matilda is interested in number of books read by each of the third grade children in her school district during the academic year. She believes that there may be differences in the number of books read by classroom and by school and she thinks there is a positive relationship between number of books read and reading achievement as measured on the standardized assessment given at the end of the year. In Matilda's study the variable "˜number of books read" would be considered a(n) ___________ level variable. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: According to your text, which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding ethical considerations in research studies? a. Most studies do not involve ethical considerations. b. Quantitative studies do not involve ethical considerations. c. Qualitative studies do not involve ethical considerations. d. All studies involve ethical considerations.

Q: When reviewing a research report that examined on-task behavior of ADHD children in various settings, Sue was confused because the data did not support the recommendations for practice provided by the researchers. This overgeneralization is a flaw in the ______________ in the report.a. statement of hypothesisb. conclusions and recommendationsc. design and proceduresd. review of related literature

Q: Nate conducted a study with the purpose of describing the role of teachers' collective efficacy in work climate. He examined four schools in the Philadelphia City school district. Nate's case study can best be described as which of the following? a. Multi-site case study b. Unique-site case study c. Cross-site case study d. Matrix case study

Q: Anan conducted an experimental study in which students were randomly assigned to either 10 minutes of read aloud, 10 minutes of silent reading, 10 minutes of writing, or 10 minutes of free time. She concluded that there were significant differences among groups with the read aloud group outperforming others on a standardized reading assessment. However, there were not actual differences among groups. Anan conclusion represents a. a Type I error b. a Type II error c. both a Type I and a Type II error d. neither a Type I or Type II error

Q: Nala wants to determine if providing awards for science fair winners increases or decreases participation by average students. She thinks that by promoting science as a competition some children may decide not to participate. To address this question, Nala assigns schools in her district to two types, awarding or non-awarding schools and compares the participation rate of students in her two groups. Given Nala's study, what is one extraneous variable she has considered? a. School location b. Student achievement c. School type d. Participation rate

Q: Matilda is interested in number of books read by each of the third grade children in her school district during the academic year. She believes that there may be differences in the number of books read by classroom and by school and she thinks there is a positive relationship between number of books read and reading achievement as measured on the standardized assessment given at the end of the year. In Matilda's study the variable "˜reading achievement" would be considered a(n) ___________ level variable. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: The type of qualitative research that includes conducting research on a unit of study or bounded system is most often referred to as a. narrative b. case study c. ethnography d. survey

Q: Tom conducted a study that examined gender differences in ability to learnphysics concepts from computer games. In his study he found men learned betterfrom games than the women. He hadn"t, however, controlled for amount of gameplaying or interest in physics. These lack of controls are a flaw in Tom'sa. survey study.b. causal-comparative study.c. correlational study.d. experimental study.

Q: Which of the following illustrates the most viable case study research problem? a. Marina examines the experiences of new educated immigrants from Brazil b. Jeff tests differences in overall achievement between those exposed to a rich arts curriculum and those not exposed to the curriculum c. Katrina explores the relationships among perceived leadership characteristics and faculty satisfaction d. Priya describes how a start-up IT business gained market share

Q: In her treatment group, Kenesha had students with developmental disabilities swim daily for 20 minutes. In her findings she reported that at the conclusion of the study, those in the treatment condition had greater self-confidence than those in the no-swimming control group. There were actual differences between groups. Kenesha's conclusion represents a. a Type I error. b. a Type II error. c. both a Type I and Type II error. d. neither a Type I or Type II error.

Q: Nala wants to determine if providing awards for science fair winners increases or decreases participation by average students. She thinks that by promoting science as a competition some children may decide not to participate. To address this question, Nala assigns schools in her district to two types, awarding or non-awarding schools and compares the participation rate of students in her two groups. Given Nala's study, what is the independent variable? a. School location b. Student achievement c. School type d. Participation rate

Q: Matilda is interested in number of books read by each of the third grade children in her school district during the academic year. She believes that there may be differences in the number of books read by classroom and by school and she thinks there is a positive relationship between number of books read and reading achievement as measured on the standardized assessment given at the end of the year. In Matilda's study the variable "˜school" would be considered a(n) ____________ level variable. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: In a causal-comparative study that examines differences in psychomotor skills between young, suburban, middle-class Hispanic children and young, urban, middle-class Caucasian children, the dependent variable is a. Hispanic. b. psychomotor skills. c. urban. d. middle class.