Q&A Hero

Q: The final step in an experimental study is the a. selection and definition of a problem. b. execution of procedures. c. formulation of conclusions. d. analysis of data.

Q: The Columbia Mental Maturity Scale is an example of an a. achievement test. b. aptitude test. c. affective test. d. attitude scale.

Q: You have approached a school about doing a study that assesses their middle school students' proficiencies with advanced computer technologies. The school agrees but states their agreement is contingent on you "˜giving back" to the school. Of those provided, which is the most ethical means of "˜giving back"? a. Provide an individual profile score that illustrates strengths and weaknesses for each student to take home. b. Provide a summary of individual student performance on your assessment so teachers can target interventions to help those struggling. c. Provide individual sessions with students you identified through your study as weak in technology skills. d. Provide sessions for teachers and parents on emerging technologies in education and means to get more information.

Q: The stage of data analysis that addresses detailed analysis of the setting is the _____________ stage. a. classifying. b. justifying. c. organizing. d. describing.

Q: Vincente intends to examine differences between three groups of district curriculum coordinators that received either no formal training, a web-based training, or a cooperative group experience as instruction for the core standards. He tested participants' knowledge of the standards both before treatment and then after treatment. Given his design, which of the following analysis should Vincente conduct? a. Independent t test b. Dependent t test c. ANCOVA d. ANOVA

Q: Patsy conducted an experiment that included two groups of jr. high girls. One group received no training while the other received a 3-hour intervention about the benefits of careers in math and science domains. Patsy compared the willingness of girls to enroll in subsequent math courses as her outcome measure. Her t test analysis indicated no differences between her treatment group and the no-exposure control. In Patsy's study, willingness to enroll in future math and science courses is the a. manipulated variable. b. control variable. c. criterion variable. d. independent variable.

Q: Jillian is struggling in mathematics. Her teacher wants to administer a test to assist in a decision about whether to provide remedial math classes for Jillian. Of the following, which is the test most likely the type of assessment to be administered for this purpose? a. An attitude assessment b. A cognitive test c. An affective test d. A self-referenced test

Q: While conducting a study in a school setting a parent who provided consent for her child to participate asks to see her child's test results. Should you share these results? a. Yes, informed consent mandates it. b. Yes, the child is a minor and this is her parent. c. No, confidentiality requires you can not. d. No, anonymity requires that you can not.

Q: Which of the following is one of the iterative steps of qualitative data analysis as presented in your text? a. Justifying b. Critiquing c. Describing d. Examining

Q: Shani is testing whether her intervention designed to increase self-reported tolerance for others in aggressive youth is effective. She administers her scale before and after the intervention and concludes that her intervention is effective. Which analysis did Shani use? a. Independent t test b. Dependent t test c. ANCOVA d. ANOVA

Q: Patsy conducted an experiment that included two groups of jr. high girls. One group received no training while the other received a 3-hour intervention about the benefits of careers in math and science domains. Patsy compared the willingness of girls to enroll in subsequent math courses as her outcome measure. Her t test analysis indicated no differences between her treatment group and the no-exposure control. This finding is likely due to a. preexisting group differences. b. limited treatment exposure. c. sampling error. d. too small a sample size.

Q: Tests of logical reasoning are generally found on a. achievement tests. b. aptitude tests. c. affective tests. d. attitude scales.

Q: The primary role of the IRB is to a. ensure researchers awareness of Federal and State laws regarding the handling of data. b. ensure protection of research participants from harm and invasion of privacy. c. provide institution-specific ethical guidelines for use of human subjects. d. uphold ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association.

Q: Of the following, according to your text and other cited sources, which is a question that a qualitative researcher might pose to guide data analysis and interpretation? b. Have I quantified my variables? c. Have I tied my research question to existing theory? d. Have I collected the data I wanted? e. Have I controlled for external validity concerns?

Q: Hal administers a self-esteem measure to his sample before the sessions begin and after a semester of the Saturday Esteem Program, he measures their esteem again. Which type of analysis is Hal likely to use to test for significant differences in his group? a. Independent t test b. Dependent t test c. Difference scores d. ANCOVA

Q: Gavin's study compared reading error rates and reading comprehension scores between two groups of 50 third-grade students that received different reading programs. His t-test data analysis did not indicate any differences between the two types of instruction. The treatment variable in Gavin's study is a. error rates. b. third graders. c. reading instruction. d. reading comprehension.

