Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following is a benefit of the alternating treatment design? a. There are rarely carryover effects. b. No baseline data are necessary. c. There is higher external validity than other designs. d. The need for researcher intervention is diminished.

Q: Consider the questionnaire items below as you answer the following questions. 1) Age ______ 2) Total years teaching 1-5_____ 6-10 ______ 11-15 ______16-20 _______ 3) 21-25 __________ more than 25 _______ 4) School ____________ 5) Number of children in your average-sized class _______ 6) Do you agree that class size negatively affects instruction SA A U D SD 7) Please list the ways in which class size effects your instruction. The item that will provide the least reliable data is likely a. item 2. b. item 4 c. item 5. d. item 6.

Q: Michele is doing a paper and wants to start with secondary sources. Which of the following is an example of a secondary source? a. A review paper that summarizes previous articles. b. A conference paper that presents a study. c. A journal article that shows a series of experiments. d. A thesis study conducted on the topic.

Q: Van is a high school language arts teacher engaged in an action research study that considers the role of dramatic play in his curriculum. He feels that dramatic play is an important part of language arts instruction. He is currently considering why he believes that dramatic play is so critical. In which phase of the action research process is Van currently operating? a. Identifying an area of focus b. Data collection c. Data analysis and interpretation d. Action planning

Q: George is studying apprenticeship in singers. Which of the following is the primary data source in his qualitative research study? e. George himself f. Audiotapes of voice sessions g. Journals of the master singers h. Interviews with the emerging singers

Q: Another name for simultaneous treatment design is ________________ design. a. alternating treatment b. experimenter manipulated c. multiple baseline d. return to baseline

Q: Consider the questionnaire items below as you answer the following questions. 1) Age ______ 2) Total years teaching 1-5_____ 6-10 ______ 11-15 ______16-20 _______ 3) 21-25 __________ more than 25 _______ 4) School ____________ 5) Number of children in your average-sized class _______ 6) Do you agree that class size negatively affects instruction SA A U D SD 7) Please list the ways in which class size effects your instruction. All things being equal, participants are most likely to find ____________ the most sensitive item. a. item 1 b. item 2 c. item 3 d. item 4

Q: Chanya needs to start a library search to examine her research topic "A comparison of two types of problem-based learning strategies in post secondary school biological science classes." Which of the following keywords will Chanya likely select in her initial search? a. Learners b. Post-secondary students c. Instruction d. Problem-based learning

Q: Nina is engaged in the action research process for a study that considers the role of oral reading during instruction. She is considering the educational values that she holds. In which phase of the action research process is Nina currently engaged? a. Identifying an area of focus b. Data collection c. Data analysis and interpretation d. Action planning

Q: Which of the following is NOT considered a qualitative research data source? a. Photographs b. Journals c. Informal conversations d. Survey instruments

Q: Third-grade Seamus has been referred for a new behavioral intervention plan that uses teacher nonverbal signals to reinforce the target child's appropriate behavior. Mr. Matthews, the school psychologist, decides to observe and record Seamus's behavior in the regular classroom and in Art and Music class. He records off-task behavior, calling out, and touching others for eight days. Mr. Matthews is involved in which phase of a multiple baseline study. a. Implementing treatment b. Establishing baseline c. Seeking generalization d. Assessing variability

Q: Consider the questionnaire items below as you answer the following questions. 1) Age ______ 2) Total years teaching 1-5_____ 6-10 ______ 11-15 ______16-20 _______ 3) 21-25 __________ more than 25 _______ 4) School ____________ 5) Number of children in your average-sized class _______ 6) Do you agree that class size negatively affects instruction SA A U D SD 7) Please list the ways in which class size effects your instruction. All things being equal, the most biased item is a. item 2. b. item 3. c. item 4. d. item 5.

Q: Jana was conducting an ERIC database search on studies that have examined teachers beliefs about classroom management strategies in early childhood settings. One promising source had the following label: ED470884. What is one conclusion that you can draw based upon the label. a. The source is peer-reviewed. b. The source is a journal article. c. The source is data driven. d. The source is an ERIC document.

