Q&A Hero

Q: In single-subject designs, how much data is generally used to assess baseline stability? a. Two data points b. Three data points c. Four data points d. Five data points

Q: A cross sectional survey design compared to cohort design differs in that cross sectional surveys collect data a more frequently than in a cohort design. b. once compared to multiple times in a cohort. c. from different groups compared to same group in a cohort. d. twice as compared to once in a cohort.

Q: Sanai needs to review a secondary source to introduce her to the topic of her study on the effects of cooperative learning. Which of the following will she likely select? a. Journal of Experimental Education b. Review of Educational Research c. Child Development d. Educational Policy Analysis

Q: Of the following groups of researchers, which is NOT discussed as a level of action research? a. Individual teacher research b. District-wide research c. Single department research d. School-wide research

Q: Of the following, the data collection method of choice in interview studies is a. writing notes after the interview. b. having the participant write their responses. c. writing notes during the interview. d. videotaping the interview.

Q: Which of the following symbolizes the non-treatment phase in a single-subject design? a. A b. B c. S d. T

Q: A census is a. a large scale cohort study. b. a cross-sectional study of the full population. c. a combination of a panel survey and a trend survey. d. a follow-up study of all potential participants.

Q: Lexx needs primary sources for her research proposal. Which of the following will she likely select? a. Educational Psychology Review b. Journal of Experimental Education c. Encyclopedia of Educational Research d. A text reviewing pertinent research

Q: The two main types of action research as presented in your text are a. professional stance and theory-based action research. b. critical action research and practical action research c. practical action research and applied action research d. dialectic action research and critical action research

Q: Of the following, which is NOT a means to collect data from an interview? a. Writing notes after the interview b. Having the participant write their responses c. Writing notes during the interview d. Videotaping the interview

Q: Which of the following symbolizes the treatment phase in a single-subject design? a. A b. B c. S d. T

Q: Don studies high school seniors' concerns about world events during their post-secondary experiences. He surveys the entire senior class state-wide. He surveys them again every year for eight years. Don is illustrating a ___________ type of survey. a. cross-sectional b. trend c. cohort d. panel

Q: The first step in conducting a computer search is a. to identify the journals you will search. b. to identify keywords related to the research. c. to select the database you wish to search. d. to specify a search strategy.

Q: The four-step action research process as presented in your text is termed a. the Dialectic Action Research Spiral. b. the Action Planning and Implementation Cycle c. Professional Stance in Action Research System d. Reciprocal Action Research in Application.

Q: Susan is conducting interviews with successful technology entrepreneurs. She needs to pilot her interview protocol. Of the following, who would constitute the most appropriate pilot group? a. Other technology entrepreneurs b. Entrepreneurs in other fields c. Those who invest in technology entrepreneurs d. Employees of technology entrepreneurs

Q: Mario is a STEM researcher who wants to test if field-based experiences in high school lead to increased long term engagement in STEM fields. He first measures students' attitudes toward STEM careers in the beginning of their junior year of high school. Then, students are randomly assigned to one of three conditions. Students in the first condition are assigned to no field-based experiences, the second condition provides one three-week experience, and the third condition provides two different three-week experiences. He not only measures attitudes at the end of the academic year but tracks students for three years to test attitudes again one year and three years after the treatment to examine if any effects. How many levels of the independent variable are represented in Mario's study? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

Q: The ____________ type of survey research consists of the same group and the same sample over time. a. cross-sectional b. panel c. trend d. cohort

Q: The review of the literature includes a. the participants included in the study. b. the procedures for data collection. c. the main purpose of the study. d. the discussion of the data analysis conducted.

Q: Which of the following is the last step in the action research process? a. Data analysis b. Data interpretation c. Action planning d. Generalizing the findings

Q: Luke is conducting an interview study with parents regarding separation anxiety in preschool children. He first starts by asking the parent if his or her child experiences separation anxiety. This first question on Luke's interview protocol is considered a(n) a. nonverbal question. b. convergent question. c. open question. d. A priori question.