Q: On the test report Sheri received from the standardized achievement test, there were several different tests reported. This indicates that the test represented a(n) a. affective test. b. multitrait test. c. test battery. d. subtest.

Q: William was conducting a study on preschool children's problem-solving and one of his participants unexpectedly broke into tears and sobbed uncontrollably saying, "I"m so stupid I can"t get it." and ran out of the session. William was unsure what to do next. His study has violated which of the following Legislative Acts? a. The National Research Act b. The Family Research Act c. The National Family Rights and Privacy Act d. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act

Q: Regarding data analysis conducted via computer, your text suggests that a. computer analysis is more valid than doing the analysis by hand. b. computer software should be used only to code your data. c. computer software can be used to assist with data analysis. d. computer analysis is more reliable than doing the analysis by hand.

Q: Misha is comparing different Types of typing instruction. In one group he used a classroom-based instructional method, while for the other group he used a computer-based training program. After a six-week treatment, he assessed differences in their typing ability. Of the following, which is the appropriate test of significance for Misha to use assuming random assignment and no pretreatment differences? a. Independent t test b. Dependent t test c. Difference scores d. ANOVA

Q: Gavin's study compared reading error rates and reading comprehension scores between two groups of 50 third-grade students that received different reading programs. His t-test data analysis did not indicate any differences between the two types of instruction. The most likely reason for his findings is that a. his measures did not measure reading. b. his sample is too small. c. he conducted the wrong analysis. d. his groups were too similar.

Q: Sheri got her son's standardized achievement scores back. One of the things she noted was that her son achieved a national percentile ranking of 89 in math. This score represents a. a norm-referenced score. b. a criterion-referenced score. c. that her son likely got a B in his math class. d. that her son is better in math than his classmates.

Q: Frank conducted a survey during first-year orientation. He asked students to answer questions about what made them decide to attend college. He did not ask for any identifying information on the survey and students dropped it off in campus mail so he could not identify any participants. Frank's study illustrates a. anonymity. b. confidentiality. c. neither anonymity nor confidentiality. d. both anonymity and confidentiality.

Q: Marcus is a qualitative researcher who studies the communication of frustration among colleagues. He has collected his data and is currently trying to find patterns and meaning in the data. He is using a strategy where he records on 3 x 5 cards to allow for future sorting. Which of the following data analysis strategies is Marcus most directly conducting? a. Coding b. Answering key questions c. Organizational overview d. Displaying findings

Q: In both a t-test and an ANOVA the differences between groups is represented as the a. numerator in the equation. b. denominator in the equation. c. error in the equation. d. treatment variance in the equation.

Q: Replications in experimental research are generally conducted to facilitate a. internal validity. b. external validity. c. internal reliability. d. external reliability.

Q: Of the following which illustrates criterion-referenced scoring? a. Jody got the highest score on the test. b. Jody performed worse than she did on the midterm. c. Jody received an 86 which was a B. d. Jody received an 86 which was the average.

Q: Bruce studies the effects of class size on standardized test scores. He recently approached a school district about conducting a study in their school. The school personnel were really excited to work with Bruce so they provided hard copies of students' individual standardized test results. Although the school district was being helpful this illustrates a violation of a. The National Research Act. b. The Family Research Act. c. The National Family Rights and Privacy Act. d. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act.

Q: Regarding data organization, which of the following is NOT a suggestion provided in the text? a. Make photocopies of your data b. Make back-up files of your data c. Have other researchers code your data d. Note themes and patterns that emerge

Q: Nonindependent t-tests are used when a. the two groups tested are randomly formed samples. b. the two groups tested are initially the same on the dependent variable. c. the two groups are formed by preexisting samples. d. Matching has been done or in a pre-post design.

Q: Treatment variable is another name for a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. extraneous variable. d. mediating variable.

Q: Of the following, which is an example of self-referenced approach? a. Jon finished first in the race. b. Jon performed worse than his teammates. c. Jon ran the mile in less than 6 minutes. d. Jon ran the mile faster than his last race.

