Q&A Hero

Q: Stefanie is a speech pathologist working with Emily, who is struggling with initial sounds of words. Stefanie has decided to test the effects of an audio recorded modeling strategy with Emily. She first records the number of errors in naturally occurring speech for a three minute period, four days in a row. Next, while alternately collecting data in the form of errors per three minute period of naturally occurring speech, she introduces audio recorded modeling for twelve therapy sessions. Stefanie then collects errors per minutes of speech for four days after the intervention. Aaron has decided to use the audio recording modeling with his client who also has struggles with initial word sounds. The type of replication that Aaron illustrates in this case is a. direct replication. b. transfer replication. c. systematic replication. d. clinical replication.

Q: Will conducted a study of High School lunch preferences. Consider the sample items below from his survey and answer the following questions. 1) Grade 9 10 11 12 2) Gender M F 3) How often do you buy school lunch? _____________ 4) Of the following, circle those that apply to why you buy lunch. Convenience Cost Friends buy Please rate your agreement regarding if the school should serve these items: 5) Pizza SA A U D SD 6) Chef Salad SA A U D SD 7) French Fries SA A U D SD 8) Fruit SA A U D SD 9) Soup SA A U D SD 10) Do you think the cost of school lunches is fair? __________________ 11) What other items would you like to see offered at the school __________________ Which of the following items will likely provide the least reliable data? a. Item 1 b. Item 3 c. Item 6 d. Item 10

Q: Of the following, which is NOT a reason your text provides for developing a research plan? a. It helps the researcher anticipate problems. b. It helps the researcher budget time and money. c. It provides an opportunity to obtain valuable feedback. d. It is often required to gain entry into research sites.

Q: Takota works in a school with racial and ethnic conflict among the students. He questions whether implementing a peer tutoring program could reduce tensions and is interested in conducting an action research project on the topic. Takota's issue is appropriate for an action research study because a. the study will appeal to the students and parents in the district. b. the study involves something Takota is interested in exploring further. c. the district administrators will support the study. d. peer tutoring is widely accepted in school districts.

Q: The degree to which a qualitative research study is able to generalize to settings not studied by the researcher refers to as which of the following types of qualitative research validity? a. Internal theoretical validity b. External evaluative validity c. External generalizability d. Internal interpretive validity

Q: Stefanie is a speech pathologist working with Emily, who is struggling with initial sounds of words. Stefanie has decided to test the effects of an audio recorded modeling strategy with Emily. She first records the number of errors in naturally occurring speech for a three minute period, four days in a row. Next, while alternately collecting data in the form of errors per three minute period of naturally occurring speech, she introduces audio recorded modeling for twelve therapy sessions. Stefanie then collects errors per minutes of speech for four days after the intervention. Which of the following is the most critical drawback of the design Stefanie has selected? a. Selection of experimental participant b. No baseline data were collected c. Withdrawal of treatment condition d. Ethics of treatment reversal

Q: Will conducted a study of High School lunch preferences. Consider the sample items below from his survey and answer the following questions. 1) Grade 9 10 11 12 2) Gender M F 3) How often do you buy school lunch? _____________ 4) Of the following, circle those that apply to why you buy lunch. Convenience Cost Friends buy Please rate your agreement regarding if the school should serve these items: 5) Pizza SA A U D SD 6) Chef Salad SA A U D SD 7) French Fries SA A U D SD 8) Fruit SA A U D SD 9) Soup SA A U D SD 10) Do you think the cost of school lunches is fair? __________________ 11) What other items would you like to see offered at the school __________________ Data collected from item 2 is an example of a(n) ____________ level data? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: Jocylen is proposing a grounded theory study of Professional Development Schools as her dissertation. She provides a research plan to her committee members. Of the following, which is likely true of her research plan? a. Her plan includes stated hypothesis. b. Her plan includes operational definitions for variables of interest. c. Her plan includes a description of the nature of evidence to be collected. d. Her plan includes a description of the statistics that will be conducted.