Q: Mario is a STEM researcher who wants to test if field-based experiences in high school lead to increased long term engagement in STEM fields. He first measures students' attitudes toward STEM careers in the beginning of their junior year of high school. Then, students are randomly assigned to one of three conditions. Students in the first condition are assigned to no field-based experiences, the second condition provides one three-week experience, and the third condition provides two different three-week experiences. He not only measures attitudes at the end of the academic year but tracks students for three years to test attitudes again one year and three years after the treatment to examine if any effects. Mario's study can best be described as a(n) a. 3 X 2 factorial design. b. Pretest-posttest control group design c. Post-test only control group design d. Non-equivalent groups control group design

Q: The type of survey research that involves one group administered the survey at one time best describes a. cross-sectional b. trend c. cohort d. panel

Q: Rudo is interested in researching leadership styles of elementary principals in rural districts. Which of the following keywords would be best for him to use in a database search? a. Rural schools b. Principals' style c. Elementary schools d. Principals' leadership style

Q: Educational action research is generally conducted by a. school board members. b. superintendents. c. policy analysts. d. teachers.

Q: According to your text, using educational records generally includes all EXCEPT the following data sources? a. journals b. videotapes c. maps d. surveys

Q: Laura has developed a new treatment to increase spatial ability. She randomly assigns students to either her intervention or a control condition. In the treatment condition students engage in working puzzles for twenty minutes a day for 10 days. Unfortunately, students don"t like her intervention and refuse to do puzzles for all of the days. When she examines post-test means on the spatial ability measure, there are no differences between her treatment and the control condition. Which of the following demonstrates a threat to validity demonstrated in this study? a. Maturation b. Testing c. Instrumentation d. Mortality

Q: The ________________ type of survey consists of different groups and different samples over time. a. cross-sectional b. trend c. cohort d. panel

Q: Makayla is interested in researching early childhood reading programs for children with preschool special education. Which of the following keywords would be best for Makayla to use first in her database search? a. Special Education b. Preschool Reading c. Early childhood d. Reading programs

Q: Dalina, a mixed-methods researcher first identifies the purpose of the study she will conduct. Next she will a. state the design of the study. b. determine which data will have more weight. c. state the research questions. d. begin to collect initial data.

Q: Jeb studies the motivation of young environmentalists. He wants to understand more about the ways in which these children think about environmental issues and how their ideas have developed. He identifies participants through a local "˜green kids' group and goes to their next meeting. He selects several of the children through convenience, and asks them open-ended questions that he has written down in advance. He records their responses as they answer the questions. Jeb is best displaying which of the following types of interviews? a. Unstructured and informal b. Unstructured and formal c. Structured and informal d. Unstructured and informal

Q: Laura has developed a new treatment to increase spatial ability. She randomly assigns students to either her intervention or a control condition. In the treatment condition students engage in working puzzles for twenty minutes a day for 10 days. Unfortunately, students don"t like her intervention and refuse to do puzzles for all of the days. When she examines post-test means on the spatial ability measure, there are no differences between her treatment and the control condition. Which of the following designs best describes Laura's study? a. Factorial b. Post-test only control group c. One group pretest-posttest d. Static group comparison

Q: The ________________ survey consists of the same group but different samples from that group over time. a. cross-sectional b. trend c. cohort d. panel

Q: Jose is interested in researching English as a second or other language classes in large middle schools in the mid-western United States. Which of the following keywords would Jose likely use in a database search? a. Second Language Instruction b. Learners c. Middle School d. United States Education

Q: Mechteld is primarily interested in strategies that increase students' interest and achievement in mathematics. She administers interest questionnaires and correlates them with mathematics achievement. She then does a few follow up interviews with those who do not have high interest but do have high achievement. Mechteld's study is best classified as a. QUAN-qual b. QUAN-QUAL c. Quan-QUAL d. Quantitative

Q: Which of the following data collection techniques is most appropriate in order to address a practicing nurse's experiences while in a continuing education session? a. Observation b. Document analysis c. Interview d. Survey

Q: Which of the following represents the dependent measure in Khalad's study? a. Pro-social behavior b. Homework completion c. Disciplinary referral d. Motivational poster

Q: Seth sends out a survey to all parents and teachers in the district to gather opinions about local school safety. Seth's study is an example of ________ survey research. a. cross-sectional b. trend c. cohort d. panel

Q: Given the hypothesis statement: Those students enrolled in instrumental music programs experience less transition anxiety as they enter middle school in a large urban district than do those students not enrolled in instrumental music programs. This hypothesis statement can best be classified as which type of hypothesis statement? a. Null b. Directional c. Correlational d. Nondirectional

Q: Ron relies on observations and interviews to explore questions of the experience of participation in a track and field meet. His study can best be described as a. Quantitative b. Qualitative c. Mixed-methods d. Multi-level

Q: Consistent with guidelines in your text for field notes, researchers should a. include only descriptive information in field notes. b. include only reflective information in field notes. c. record descriptive and reflective information together in field notes . d. record descriptive and reflective information separately in field notes.