Q: Julie has proposed to do research with socially rejected children. She wants to use a selection procedure where peers identify students who are socially rejected and then they become part of Julie's social skills intervention study. She will tell the children that they are participating in a study of children's social skills but she will tell them they were randomly selected for the study, not that they have been identified as needing an intervention. Of the following, which is true regarding the IRB review Julie will likely encounter? a. The IRB will not approve the study. It involves deception. b. The IRB will not approve the study. It does not involve informed consent c. The IRB will require full review prior to approval of the study because it involves deception. d. The IRB will require a full board review prior to approval because there is not informed consent.

Q: Sally is a physical therapist who is conducting a narrative research study of people's rehabilitation stories. She has organized her data and is becoming familiar with her data and is identifying potential themes. Sally is engaged in which of the following qualitative data analysis steps? a. Memoing b. Classifying c. Describing d. Examining

Q: Rose is sure that any significant differences in her reading intervention study will favor those children who were in her treatment condition. She therefore will not consider rejecting the null hypothesis that the groups are different in favor of her control condition. Rose will then a. use a non-parametric test of significance. b. apply a two-tailed test of significance. c. apply a one-tailed test of significance. d. use descriptive findings only to examine her data.

Q: Compared to all other types of research, experimental research a. requires greater number of participants. b. provides evidence concerning cause-effect relationships. c. measures dependent and independent variables. d. collects samples to generalize to populations.

Q: Which of the following illustrates norm-referenced scoring? a. Sally got all the items correct on her exam. b. Sally performed at the average of the class. c. Sally's score on the exam was an 85. d. Sally's score indicated improvement.

Q: James conducted a qualitative study in a Fraternity House. As a researcher, he pledged the Frat and conducted an ethnography about the nature of fraternity life at a large University. When he wrote up the study he did not use "˜real" names of the other members. He also did not identify the University in his research report. He did not tell the other Fraternity members he was a researcher and that he was collecting data. Which of the following addresses ethical considerations of James study. a. There are not ethical violations, it was an ethnography and participants were kept confidential. b. There are not ethical violations, it was an ethnography and the participants were kept anonymous. c. There are ethical concerns, participants did not given their informed consent for the study. d. There are ethical concerns, clear potential to harm participants was included within the study design.

Q: When a researcher categorizes and codes pieces of her data and groups them into themes she is said to be a. memoing the data. b. classifying the data. c. describing the data. d. reading the data.

Q: The level of probability selected determines the a. probability of committing a Type I error. b. probability of committing a Type II error. c. probability of committing both a Type I and Type II error. d. neither Type I or Type II error is related to selected probability.

Q: Of the following, which best describes a causal-comparative study? a. The typical number of hours spent studying mathematics in cyber-learning. b. The differences in mathematics learning outcomes between students enrolled in traditional and cyber learning. c. The relationship between cyber-learning and attitudes about utility of mathematics. d. The most common personality profiles of those students who are not injured but enrolled in cyber learning experiences.

Q: Susan has her life skills class keep a bank account and "˜pay bills' throughout the semester. Susan's assessment strategy illustrates a. performance assessment. b. supply methods of assessment. c. selection methods of assessment. d. problem-based assessment.

Q: Of the following, informed consent accurately refers to a a. minor child participant's agreement to participate in a study knowing the true nature of the study. b. parent's legal permission for their children to participate in a study knowing the true nature of the study. c. a school's formal agreement to allow researchers to conduct work in their school knowing the true nature of the study. d. a teacher's formal permission to allow researchers in his or her classroom knowing the true nature of the study.

Q: Karen is an instructional researcher interested in the interactions among learners in discussion groups. Not only does Karen have observational notes, and interview notes, she also has verbatim discourse of students' discussions. According to your text, of the following, which is the first step for Karen to take in order to analyze her data? a. Memo her field notes. b. Code her discussion data c. Classify her observational data. d. Check her data for completeness.

Q: Independent samples refer to samples a. selected from different populations. b. selected from the same population. c. known to be different on extraneous variables. d. selected based upon a stratified sample.

