Q&A Hero

Q: Anne's study compared pre-post differences in prekindergarten children's strategies for alternatives to violent displays when frustrated by others. She found that there were differences between pre and post testing. With which validity threat should Anne be most concerned? a. Differential selection b. Statistical regression c. Maturity d. Instrumentation

Q: Gavin recently administered a science test to his fourth grade class. He questions the validity of the test as a science test because although it looks as if it measures science content, it relies heavily on reading ability. Gavin's concern is with the _____________ validity of the test. a. content b. criterion-related c. construct. d. consequential

Q: Patricia examined the role of discussion boards in online learning environments when compared to blended courses that cover the same content. She uses the number of discussion threads as the dependent variable. He research is best classified as a. Causal-comparative b. Experimental c. Correlational d. Survey

Q: Tamar is studying the inclusion of religion in secular schools. He has coded much of his notes, and has made copies of the originals. One problem he has faced, however, is that some of his notes are illegible. Tamar's problem is best categorized as a problem in data ___________. a. interpretation b. coding c. management d. classification

Q: Given the following pre and post data set for students completing number of push-ups in 30 seconds, if we were to determine if there are differences between pre and post we would calculate a non independent t test. The formula follows:Pre pushups Post pushups 4 5 2 4 3 6 4 7 5 6t = DD2-(D)2 N_____ N(N-1)t=a. .44b. 2c. 4.27d. 4.54

Q: Laura was conducting a study on two treatment interventions to increase patriotism. During her study, terrorist attacks on a federal building occurred. Laura should be concerned with which of the following validity threats? a. Statistical regression b. Instrumentation. c. History d. Testing

Q: The extent to which a test actually measures what it is designed to measure is referred to as ____________ validity. a. content b. criterion-related c. construct d. consequential

Q: Marley presented a study in which he randomly assigned students to one of three interventions designed to actively engage students as they solved mathematics problems. Given this description, which of the following types of research did he likely complete? a. Survey b. Ethnography c. Case Study d. Experimental

Q: Qualitative data analysis is ________________. a. definitive b. objective c. generalizable d. interpretative

Q: Given the following pre and post data set for students completing number of push-ups in 30 seconds, if we were to determine if there are differences between pre and post we would calculate a non independent t test. The formula follows:Pre pushups Post pushups 4 5 2 4 3 6 4 7 5 6t = DD2-(D)2 N_____ N(N-1)If degrees of freedom equal N-1 where N is the number of pairs, the degrees of freedom area. 1b. 4c. 9d. 14

Q: The threat to validity defined as the effects of the occurrence of events that are not part of the treatment but affect the dependent variable is a. history. b. testing. c. statistical regression. d. instrumentation.

Q: The extent to which unintended outcomes arise from the testing activity is referred to as ___________ validity. a. content b. criterion-related c. construct d. consequential

Q: Guthrie and his colleagues published a study that measured students reading attitudes.. Given his methodology, which of the following types of research did he likely complete? a. Experimental b. Causal-comparative c. Survey d. Correlational

Q: Describing what is in the data is termed ______________ . a. interpretation b. analysis c. examination d. classifying

Q: Given the following pre and post data set for students completing number of push-ups in 30 seconds, if we were to determine if there are differences between pre and post we would calculate a non independent t test. The formula follows:Pre pushups Post pushups 4 5 2 4 3 6 4 7 5 6t = DD2-(D)2 N_____ N(N-1)mean D=a. 1b. 2c. 5d. 10

Q: Which of the following is a threat to internal validity? a. Differential selection of participants b. Pretest treatment interference c. Posttest sensitization d. Multiple-treatment interactions

Q: The type of validity that addresses if the test appears to measure the variable of interest is referred to as ________________ validity. a. content b. criterion-related c. construct d. consequential

Q: In a causal-comparative study that examines differences in mathematics achievement in low ability students in rural schools, given one of three packaged curriculum, the dependent variable is a. curriculum. b. achievement. c. rural. d. low ability.