Q: Which of the following designs is most representative of Khalad's study? a. Two by two factorial b. Static group comparison c. Post-test only control d. Solomon four group

Q: A local company has donated land and is willing to support either an outdoor sports area or a new playground. A representative from the company sent out a survey to determine which is more desired by the community. This type of research can best be classified as a. school. b. opinion. c. developmental. d. follow-up.

Q: Given the hypothesis statement: Those students enrolled in instrumental music programs experience less transition anxiety as they enter middle school in a large urban district than do those students not enrolled in instrumental music programs. The dependent variable in this study is: a. Middle school students b. Urban district c. Transition anxiety d. Instrumental music programs

Q: Lorrie is conducting a study that examines the benefits of gardening for stress. She surveys community garden members regarding garden activities and administers a self-report stress and anxiety questionnaire. She then interviews those who fit her profiles of the 2 x 2 matrix of gardening and stress. Lorrie's study can best be described as a. Qualitative b. Experimental c. QUAN-QUAL d. Correlatoinal

Q: As part of his research on young elite athletes, Chris was conducting a nonparticipant observation of a national youth track meet. Audrey started to ask him questions about his session before he had a chance to finish recording his field notes. He told her that he didn"t want to discuss his session until after he had recorded his notes. Relying on your text content, which of the following is accurate regarding discussion of field notes? a. Chris is right, discussion of the field notes at this time might alter his perceptions. b. Chris is right, discussion of the field notes at this time is unethical. c. Chris is wrong, discussion of the field notes at this time will help him to remember important details and description. d. Chris is wrong, discussion of the field notes at this time will help him to understand what he has seen more deeply.

Q: Audrey examines students' learning of science principles from interactive games. She randomly assigns the fifth grade students in her study to a control condition with no play time, a timed play condition, or an unlimited time play condition. She also groups her students into either high or low ability groups. She measures her students with a knowledge pretest, a post-test, and a delayed post-test. Which of the following is an independent variable in Audrey's study? a. Ability b. Fifth grade c. Post-test exam d. Science principles

Q: Which of the following is an example of a study that can be described as quantitative survey research? a. Hanna interviews second grade teachers to understand teacher's relationships with their students. b. Olivia observes how many times children talk out during class. c. Marcia observes the nature of affection in three different classes. d. Darlene describes the characteristics of effective management employed by a second grade teacher.

Q: Given the hypothesis statement: Male principals with at least six years of teaching experience display less stress as measured by a general health survey than those who have less than six years of teaching experience. This hypothesis statement can best be classified as which type of hypothesis statement? a. Null b. Directional c. Correlational d. Nondirectional

Q: Missy examined the correspondence between districts indicators of social economic status and number of foreign language courses offered. Her study can best be described as a. Quantitative. b. Qualitative. c. Mixed-methods. d. Experimental.

Q: When conducting a questionnaire study which of the following is an accurate statement regarding human research protocols? a. In qualitative research studies with questionnaires, participants' information is not confidential. b. In qualitative research studies with questionnaires, participants' waive their rights to confidentiality when they consent. c. In qualitative research studies with questionnaires, participants anonymity is always maintained. d. In qualitative research studies with questionnaire, participants' confidential information remains protected.

Q: Audrey examines students' learning of science principles from interactive games. She randomly assigns the fifth grade students in her study to a control condition with no play time, a timed play condition, or an unlimited time play condition. She also groups her students into either high or low ability groups. She measures her students with a knowledge pretest, a post-test, and a delayed post-test. Which of the following best represents Audrey's study design? a. Pre-test post test design b. A 3 x 3 factorial design c. A 3 x 2 factorial design d. A 3x2x3 factorial design

Q: As a researcher you are interested in self-reported changes in interest in music in the senior population. You will collect data at the time of retirement and each year for five years. This type of research can be classified best as a(n) a. school survey. b. opinion poll. c. developmental survey. d. follow-up survey.