Q: In an action research study, Katlyn examined attitudes about a new portfolio assignment she included in her advanced graphics class. She felt this assignment might result in more positive attitudes in her male students than in her female students. Of the following, this study might best be described as a. Experimental b. Causal-comparative c. Ethnongraphic d. Narrative

Q: Lara administers an exam to her 10th grade history class. The test includes multiple-choice, true/false, matching, and fill-in-the-blank items. Lara's instrument includes a. selection method items only. b. supply method items only. c. both supply and selection method items. d. neither supply nor selection method items.

Q: Generally, in IRB approved classroom-based studies participants' a. confidentiality is maintained. b. anonymity is maintained. c. both confidentiality and anonymity are maintained. d. neither confidentiality nor anonymity is maintained.

Q: Qualitative data analysis is a process of a. deduction. b. induction. c. generalizability. d. objectivity.

Q: In determining the test of significance to select, one must consider all EXCEPT which of the following? a. Number of groups. b. Sample sizes. c. Needed effect size. d. Level of measurement of data.

Q: In an action research study, Katlyn examined attitudes about a new portfolio assignment she included in her advanced graphics class. She felt this assignment might result in more positive attitudes in her male students than in her female students. Given Katlyn's study, which of the following is the independent variable? a. Gender b. Portfolio assignment c. Attitudes d. Action research

Q: Performance assessments include a. fill-in-the-blank. b. lab demonstrations. c. multiple choice. d. true/false.

Q: Of the following which is true regarding confidentiality and anonymity? a. The two terms refer to the same concept. b. If there is anonymity then there must be confidentiality. c. If there is confidentiality there must be anonymity. d. There are no relationships between the two concepts.

Q: When conducting data analysis during data collection one suggestion for qualitative researchers is to a. seek evidence to support your initial thoughts. b. assure you have enough data for an objective analysis. c. use caution as you form initial opinions. d. finish data collection as quickly as possible.

Q: The test of significance that determines if two group means differ more than would be expected by chance is the a. t- test. b. chi square. c. ANOVA. d. analysis of gain scores.

Q: When he analyzes his data, Jon will use which of the following tests to examine differences between groups? a. Pearson r b. ANOVA c. Dependent T-test d. Independent T-test

Q: Selection methods of assessment include a. essays. b. authentic assessments. c. short answer. d. matching.

Q: One of the reasons why ethical concerns for qualitative researchers are enhanced is because a. the researcher is engaged with the collaborators. b. the research generally addresses sensitive topics. c. qualitative researchers do not obtain informed consent. d. qualitative researchers generally employ deception.

Q: Stephen recently read a manuscript on students' anxiety in classrooms. There are several citations in the manuscript that are not discussed or tied to the research question. This is a concern with which section of the manuscript Stephen read? a. Introduction b. Methodology c. Results d. Discussion

Q: Of the following, which is a question qualitative researchers might ask themselves during data analysis during data collection? a. Do I have enough data? b Does the evidence proof my position? c. Are my data objective enough for validity? d Is my research question still answerable?

Q: A non-parametric test should be used if a. the sample size is small. b. the level of measurement is nominal. c. the scores are normally distributed. d. the concern for a Type II error is great.

Q: Jon is a school director interested in the benefits of community service for student self-esteem. He administers a self-esteem measure at the beginning of the school year and then assigns students to one of three types of community service activities. In one type of service, the students complete 5 hours of community service of their choice. In the second type, students conduct 5 hours of community service as a group painting and renovating a shelter. In the third type, each child works for 5 hours when they are available at the local soup kitchen. After the service is complete he again measures their self-esteem to see differences. Which of the following might be a causal-comparative research question Jon first posed prior to designing his study? a. What types of community service do students say that they would like to complete? b. Is 5 hours of community service enough for students to gain benefits in self-esteem? c. Is there a relationship between self-esteem scores taken before and self-esteem scores taken after community service? d. Are there differences in students' self-esteem after engagement in three types of community service activities?

Q: Of the following which is a supply method for collecting data? a. Multiple choice b. True/false c. Fill-in-the-blank d. Matching

Q: Genna has told parents that their children's responses to a spatial ability measure that she used in research will not be reported in the research report. However, she intends to report the data. Genna is illustrating a. anonymity. b. confidentiality. c. debriefing. d. deception.