Q: Making sense of what data mean is termed _______________. a. interpretation b. analysis c. examination d. classifying

Q: Given the following pre and post data set for students completing number of push-ups in 30 seconds, if we were to determine if there are differences between pre and post we would calculate a non independent t test. The formula follows:Pre pushups Post pushups 4 5 2 4 3 6 4 7 5 6t = DD2-(D)2 N_____ N(N-1)D=a. 5b. 8c. 10d. 24

Q: Which of the following is a threat to external validity? a. Statistical regression. b. Testing effects c. Specification of variables. d. Instrumentation.

Q: The type of validity that focuses on the extent to which the test relates to future performance is referred to as _________ validity. a. predictive b. concurrent c. content d. construct

Q: You have approached a outdoor school camp program about doing a study that explores students outdoor experience deficiencies. The program agrees but under the condition that you provide some benefit to the participants and the program. Of those provided, which is the most ethical means to provide benefit to the program? a. Provide the school a summary of the findings as they relate to the program's objectives. b. Advertise to the community that you are doing research with the students of the school to increase the status of the program. c. Provide an individual profile score for each participant so the program can gauge outdoor experience deficiencies. d. Provide individual sessions with students you identified through your study as high in deficiencies.

Q: Henry has a ton of qualitative data and is at a loss as to where to turn next. Of the following what is one suggestion supported by your text, that will assist Henry now? a. Discard data that appears to be less related after a preliminary read. b. Focus the study to facilitate analysis. c. Employ the use of a computer software program to develop themes. d. Recode the data again to reduce the amount to memo.

Q: Given a group of 100 individuals queried at random from a busy urban street, 75 stated they preferred Indian food and 25 stated that they prefer Thai food. The expected frequency would be 50 and 50. A Chi Square test would be used to calculate the differences between the observed and the expected frequencies.Given the following formula, calculate Chi SqChi Sq= (observed1-expected1)2 (observed2-expected2)2_______________ + __________________ expected expecteda. 25b. 50c. 75d. 125

Q: Marina's findings may indicate that the underlining treatment has a. low internal reliability. b. low external reliability. c. low internal validity. d. low external validity.

Q: Sal recently took an instrument that asked him to rate his opinions about the effectiveness of different instructional practices as "˜Strongly Agree", "˜Agree", "˜Uncertain", "˜Disagree", "˜Strongly Disagree". This instrument is using a a. Semantic Differential Scale. b. Guttman Scale. c. Likert Scale. d. Thurstone Scale.

Q: Jon conducted a survey study in his alternative high school on the benefits of service learning, which is a focus of the school. He shared what individual students said about service learning when he reported the study. What can one conclude about Jon's sharing of this information? a. In this case, it was unethical to share students' data since that information should have been confidential. b. In this case, it was unethical to share students' data since the information should have been anonymous. c. In this case it was ethical to share students' data since they enrolled in this school. d. In this case it was ethical to share students' data since the study was conducted in an alternative school.

Q: Karobi wants to assure he has credible qualitative data for his study on violent and aggressive student behaviors during lunch sessions. Which of the following questions might he ask himself regarding the data? a. Does my study lend itself to generalization? b. Do the findings inform policy? c. What biases might have influenced my observation? d. What competing hypothesis might I test?

Q: Given a group of 100 individuals queried at random from a busy urban street, 75 stated they preferred Indian food and 25 stated that they prefer Thai food. The expected frequency would be 50 and 50. A Chi Square test would be used to calculate the differences between the observed and the expected frequencies. In order to calculate the Chi Square, the degrees of freedom are calculated as C-1. How many degrees of freedom are there in this example? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 4

Q: Given a laboratory study that compared learning from text in two conditions, one with underlining of important terms and one without underlining, found that the underlining group did better on factual items; Marina conducted a study with tenth-grade history students and compared one group that read a chapter with the important text underlined and one group that read a chapter without any underlining. In her study she found no effects for the underlining. Marina's study illustrates an example of a(n) a. replication study. b. internal validity study. c. test for reliability. d. regression study.