Q: Takota works in a school with racial and ethnic conflict among the students. He questions whether implementing a peer tutoring program could reduce tensions and is interested in conducting an action research project on the topic. Takota's research study is best described as a(n) ____________ action research study. a. emancipatory b. critical c. practical d. reflective

Q: The ability of a qualitative research report to explain the phenomenon that was studied and described refers to which of the following types of qualitative research validity? a. Descriptive b. Theoretical c. Evaluative d. Generalizability

Q: Stefanie is a speech pathologist working with Emily, who is struggling with initial sounds of words. Stefanie has decided to test the effects of an audio recorded modeling strategy with Emily. She first records the number of errors in naturally occurring speech for a three minute period, four days in a row. Next, while alternately collecting data in the form of errors per three minute period of naturally occurring speech, she introduces audio recorded modeling for twelve therapy sessions. Stefanie then collects errors per minutes of speech for four days after the intervention. Stefanie has employed which of the following types of single-subjects designs? a. Case study Design b. A-B Design c. B-A-B Design d. A-B-A Design

Q: Li sent out a survey and received an initial response rate of 44%. If her study follows typical response patterns from the literature, what can she expect her response rate to be after a second mailing? a. 50% b. 54% c. 60% d. 64%

Q: When comparing approaches to a research plan, regarding the review of the literature a. both quantitative and qualitative researchers review the literature early in the study to identify related research. b. quantitative researchers write their hypotheses prior to reviewing the literature. c. qualitative researchers generally examine literature after the participants and context are known. d. neither quantitative or qualitative researchers rely on the literature as an aspect of their study.

Q: Noah is a pack leader conducting an action research study on the structure of his group's scouting experiences. Which of the following data sources is Noah most likely to consult within the context of his study.a. State-wide demographics of the type of children enrolled in scouting in Noah's state.b. Data from an experimental study that addressed the effects of scouting on students' self-esteem.c. Correlational data regarding the relationship between scouting and later environmental activism.d. Data from semi-structured interviews he conducted with his group members and their families.

Q: Which of the following is a criteria for validity of qualitative research? a. Interpretive validity b. Test/retest validity c. Construct validity d. Concurrent validity

Q: Frank is working with Garrett to increase his ability to keep track of his class materials. Garrett is constantly leaving his books and papers behind in class, in his locker, or at home. Frank observes and tracks Garrett's behavior for four days. To determine how often he actually does leave his materials behind. He then introduces a required assignment book strategy. In each class Garrett must write down what he needs to do and the materials that the task will require. Frank continues to observe Garrett's behavior. However, under the assignment book strategy, Garrett's behavior doesn"t change. Frank decides that he will also require that Garrett get signatures from his teachers and parents in his assignment book. After four weeks, Frank removes the required assignment book and signature and observes and records Garrett's behavior for a week. Pam wants to replicate Frank's study and use the same procedure with Jose, a third grade student with similar academic forgetting behaviors. What type of replication is Pam proposing? a. Direct replication b. Simultaneous replication c. Systematic replication d. Clinical replication

Q: According to your text which of the following should be included in the cover letter? a. The human subjects protocol number b. The purpose of the study if it is for your thesis or dissertation c. The intended results of the study d. The purpose of the study

Q: Gary has developed a research plan that involves collecting problem-solving ability of preschool children. He has gone through the steps to gain permission to collect data in a private child-care setting. In which portion of the methods section will Gary include how he gained entry into the research setting? a. Participants b. Materials c. Procedure d. Design

Q: Naima is a speech and language specialist. She works with several students in a large elementary school. She uses mixed age groupings to work with children with specific needs. For example, she places all the students who are disfluent in one group. This year the age discrepancies in her groups seem particularly large and this has made her consider this as an area of focus for an action research study. According to your text, which of the following is a key characteristic of action research? a. Action research is intricate. b. Action research is positivist. c. Action research is persuasive. d. Action research is objective.

Q: Which of the following is one of the best ways to directly increase the confirmability of qualitative research? a. Practice triangulation. b. Establish an "˜audit" trail. c. Establish referential adequacy. d. Do persistent observation.