Q: Jen recently conducted an observational study of athletes' motivation for a class she took at the University. Unknown to her at the beginning of the study, one of the participants in her study was the professor's daughter. Jen will need to report this ethical concern in which section of her qualitative research report? a. Results b. Discussion c. Method d. Abstract

Q: Your text indicates that the first step in analyzing data in any qualitative study is ___________ the data. a. interpreting b. coding c. managing d. classifying

Q: Parametric tests require all EXCEPT the following assumptions a. that there are an equal number of participants per group. b. that data are interval or ratio scale of measurement. c. that the selection of participants is independent. d. that the variable measured is normally distributed.

Q: Jon is a school director interested in the benefits of community service for student self-esteem. He administers a self-esteem measure at the beginning of the school year and then assigns students to one of three types of community service activities. In one type of service, the students complete 5 hours of community service of their choice. In the second type, students conduct 5 hours of community service as a group painting and renovating a shelter. In the third type, each child works for 5 hours when they are available at the local soup kitchen. After the service is complete he again measures their self-esteem to see differences. What is the independent variable in Jon's study? a. Self-esteem b. Number of hours c. Type of community service d. Students' choices

Q: Assessments include all of the following EXCEPT a. measurements. b. tests. c. observations. d. interviews.

Q: Which of the following illustrates anonymity? a. After interviewing participants, the researcher assigns each participant pseudonyms. b. Although she can identify responses on the attitude measure by their handwriting, Kate does not report the names. c. Kristi replaces the participants' names on their research materials with a random number. d. Since Kelly does not know who participated in her study, she can"t report their names.

Q: LuAnn, a child development researcher, recently conducted a study in a hospital nursery to examine the feeding habits of newborn babies. She did not tell parents her identity or the purpose of her work when she asked them questions. This concern with LuAnn's study is most directly related to a concern witha. external validity.b. internal validity.c. reliability.d. ethical concerns.

Q: Although with revisiting data during data analysis the steps of data analysis may change, the initial sequence of data analysis concludes with _____________. a. interpretation. b. reading. c. memoing. d. description.

Q: Cristos has collected data to explore differences in opinions about diversity training in the workplace based upon geographic location in the county. The first step he should take in selecting the appropriate test of significance is to a. conduct a power analysis. b. consider the effect size he needs. c. decide his level of significance. d. decide if a parametric or nonparametric test will be used.

Q: Jon is a school director interested in the benefits of community service for student self-esteem. He administers a self-esteem measure at the beginning of the school year and then assigns students to one of three types of community service activities. In one type of service, the students complete 5 hours of community service of their choice. In the second type, students conduct 5 hours of community service as a group painting and renovating a shelter. In the third type, each child works for 5 hours when they are available at the local soup kitchen. After the service is complete he again measures their self-esteem to see differences. What is the dependent variable in Jon's study? a. Self-esteem b. Number of hours c. Type of community service d. Students' choices

Q: A formal, systematic procedure for gathering information is a(n) a. measurement. b. observation. c. instrument. d. score.

Q: Jackie is conducting a study at the local skate park on youth's use of slang language. She is unsure if she needs to submit her research to the IRB and asks for your opinion. How would you respond? a. She does not need IRB permission because of anonymity. b. She needs IRB permission because of personal privacy. c. She does not need IRB permission because she is observing only. d. She does not need IRB permission because there is no deception.

Q: Damik recently finished his dissertation on metacognition. At his defense one of his committee members suggested that he had not clearly defined the relationship between self-regulation and metacognition. This concern with Damik's work is most directly related to the __________ of the study. a. external validity b. internal validity c. reliability d. ethical standards

Q: George is employing a case study methodology to examine the role of principals in increasing inter-staff communication. As he starts to work with his case study participants, he realizes two of the three are unwilling to talk to him about the principal. Which of the following strategies might George have employed to combat this situation? a. Pilot testing b. Screening c. Sifting d. Fact checking

Q: The first decision in selection of an appropriate test of significance is a. to examine sample size. b. to determine if a parametric or nonparametric test must be selected. c. to consider the effect size you need. d. to decide if your level of significance is appropriate.

Q: Which of the following is considered an ability variable? a. Scholastic aptitude b. Self-concept c. Social Economic Status d. Sex