Q: Eve wants to conduct a study that examines the benefits and drawbacks of using thematic units to teach core concepts in her middle school. Of the following, who is the most likely collaborator for Eve to work with on her study? a. Kerry, her principal b. Kim, her superintendent c. Pat, a University researcher d. Carol, another middle school teacher

Q: One strategy that researchers can use to ease into the field is to a. ask all the specific questions first to establish rapport. b. come to the first session unannounced to see things "˜the way they really are". c. try not to answer any questions about themselves or the study so not to influence the responses. d. be relatively passive and ask nonspecific questions to increase comfort level.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a type of multiple baseline design? a. Across behavior designs b. Across subjects designs c. Across settings designs d. Across baseline designs

Q: Consider the questionnaire items below as you answer the following questions. 1) Age ______ 2) Total years teaching 1-5_____ 6-10 ______ 11-15 ______16-20 _______ 3) 21-25 __________ more than 25 _______ 4) School ____________ 5) Number of children in your average-sized class _______ 6) Do you agree that class size negatively affects instruction SA A U D SD 7) Please list the ways in which class size effects your instruction. Item 2 is an example of a ____________ type of item. a. Likert b. open-response c. semantic differential d. checklist

Q: According to your text, one reason researchers should abstract sources is because a. it will save time when writing the literature review b. it assures accuracy in the data analysis. c. existing abstracts may be in error. d. it promotes understanding of the research findings.

Q: Which of the following is the best example of an action research study topic for Ron, a third grade teacher, to pursue? a. The decrease in the schools' scores on the third grade state-wide mathematics scores. b. The effectiveness of a new creative writing program he's implemented in his class. c. The effects of the recent publication of third grade teachers' qualifications by the local media. d. An examination of the nutritional needs of his students compared to the national standards.

Q: Marty is studying teacher innovation with technology. He is really surprised to find that whenever he comes for his scheduled observations, the teachers he is studying all use extensive amounts of computer-based technology in their classrooms. Marty may be experiencing a. the halo effect. b. observer bias. c. observer effect. d. response bias.

Q: Which of the following designs best represents an "˜additive" design? a. Case study Design b. A-B Design c. B-A-B Design d. A-B-A Design

Q: Consider the questionnaire items below as you answer the following questions. 1) Age ______ 2) Total years teaching 1-5_____ 6-10 ______ 11-15 ______16-20 _______ 3) 21-25 __________ more than 25 _______ 4) School ____________ 5) Number of children in your average-sized class _______ 6) Do you agree that class size negatively affects instruction SA A U D SD 7) Please list the ways in which class size effects your instruction. Item 5 is an example of a(n) ___________ type of item. a. Likert b. open-response c. semantic differential d. checklist

Q: Glenda's study addresses a current hot topic in education, case libraries. Glenda is concerned about her sources. Although the studies come from peer-reviewed journals, none of them have methodology sections and it appears they include prominent researchers' opinions. What is likely Glenda's concern? a. Her sources are too dated. b. Her sources are secondary references. c. Her sources are popular not scholarly. d. Her sources are subjective.

Q: Which of the following is the best example of action research? a. As requested by the school board, Maurice examines motivation for second language acquisition by fifth-grade students. b. Samantha assesses her fifth grade learners' second language acquisition during the school year and issues each a grade. c. Dana examines whether the way she is teaching second language vocabulary is successful. d. Nina tests whether there should be a second language program for middle school children in the state.

Q: Elaine is interpreting her data and realizes that the amount of time she spent at one of the schools is substantially smaller and that she has very little data from that site. She believes it is because she did not "˜click" with the principal of one of the five schools she is studying and therefore that school is not well represented in her data. The school is important for Elaine's study. Of the following, which is the most appropriate way to remedy Elaine's problem? a. Confront the principal and then collect more data. b. Extend the collection and have another researcher collect data. c. Recognize the problem and eliminate the school from the study. d. Change the nature of research questions and drop the school.

Q: The single-variable rule suggests that single-subject designs a. should only have one participant at a time. b. should add or withdraw one variable during any study phase. c. should only conducted by a single researcher and not teams of researchers d. Should be generalizable to only one participant at a time.