Q: Given the hypothesis statement: Male principals with at least six years of teaching experience display less stress as measured by a general health survey than those who have less than six years of teaching experience. The dependent variable in this study is: a. Teaching experience. b. Principals c. Health survey causal-comparative d. ethnographic

Q: In a study that examined the high-stakes assessment practices of school districts, Maria first examined scores on the state assessment and then selected cases based upon sound practices and conducted in-depth interviews at these district sites. This study best illustrates which of the following approaches to research? a. Quantitative b. Qualitative c. Experimental d. Mixed-methods

Q: Interviews generally used to gather basic information at the start of a study are referred to as a. structured. b. informal. c. unstructured. d. spontaneous.

Q: Kathy trains nurses. She designed a new assertive communication unit to include in her training. She administers a pretest and then randomly assigns nurses to her treatment or a control condition. She tests their communication skills after the treatment. She sees significant differences at immediate testing but after eight weeks she retests the nurses and finds no differences between her treatment and control students. It appears Kathy should be most concerned with which of the following threats to her study? a. Participant effect b. Researcher effect c. Novelty effect d. Placebo effect

Q: Of the following, which is an example of a survey research topic? a. Are there gender differences in students' SAT math scores? b. Is there a relationship between aptitude for math and language skills? c. Is there a difference in school attendance rates based upon school size? d. How d students and administrators feel about the new uniform policy?

Q: Given the hypothesis statement: Male principals with at least six years of teaching experience display less stress as measured by a general health survey than those who have less than six years of teaching experience. This study is best described as a ___________ study. a. narrative b. correlational c. causal comparative d. experimental

Q: Ms. Crabtree is conducting a study that examines time in rank for university professors of Higher Education at teaching colleges. She collects institutional data from a sample of teaching colleges in the Mid-Western United States. She follows that up with interviews of representative Deans, department heads, and program directors. Ms. Crabtree's study can best be described as a. Quantitative b. Qualitative c. Mixed-methods d. Multi-level

Q: Of the following, which is a suggestion to researchers regarding field notes? a. Engage as deeply as possible as soon as possible b. Write field notes after you have had time to reflect c. Document the date, site, topic, and time on your field notes. d. While in the field focus your attention to your reactions and feelings.

Q: Kathy trains nurses. She designed a new assertive communication unit to include in her training. She administers a pretest and then randomly assigns nurses to her treatment or a control condition. She tests their communication skills after the treatment. She sees significant differences at immediate testing but after eight weeks she retests the nurses and finds no differences between her treatment and control students. Which of the following best represents the design of Kathy's study? a. Non-equivalent groups b. Solomon four group c. Pretest-posttest control group d. Post-test only control group

Q: As a researcher you examine viability of local theatre productions. A survey that asks those who have recently attended an event about the likelihood they will attend another similar event is best classified as a(n) a. school survey. b. opinion poll. c. developmental survey. d. follow-up survey.

Q: Which of the following is an example of a researchable topic? a. Should all high school math and science teachers be required to take a national licensure exam? b. Are children in America getting enough sleep? c. Are there differences in time to graduate between those who declare a major on their application and those who do not? d. Do children who speak a language other than English in the home benefit socially?

Q: Roshia combines her qualitative and quantitative data for her study on the relationship between extra-curricular activities and high-school students' mental health. In her study she conducted a test to screen students based upon their mental health. She also surveyed participants regarding their extra-curricular activities. Roshia then conducted surveys with those individuals who were involved in extracurricular activities and displayed some mental health concerns. Roshia's mixed-methods study is best categorized as a a. quantitative study. b. QUAN-QUAL study. c. QUAL-quan study. d. QUAN-qual study.

Q: Whether the researcher was able to present the data without being judgmental is the definition of which form of qualitative research validity? a. Evaluative b. Descriptive c. Theoretical d. Interpretive

Q: Terence, one of the participants in the control group told Grace that his group found out that "˜the other kids were getting a program to help their math scores' and therefore they decided to get together in a study group once a week to help each other. Grace was very concerned. What threat does this student action represent? a. John Henry Effect b. Multiple treatment interference c. Experimenter effects d. Treatment diffusion

Q: Of the following all EXCEPT which are examples of difficulties faced by survey researchers as noted in your text? a. Surveys aren"t often used in educational research b. Development of a questionnaire is difficult c. Response rates are often low d. People don"t like to complete surveys

Q: Of the following, which is the best example of a qualitative research topic? a. The purpose of the study is to assess learning gains in students enrolled in a summer reading program. b. This work addresses gender differences in spatial reasoning. c. This study extends previous research on relations between student's decision-making and creativity. d. The goal of this study is to describe experiences of transgendered adolescents.