Q: Frank is working with Garrett to increase his ability to keep track of his class materials. Garrett is constantly leaving his books and papers behind in class, in his locker, or at home. Frank observes and tracks Garrett's behavior for four days. To determine how often he actually does leave his materials behind. He then introduces a required assignment book strategy. In each class Garrett must write down what he needs to do and the materials that the task will require. Frank continues to observe Garrett's behavior. However, under the assignment book strategy, Garrett's behavior doesn"t change. Frank decides that he will also require that Garrett get signatures from his teachers and parents in his assignment book. After four weeks, Frank removes the required assignment book and signature and observes and records Garrett's behavior for a week. If Frank's study is typical, what would one expect regarding Garrett's behavior after the requirement of the assignment book was taken away? a. He will now forget his things more often than while he was using the assignment book but less than before he started. b. He will now forget his things more often than before he started using the assignment book. c. He will now forget his things less than both before the assignment book and while he used the assignment book. d. His forgetting will substantially decrease and he will continue to use the assignment book.

Q: Which of the following is a criteria for writing questionnaire items? a. Do not include potentially controversial items b. Include questions that influence respondents c. Organize items from specific to general d. Limit items to the same format

Q: Where in the method section of a research plan should a researcher place any assumptions and limitations of a study? a. Participants b. Materials c. Procedure d. Design

Q: Naima is a speech and language specialist. She works with several students in a large elementary school. She uses mixed age groupings to work with children with specific needs. For example, she places all the students who are disfluent in one group. This year the age discrepancies in her groups seem particularly large and this has made her consider this as an area of focus for an action research study. By asking students how they feel about the mixed age groups, Naima may be demonstrating several characteristics of action research. However, in so doing she is best illustrating which of the following characteristics of action research? a. Action research is democratic. b. Action research is equitable. c. Action research is liberating. d. Action research is enhancing.

Q: Which of the following defines descriptive validity in qualitative research? a. transferability. b. factual accuracy. c. generalizability. d. elaborated truth.

Q: Frank is working with Garrett to increase his ability to keep track of his class materials. Garrett is constantly leaving his books and papers behind in class, in his locker, or at home. Frank observes and tracks Garrett's behavior for four days. To determine how often he actually does leave his materials behind. He then introduces a required assignment book strategy. In each class Garrett must write down what he needs to do and the materials that the task will require. Frank continues to observe Garrett's behavior. However, under the assignment book strategy, Garrett's behavior doesn"t change. Frank decides that he will also require that Garrett get signatures from his teachers and parents in his assignment book. After four weeks, Frank removes the required assignment book and signature and observes and records Garrett's behavior for a week. In Frank's study, the signed assignment book represents which of the following? a. A b. B c. S d. T

Q: Generally, as number of items increases on a survey the a. reliability increases. b. reliability decreases. c. content validity increases. d. content validity decreases.

Q: Lance is studying self-esteem of low achieving children. He needs to include an operational definition of self-esteem. Where would this information be included in his research plan? a. Literature review b. Statement of the hypothesis c. Results section d. Method section

Q: Naima is a speech and language specialist. She works with several students in a large elementary school. She uses mixed age groupings to work with children with specific needs. For example, she places all the students who are disfluent in one group. This year the age discrepancies in her groups seem particularly large and this has made her consider this as an area of focus for an action research study. Given the dialectic action research spiral, the next step for Naima is a. data collection. b. developing an action plan c. analyzing data. d. interpreting data. .

Q: Which of the following statements regarding e-mail interviews is supported by your text? a. E-mail interviews should not be used as they do not provide rich data. b. Ethical concerns with e-mail interviews can be challenging for researchers. c. Participants are less likely to participate in an e-mail interview than an in-person interview. d. E-mail interviews are often harder to transcribe than in-person interviews.

Q: Frank is working with Garrett to increase his ability to keep track of his class materials. Garrett is constantly leaving his books and papers behind in class, in his locker, or at home. Frank observes and tracks Garrett's behavior for four days. To determine how often he actually does leave his materials behind. He then introduces a required assignment book strategy. In each class Garrett must write down what he needs to do and the materials that the task will require. Frank continues to observe Garrett's behavior. However, under the assignment book strategy, Garrett's behavior doesn"t change. Frank decides that he will also require that Garrett get signatures from his teachers and parents in his assignment book. After four weeks, Frank removes the required assignment book and signature and observes and records Garrett's behavior for a week. Which of the following best represents the design of Frank" study? a. A-B b. A-B-A c. B-A-B d. A-B-A-B

Q: The most common way to present results of individual survey items is to a. report mean responses by item. b. report percent of agreement to items. c. present median responses. d. present modal responses.