Q: In a semantic differential scale a neutral response is recorded as a a. 0. b. 3. c. 5. d. 50.

Q: Nigel, age 17, is a high school student attending classes at a local community college. He was asked to sign consent to participate in a research study for one of his classes for extra credit. Can Nigel participate without his parent's consent? a. Yes, because he is attending a post-secondary institution, his parent's consent is not necessary. b. No, Nigel can only participate if his parents consent to his participation. c. Yes, Nigel wants to participate and at his age his assent overrides parental consent. d. No, it is always unethical for students to participate in studies for extra credit.

Q: Trey is analyzing his qualitative data and is asking himself key questions. Which of the following is likely a question he would pose? a. What conclusions can I draw from these data? b. When does this problem occur? c. What do these data conclude? d. Are my conclusions warented?

Q: Given the following data for two groups, answer questions 50-52.Group 1 Group 29 67 65 48 36 6The formula for degrees of freedom for independent t tests is (n1+n2-2). Therefore, the degrees of freedom for this dataset equalsa. 4b. 5c. 8d. 10

Q: Consider the example of Cyr, a researcher who studies the role of worked examples in engineering education. He measures students test performance and ratings of their instructors. He randomly assigns classes to condition. In some classes worked examples are shown, some where no worked examples are used, and a third set of classes in which students have access to worked examples if they elect to look at them. Cyr argues that his research is experimental. However, you know better given the following reason. a. He randomly assigned in-tact groups not students b. Ratings of instructors are not measured in experiments. c. He uses a correlational approach to the study. d. There is no dependent variable in his research study.

Q: Stephenie recently took an interest inventory to determine which career might be good for her. She answered "˜strongly interested" to almost every question. The career counselor suggested a different strategy because her results were not informative. What is most likely the reason for Stephenie's answers? a. Bias b. Validity c. Reliability d. Response set

Q: Josh studies students' emotional development. He wants to interview school-age children about their homesickness while they are at sleep-away camp. He is concerned, however, that by asking in depth questions, he may actually cause children to be more homesick. Which of the following ethical concerns is particularly relevant given Josh's study? a. Human Relations b. Scientific responsibility c. Advertising and public statements d. Concern for others' welfare

Q: Margarita is cautious about her analysis. She is a novice researcher unsure of her interpretation. She wants to leave some of the interpretation to others and asks questions of the data instead of drawing conclusions. Margarita is employing which of the following data analysis strategies? a. Connect findings with personal experiences b. Extend the analysis c. Contextualize findings in the literature d. Turn to theory

Q: Given the following data for two groups, answer questions 50-52.Group 1 Group 29 67 65 48 36 6To test for significance one must also calculate the ()2. The ()2=a. 25b. 35c. 133d. 255

Q: Consider the example of Cyr, a researcher who studies the role of worked examples in engineering education. He measures students test performance and ratings of their instructors. He randomly assigns classes to condition. In some classes worked examples are shown, some where no worked examples are used, and a third set of classes in which students have access to worked examples if they elect to look at them. The independent variable in Cyr's research is a. Engineering education b. Worked example exposure c. Test performance d. Teacher ratings

Q: Recently, many lawmakers have been advocating for assessments to be administered to all children at varying levels in their schooling. These types of assessments are used as __________ assessments a. criterion-referenced b. self-referenced c. norm-referenced d. individual-referenced

Q: Recently KyongNa conducted a study that examined students' learning from the Internet. She had volunteer students show up at a research session, enter their university access number, and then complete her study. In this study KyoungNa can assure the students of a. anonymity. b. confidentiality. c. both anonymity and confidentiality. d. neither anonymity nor confidentiality.