Q: Consider the questionnaire items below as you answer the following questions. 1) Age ______ 2) Total years teaching 1-5_____ 6-10 ______ 11-15 ______16-20 _______ 3) 21-25 __________ more than 25 _______ 4) School ____________ 5) Number of children in your average-sized class _______ 6) Do you agree that class size negatively affects instruction SA A U D SD 7) Please list the ways in which class size effects your instruction. Data collected from item 4 will be ________ level data. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: Of the following, which is likely a peer-reviewed source for an instructional design study? a. a class textbook. b. a chapter from an edited book. c. a magazine article. d. an article in a scholarly journal.

Q: According to your text, which of the following statistics is the one most likely to be used by an action researcher? a. T-Test b. Standard deviation c. Correlation coefficient d. ANOVA

Q: Elaine is interpreting her data and realizes that the amount of time she spent at one of the schools is substantially smaller and that she has very little data from that site. She believes it is because she did not "˜click" with the principal of one of the five schools she is studying and therefore that school is not well represented in her data. Elaine is potentially experiencing an example of a. response bias. b. observer bias. c. observer effect. d. negative case effect.

Q: Janice is conducting a study with four speech and language support students with disfluencies. She wants to examine a new strategy to assist students' stuttering. She collects baseline data by observing the stuttering of her students in their general education classroom twice and then starts the new intervention strategy in the support classroom for 6 sessions. Meanwhile, she observes classroom stuttering. Next, Janice discontinues the new strategy during the support sessions but continues to collect data in the classroom setting two more times. Which of the following is one criticism of the design Janice has used? a. The study ends while learners are in a baseline phase. b. The study should have been conducted as a group design. c. The baseline phase in her study is too limited. d. The design of this study is considered unethical.

Q: Consider the questionnaire items below as you answer the following questions. 1) Age ______ 2) Total years teaching 1-5_____ 6-10 ______ 11-15 ______16-20 _______ 3) 21-25 __________ more than 25 _______ 4) School ____________ 5) Number of children in your average-sized class _______ 6) Do you agree that class size negatively affects instruction SA A U D SD 7) Please list the ways in which class size effects your instruction. Data collected from item 3 will be _________ level data. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: The first step of annotating is to a. skim the entire article. b. make mental notes of the study. c. determine the article's relevancy. d. record the full article's reference.

Q: Given what you know about types of research data, of the following, which is the most likely data source for an action researcher? a. Classroom test scores b. Informal interview data c. Survey data d. Pre-existing achievement data

Q: Keb is convinced that teachers provide more praise to their students while he is observing in their classrooms than they do otherwise. Of the following the most appropriate way to decrease Keb's concerns and increase validity of his data is a. to tell teachers he is interested in something unrelated to praise. b. to focus on a smaller number of teachers. c. increase the amount of time he spends in the classrooms. d. observe the classes covertly.

Q: Janice is conducting a study with four speech and language support students with disfluencies. She wants to examine a new strategy to assist students' stuttering. She collects baseline data by observing the stuttering of her students in their general education classroom twice and then starts the new intervention strategy in the support classroom for 6 sessions. Meanwhile, she observes classroom stuttering. Next, Janice discontinues the new strategy during the support sessions but continues to collect data in the classroom setting two more times. In Janice's study the "B" represents ______________. a. stuttering b. baseline c. instruction d. observation

Q: Compared to questionnaires, interviews generally a. cost less. b. take less time. c. are more reliable. d. have higher return rates.

Q: The annotating process is conducted a. with the oldest references first. b. with the most recent references first. c. with the review articles first. d. with the primary sources first.

Q: Lyla feels she may not be as successful as she would like to be in conveying to her students the connections between current Middle Eastern relationships and the historical foundations of the region. She has identified this as an area of focus for her action research study. She now is engaged in reconnaissance. Which of the following activities is Lyla likely to engage in? a. Persuasive activities b. Descriptive activities c. Application activities d. Implementation activities

Q: Keb is convinced that teachers provide more praise to their students while he is observing in their classrooms than they do otherwise. Keb is potentially experiencing an example of a. response bias. b. observer bias. c. observer effect. d. negative case effect.