Q: Nate has proposed to do a motivation study that includes three self-report measures of motivation for his dissertation. His committee told him he must include reliability and validity information about the scales he is using within his research plan. Where should he place this information? a. Literature review b. Method c. Results d. Discussion

Q: Which of the following is the most likely research team to conduct an action research study on the role of simulated driving experiences in a school district's driver education curriculum? a. The superintendent, a school administrator, and the driver's education teachers. b. A parent committee and the driver's education teachers. c. A committee of teachers, parents, and insurance agents. d. The teachers who teach the course.

Q: Which of the following is generally true when comparing focus group interviews with individual interviews? a. Focus group interviews often take more time than individual interviews b. Focus group interviews are conducted without structured questions c. All participants must reach agreement for quality data from focus groups d. Transcribing focus group interviews is often easier than individual interviews

Q: Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade behavior disordered student, Kent. She uses both strategies within the same day going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior. The benefits of Millie's design include all of the following EXCEPT a. no withdrawal is necessary. b. no baseline is necessary. c. more than one treatment is considered. d. treatment interference is controlled.

Q: Money and time are both tight at the charter school. Jill, the director, sent out a survey to get parents' perceptions of purchasing priorities for the school. She had a group of parents respond to the questionnaire as a pilot. She had them rate their priorities on a rating scale with the points "necessary", "very important", "purchase if money is available", "not necessary", "don"t purchase". She was disappointed to find that the pilot parents rated everything as necessary. This will not help her make purchasing decisions. Of the following, what is the best strategy for Jill? a. Send it out as it is. The larger general population of parents will have more variance than the small pilot. b. Revise the instrument to include open-response items to get richer data. c. Revise the instrument so parents must rank items to purchase relative to each other. d. Conduct in-person interviews with the same items.

Q: Peggy is planning to conduct a study in a small rural school. She recognizes it is important to include the setting information in her study. Where should Peggy place this information? a. Literature review b. Method c. Results d. Discussion

Q: Marcus, a new coach, is concerned with the ways in which summer football camp is conducted. Potential athletes are required to come to mid-day sessions in August before school starts. Marcus knows that there is little "˜building up" to these sessions and that many of the athletes are not in excellent condition nor are they used out exercising in the heat in full equipment. Even though he is very cautious about the amount of water breaks and rests he employs, he is concerned the athletes may get seriously injured during football camp. Marcus decides to conduct an action research study on the issue. Of the following, which is the next process Marcus will likely employ? a. Marcus will next engage in fully describing the football camp situation he would like to change. b. Marcus will collect data to make decisions about changes to football camp. c. Marcus will carry out his action planning and share his findings with school administrators and parents. d. Marcus will take action, and change football camp to protect the health of his athletes.

Q: Which of the following is important when conducting focus groups? a. Designate one leader to assure order in responses b. Include large groups to collect richer data c. Allow all participants to respond to questions d. Leave the process open-ended without researcher interference

Q: Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade behavior disordered student, Kent. She uses both strategies within the same day going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior. In this study, which of the following validity threats does Millie control? a. Order effects. b. Selection effects. c. Treatment effects. d. History effects.

Q: Marcy developed a survey to administer to parents of college students living on campus. One of the questions on her survey was, "Describe your level of satisfaction with your child's residence life experiences." Marcy found that few people answered this question. This is likely because a. the item is sensitive. b. the respondent is not in a position to answer the item. c. the item is open-ended. d. the item is unclear.

Q: Often researchers field-test their instruments and research plan procedures prior to conducting research. This strategy is referred to as a(n) a. a priori testing. b. reliability test. c. validity test. d. pilot test.