Q: Of the following, which is a qualitative data interpretation strategy discussed in your text? a. Connect findings with personal experience. b. Use a frequency analysis to examine the data. c. Report descriptive statistics for all variables. d. Use a Chi Square analysis for the categorical data.

Q: Given the following data for two groups, answer questions 50-52.Group 1 Group 29 67 65 48 36 6To test for differences between these two groups the researcher will employ an independent groups t-test. To calculate the independent groups t-test, one must calculate the The =a. 5b. 7c. 25d. 35

Q: Marcy is concerned that her findings may be due to an extraneous uncontrolled variable and not her treatment. Marcy is most concerned with a. internal consistency reliability. b. inter-rater reliability. c. external validity. d. internal validity.

Q: Recently, many lawmakers have been advocating for assessments to be administered to all children at varying levels in their schooling. These types of assessments are designed to be a. aptitude tests. b. achievement tests. c. attitude tests. d. affective tests.

Q: Sara conducted a study in her sixth grade classroom. The study focused on students' interests in Science classes. Sara shared what individual students said about their interest in science with the seventh grade teachers to help place students in next years' classes. What can one conclude about Sara's sharing this information? a. In this case it was ethical to share students' data since it will help them in their education. b. In this case it was ethical to share students' data since the study was conducted in school. c. In this case, it was unethical to share students' data since that information was confidential. d. In this case, it was unethical to share students' data since the information was anonymous.

Q: Of the following, which is an important question for data interpretation? a. Why did I collect this much data? b. What is important in these data? c. How can I classify these data? d. How can I manage these data?

Q: Given a set of scores with a mean of 80, standard deviation of 8 and a sample size of 200, calculate the standard error of the mean. a. .57 b. .85 c. 1.18 d. 1.62

Q: The type of validity concerned with whether differences between groups are due to the manipulated variable is referred to as a. internal validity. b. external validity. c. content validity. d. construct validity.

Q: In The Thematic Apperception Test, participants are asked to tell a story about each of a series of pictures. This is an example of a(n) a. a projective test. b. an aptitude test. c. an achievement test. d. an interest scale.

Q: Zareb studies children's social standing in their classes. He is interested in students who are rejected by their peers. He has designed an intervention to help such children. He is concerned, however, because he fears the potential effects of telling learners that their peers don"t like them. Therefore, he thinks it is important to deceive his study participants, and tell them that they were randomly selected to participate in his intervention, to maximize the study benefits and minimize the harm to the students. This decision best falls under which APA ethical principle? a. Justice b. Integrity c. Beneficence d. Fidelity

Q: Of the following which is a popular qualitative data analysis software package? a. MYSTAT b. SPSS c. NVivo d. SAS end user

Q: Given equal F and equal degrees of freedom, and a change from p=.01 to p=.05, the needed F ratio to indicate significant differences between groups will a. remain constant. b. decrease. c. increase. d. may either increase or decrease.

Q: The type of validity concerned with whether findings can be generalized to other groups or other settings is referred to as a. internal validity. b. external validity. c. content validity. d. construct validity.

Q: Generally projective tests, but not achievement tests, are administered a. in groups. b. across several testing sessions. c. by the classroom teacher. d. individually.

Q: Kyle, age 10, heard about a great research study and wants to participate. His parents do not wish him to participate and have not signed a consent form. Can Kyle participate? a. Yes, Kyle is old enough that he does not need parental consent. b. Yes, Kyle wants to participate and his assent overrides parental consent. c. No, Kyle can not participate unless his parents consent. d. No, Kyle can not participate because the study involves deception.

Q: Of the following which is a popular qualitative data analysis software package? a. Narrative Research Analyst b. Ethnograph c. Themetica d. Code Assistant

Q: If an observed F value with 1 degree of freedom within and 12 degrees of freedom between and a significance level of p=.05 is 4.80 and the table value is 4.75 what can the researcher conclude? a. He has proven there are differences between groups. b. There are no differences between groups. c. Differences between groups are due to chance. d. Differences between groups are greater than those expected by chance.