Q: Janice is conducting a study with four speech and language support students with disfluencies. She wants to examine a new strategy to assist students' stuttering. She collects baseline data by observing the stuttering of her students in their general education classroom twice and then starts the new intervention strategy in the support classroom for 6 sessions. Meanwhile, she observes classroom stuttering. Next, Janice discontinues the new strategy during the support sessions but continues to collect data in the classroom setting two more times. Which of the following designs is Janice illustrating? a. A-B b. A-B-A c. B-A-B d. A-B-A-B

Q: Of the following, which is an unstructured item? a. Rank order b. Likert scale c. Free-response d. Checklist

Q: Of the following which characteristics of a potential source might be the most concerning? a. the source was found in a non-refereed journal. b. the source was a very short research study. c. the source was published in the 1990s. d. the source did not contain any data.

Q: Which of the following is an action research reconnaissance activity as presented in your text? a. Self-reflection b. Pragmatic application c. Taking action d. Follow-through

Q: As involvement in participant observation increases a. response bias increases. b. subjectivity increases. c. observer effect increases. d. objectivity increases.

Q: Rachel is acting out in her mathematics class. She gets so frustrated that she starts to throw things. The school psychologist provides her with a relaxation strategy as an intervention and observes her behavior. The relaxation strategy is removed as a requirement and her classroom behavior is again observed. The school psychologist then again requires the relaxation strategy. Which of the following designs is the school psychologist illustrating? a. A-B b. A-B-A c. B-A-B d. A-B-A-B

Q: One drawback of personal administration methods is that a. it is difficult to get personal data. b. there is a strong possibility of response sets. c. administrators must be trained. d. possible interviewer bias.

Q: To evaluate a source the first step is to a. determine the quality of the publication. b. check the date of publication. c. identify the source of publication. d. determine if it fits your research topic.

Q: According to your text, which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of Action research? a. Action research is persuasive. b. Action research is relevant. c. Action research is intricate. d. Action research is accessible.

Q: Rori is observing elite marching bands as part of her dissertation study. She is particularly interested in drum major leadership styles and behavior. She has found that the drum major at her current research site is very interested in showing off for her. This is an example of a. response bias. b. observer bias. c. observer effect. d. negative case effect.

Q: Jacob is a child with aggressive behavior toward his peers. His counselor is trying a new intervention with him. First she observes his behavior during free-play time for 5 days. Next she administers a new self-monitoring strategy with him. She observes his behavior during free play time. Next she removes the self-monitoring requirement and observes his free play. She then reintroduces the self-monitoring strategy. Which of the following designs is Jacob's counselor is illustrating? a. A-B b. A-B-A c. B-A-B d. A-B-A-B

Q: The majority of surveys use ____________ as the primary data collection method. a. questionnaires b. observation c. interview d. telephone

Q: Education Index provides a. abstracts of relevant sources. b. full text references to download. c. computer-based instructional models. d. assessment tools for future research.

Q: According to your text one of the reasons that teachers might avoid conducting action research involving multiple schools is the a. organizational complexity of schools. b. politics of working with other districts. c. concerns of parents in different communities. d. limited experiences of teachers conducting research.

Q: Jody needs to conduct a study for her research methods course. She is interested in studying home schooling. She thinks that students who are home-schooled can"t develop appropriate social skills. As part of her study she will be observing home-schooled children in social settings. Jody must be particularly cautious in her study not to introduce a. response bias. b. observer bias. c. observer effect. d. negative case effect.

Q: Which of the following represents a primary concern with the B-A-B design? a. The participant ends the study without treatment. b. There is no initial baseline. c. Participant mortality. d. History effects.

Q: One of the primary benefits of interview survey methods is a. a relative decrease in administration time. b. that they allow for confidentiality and anonymity. c. that there is likely increases in return rate. d. the relative ease of scoring procedures.

Q: In conducting a recent literature search, a reference in the magazine Psychology Today was included in the list of potential sources. Of the following, which is the most likely database that was accessed for this search? a. Dissertation abstracts b. Educational resources information center c. Psychological abstracts d. Readers' guide to periodical literature

Q: Which of the following is a component of a practical perspective of action research as presented in your text? a. Teacher researchers are participatory and democratic. b. Teacher researchers are socially responsive. c. Teacher researchers want to reflect on their practices. d. Teacher researchers conduct action research without compensation.

Q: Nancy is interviewing graduate students regarding their opinion of a graduate student union. She uses a predetermined protocol, takes notes, and also audiotapes the sessions. After each session Nancy types the audiotapes, verbatim, into a computer file. Nancy is best illustrating a. memoing. b. transcribing. c. interpreting. d. categorizing.