Q: Mekeal collected achievement data and open"ended questionnaire data. He coded the qualitative questionnaire data and used the themes to explain some differences in the achievement data. Mekeal's approach best illustrates a a. quantitative study. b. QUAN-QUAL study. c. QUAL-quan study. d. QUAN-qual study.

Q: Deirdre studies Irish-American culture as demonstrated in urban areas with large concentrations of Irish-Americans and small communities in rural areas that have remained tied to their Irish roots. As an Irish-American herself, she has decided to move to a Irish-American community to reside for the duration of her study. While there she will observe the community. Deirdre is displaying which form of data collection? a. Participant observation b. Covert observation c. Overt observation d. Nonparticipant observation

Q: Grace conducts research on race and achievement in mathematics. She designs a study to see if a new intervention she designed increases African-American students' math achievement scores. She goes to a local school with a representative Aftrican-American student population and randomly assigns college-bound African-American students to the intervention or to a control condition. Grace gives a mathematics achievement test in September to both groups. Through the academic year the treatment condition receives the intervention. She uses end of year achievement tests to see if there are differences between conditions. Grace found that students studied together for the end of year achievement tests. She believes that some of the students in the treatment condition shared intervention information with the control group. Which of the following threats does Grace now have to be most concerned about? a. Maturation by treatment b. Treatment diffusion c. Selection by treatment d. Statistical regression

Q: After identifying a topic, survey researcher next a. select an appropriate sample. b. review the literature. c. collect valid and reliable data. d. examine the research context.

Q: According to your text which of the following is a characteristic of a good research topic? a. Your topic is interesting to you. b. Your topic relates to your advisor's research. c. Your topic is something you know little about. d. Your topic is broad.

Q: Jordon conducts interviews and observations at several residential camps. She finds that the first-time camping experience seems to vary considerably based upon birth order. She uses birth-order as a nominal variable as she analyzes her satisfaction survey results. Jordon is best displaying which type of mixed-methods designs? a. Triangulation b. Explanatory c. Exploratory d. Descriptive

Q: Peter is interested in the characteristics of teaching in a start-up charter school. Peter holds a teaching certificate and has arranged a sabbatical from his university position to teach in the school as part of his fieldwork. Peter is displaying which form of data collection? a. Participant observation b. Covert observation c. Nonparticipant observation d. External observation

Q: Grace conducts research on race and achievement in mathematics. She designs a study to see if a new intervention she designed increases African-American students' math achievement scores. She goes to a local school with a representative Aftrican-American student population and randomly assigns college-bound African-American students to the intervention or to a control condition. Grace gives a mathematics achievement test in September to both groups. Through the academic year the treatment condition receives the intervention. She uses end of year achievement tests to see if there are differences between conditions. Which of the following best represents the design of Grace's study? a. One shot case study b. One-group pretest-posttest c. Pretest-posttest control group d. Two by two factorial

Q: Survey data are often collected via which of the following? a. standardized tests. b. ability measures. c. questionnaires. d. observations.

Q: Candace is conducting a research study and is having trouble with her variable "˜self-concept" she decides to define self-concept as one's beliefs about one's capabilities in a given domain. She will measure it using a common Likert-type scale. Candace is engaging in which of the following research tasks? a. Generating hypothesis b. Operationalizing variables c. Defining a sample d. Interpreting findings

Q: Jesa is conducting a study that examines the way that school board members make decisions. She attends and observes a number of school board meetings. After each, she follows up with key personnel using informal interviews based upon her observations at the meetings. She develops key themes that she thinks describe the different factors that go into members' decision-making. She then generates a survey that includes these factors and asks participants to rate the relative importance of each of these factors. Jesa's study could best be described as a. QUAN-QUAL. b. Explanatory. c. QUAN-qual. d. Exploratory.

Q: A framework for field notes that is consistent across observation sessions developed before data collection is referred to as a. a memo. b. a protocol. c. interaction analysis. d. a thick description.