Q: A researcher's efforts to remove influence of extraneous variables is referred to as a. experimental control. b. sample assignment. c. sorting independent variables. d. determining dependent variables.

Q: Projective tests are an example of a. cognitive tests. b. achievement tests. c. affective tests. d. self-referenced tests.

Q: In addition to researchers the IRB or Human Subjects Board must include a. a University administrator. b. a State Legislator. c. a nonscientist. d. a psychiatrist.

Q: The data analysis strategy that consists of a visual representation of causal relationships is specifically referred to as a. creating concept maps. b. analyzing antecedents and consequences. c. stating what is missing. d. relating the findings to theory.

Q: Nelson's recent study tested differences in problem-solving ability based upon science ability, treatment (instruction, no instruction), and gender. Of the following, which test should Nelson employ? a. Chi Square b. t-test c. ANOVA d. Multiple Regression

Q: In order for a study to be experimental it must include a. one assigned variable. b. one assigned variable and one active variable. c. one active variable. d. two or more active variables.

Q: Some individual differences, such as cultural differences for example, may distort information obtained from an assessment. This is referred to as a. response set. b. bias. c. interpretation error. d. sampling error.

Q: The IRB has _____levels of review of research proposals that vary based upon level of risk. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

Q: In qualitative data analysis, the identification of potential themes occurs during which processes? a. describing and classifying. b. classifying and justifying. c. memoing and reading. d. describing and reading.

Q: Andy compared students' ability to transfer learning from three different Types of instructional materials. He found that there were pre-existing group differences between his conditions. Which of the following is the appropriate analysis technique for Andy to use? a. Nonindependent t test b. Independent t test c. MANOVA d. ANCOVA

Q: In experimental studies, the sample may be derived from a. one population. b. two populations. c. three populations. d. more than three populations.

Q: Which of the following is NOT an example of an affective assessment? a. The Thurstone scales b. The Otis-Lennon School Ability Test c. The Strong-Cambell Interest Inventory d. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Q: In order to conduct a study in a school setting that uses student data, researchers generally need to obtain permission from a. the superintendent and the classroom teacher. b. a representative of the school and the parents. c. a representative from the school, the parents, and the children. d. the superintendent, the principal, and the classroom teacher.

Q: Both Marianne and Bill examined the same set of qualitative data collected from couples in a study designed to understand relationship stress. Interestingly, the themes that emerged from the data were not consistent across the two researchers. Of the following, which is the most likely reason for the discrepancy? a. The data were not valid. b. The data were not reliable. c. Qualitative analysis is interpretive. d. Qualitative analysis is deductive.

Q: When one does follow-up tests to determine significant differences between groups in a comparison between means test, one test to use is the a. nonindependent t. b. Scheffe test. c. Chi Square. d. Pearson r.

Q: In experimental studies, but NOT in other studies, a. the researcher manipulates the dependent variables. b. the researcher manipulates the independent variables. c. the researcher tries to eliminate the effects of extraneous variables. d. the researcher examines a priori differences between groups.

Q: The type of instrument that examines our values is classified as a(n) a. diagnostic assessment. b. projective assessment. c. affective assessment. d. cognitive assessment.

Q: Michele wants to conduct a study in a local charter school. Which of the following is likely a "˜first step"? a. Contact the parents by sending a mailing that introduces her study so they consent. b. Determine required procedures for entry into the school for research. c. Send a letter to the superintendent, the principal, and the classroom teacher introducing the study. d. Arrive at the school, obtain a visitor's pass, and observe several classrooms to assure this is an appropriate site.

Q: The goal of this phase of data analysis is to provide a narrative picture of the setting and events that take place to better understand the research context. This phase is referred to as the _______________ stage. a. classifying. b. justifying. c. organizing. d. describing.

Q: The statistical test that allows us to determine the degree to which variables are related is the a. ANCOVA. b. MANOVA. c. Multiple Regression. d. Chi Square.