Q: Which of the following represents the type of replication that includes a different researcher, different behaviors, and different setting? a. Systematic. b. Direct. c. Clinical. d. Generalized.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a relative benefit of questionnaire survey over other survey data collection methods? a. Higher response rates b. Relative expense c. Confidentiality and anonymity d. Standardized procedures

Q: In an ERIC search, the following research label described a potential source: ED52881. Given this label, what is one conclusion that can be drawn about the source? a. The reference is peer-reviewed. b. The reference is available to download. c. The reference is likely a legal case. d. The reference may be a secondary source.

Q: Which of the following is a component of a critical perspective of action research as presented in your text? a. Teacher researchers want to reflect on their practices so that they can effectively train other novice teachers.. b. Teacher researchers have decision-making authority to change education from inside the classroom at the district level. c. Teacher researchers examine taken-for-granted ways in which they carry out professional practice. d. Teacher researchers will use a systematic approach for reflecting on their practice both inside and outside of classroom communities.

Q: Debbie was observing classes in a small rural school as part of her study on opportunities in the arts in diverse school districts. She heard several teachers make reference to the upcoming "˜play day" within the context of their lessons. Not knowing what the "˜play day" was, Debbie pulled the principal aside and asked her to explain. In this example, Debbie is best illustrating a(n) a. formal interview. b. structured interview. c. semi-structured interview. d. informal interview.

Q: Karen is replicating a study she did for her thesis. She uses the same classroom and the same intervention with a new student. Karen is displaying which type of replication? a. Thematic b. Direct c. Clinical d. Generalized

Q: The advantages of a telephone survey data collection include a. less expense. b. less training. c. ability to obtain depth in data. d. short data collection.

Q: In an ERIC search the following research label described a potential source: EJ32789. Given this label, what is one conclusion can be drawn about the source? a. The reference is peer-reviewed. b. The reference is available to download. c. The reference is likely a journal article. d. The reference is likely a legal case.

Q: One primary criticism of critical action research is that it is not a. conducted in a timely manner. b. socially responsive. c. practically feasible. d. consistent with teachers' values.

Q: One difference between observers and interviewers is that a. observers use protocols but interviewers do not. b. interviewers use protocols but observers to not. c. observers may not be face to face with the participant but interviewers generally are. d. interviewers may not be face to face with the participants but observers generally are.

Q: All EXCEPT which of the following are among the three stages of replication in single-subject design? a. Systematic b. Direct c. Clinical d. Generalized

Q: Of the following, which is the sample technique most often used in survey research? a. Cluster b Stratified random c. Systematic d. Purposive random

Q: Jim is doing a computer literature search for a motivation study. He has identified the keywords he will use. The next step he will conduct is to a. select primary sources. b. select a database he will search. c. specify his search strategy. d. download identified sources.

Q: That action research should be socially responsive is a value of __________ action research. a. practical b. applied c. reflective d. critical

Q: A standard 60-minute audio-taped interview will likely take approximately ________ to transcribe. a. 30 minutes b. 1 hour c. 2 hours d. 4 hours

Q: Data analysis in single-subject studies generally includes a. Chi-square. b. Visual analysis. c. Nonparametric tests. d. Path analysis

Q: The main benefit of cross-sectional survey designs is that they are a. more generalizable than longitudinal designs. b. more reliable than longitudinal designs c. more convenient than longitudinal designs. d. more valid than longitudinal designs.

Q: Vernard needs to access only primary sources for his research methods class proposal. Which of the following should Vernard consult? a. Psychology today b. Review of Educational Research c. What works clearinghouse d. Journal of Educational Psychology

Q: Emancipatory action research is also known as _____________ action research. a. practical b. applied c. critical d. reflective

Q: Finn is a qualitative researcher setting out to conduct his first interview of his study. He isn"t sure if he should record the interview. Given recommendations regarding data collection methods, please advise Finn. a. Qualitative researchers do not generally record the first interview. b. Qualitative researchers recommend recording the interview. c. Qualitative researchers do not record novice interviewers. d. Qualitative researchers recommend only video recording interviews.