Q: Marcus, a new coach, is concerned with the ways in which summer football camp is conducted. Potential athletes are required to come to mid-day sessions in August before school starts. Marcus knows that there is little "˜building up" to these sessions and that many of the athletes are not in excellent condition nor are they used out exercising in the heat in full equipment. Even though he is very cautious about the amount of water breaks and rests he employs, he is concerned the athletes may get seriously injured during football camp. Marcus decides to conduct an action research study on the issue. Marcus starts to look into the history of football camp at the school and how the camp developed over time. Marcus is involved in which phase of reconnaissance? a. Application b. Description c. Explanation d. Self-reflection

Q: Karen is teaching knitting as a means to increase fine motor skills in her occupational therapy sessions. Cynthia is a qualitative researcher who has enrolled in the class as a student to experience the new "˜therapy". Cynthia feels that Jacob, a student in the class, will not benefit from the training since he is a large male she feels that knitting is better for females with smaller hands. In fact, in her field notes Cynthia finds support that indeed, the knitting therapy does not seem to be a positive experience for Jacob. Cynthia could best decrease the threat to validity in her study by a. increasing the number of data sources. b. spending less time in the field. c. modifying the type of observations that she makes. d. not including her reflections in her field notes.

Q: Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade behavior disordered student, Kent. She uses both strategies within the same day going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior. Which of the following designs is Millie employing? a. Multiple baseline b. Alternating treatment c. Time series d. Treatment-withdrawal

Q: An interview guide's primary purpose is to provide information to the a. participant about the study. b. Institutional Review Board for the purposes of obtaining permission for participation of human subjects. c. researcher to assist in standardizing the interview. d. site personnel to help the researcher in gaining entry.

Q: Wheldon, is conducting a review of the existing research on community members motivation to serve on school boards. Of the following, which represents a primary question that he should consider as he examines his found sources? a. What types of motivation is studied? b. From which institutions were the authors from? c. Is there a book on the topic? d. Where were the articles published?

Q: Tasa is a primary grade teacher in a rural school district. She and the other teachers have found that after kindergarten there are large differences among the rising first grade students. Some are reading and writing well and others are still "˜catching up". Tasa would like to investigate this further. Tasa's research study is best described as a(n) ____________ action research study. a. emancipatory b. critical c. practical d. reflective

Q: Karen is teaching knitting as a means to increase fine motor skills in her occupational therapy sessions. Cynthia is a qualitative researcher who has enrolled in the class as a student to experience the new "˜therapy". Cynthia feels that Jacob, a student in the class, will not benefit from the training since he is a large male she feels that knitting is better for females with smaller hands. In fact, in her field notes Cynthia finds support that indeed, the knitting therapy does not seem to be a positive experience for Jacob. Given this scenario, Cynthia may have introduced which of the following validity threats into her study? a. Observer bias b. Observer effect c. Selection effect d. Selection bias

Q: In single-subject research, the most important type of significance is a. generalized significance. b. statistical significance. c. effect size significance. d. clinical significance.

Q: Telephone interviewing is most effective when a. the items are mainly selection-type items. b. the interview is lengthy. c. the information requested is sensitive. d. building rapport with the participant is important.

Q: Candace, a student in a research methods class, is completing a review of research on early childhood reading interventions that have adequate efficacy data. Of the following, which represents a primary question that Candace should pose as she examines potential sources? a. Were their findings significant? b. Did they adequately review the literature? c. Where were their findings published? d. Who was the author that conducted the study?

Q: Tasa is a primary grade teacher in a rural school district. She and the other teachers have found that after kindergarten there are large differences among the rising first grade students. Some are reading and writing well and others are still "˜catching up". Tasa would like to investigate this further. Tasa" s issue is appropriate for an action research study because a. the study involves something Tasa would like to change. b. the study should not cost too much to conduct. c. administrators and policy makers will support the study. d. there is a body of relevant related empirical research.

Q: Karen is teaching knitting as a means to increase fine motor skills in her occupational therapy sessions. Cynthia is a qualitative researcher who has enrolled in the class as a student to experience the new "˜therapy". Cynthia feels that Jacob, a student in the class, will not benefit from the training since he is a large male she feels that knitting is better for females with smaller hands. In fact, in her field notes Cynthia finds support that indeed, the knitting therapy does not seem to be a positive experience for Jacob. In this scenario, Cynthia is considered a(n) a. active observer. b. nonparticipant observer. c. passive observer. d. Post hoc observer.

Q: Bryce is a occupational therapist working with Sandy, a brain-injured patient. Bryce has decided to test the effects of a graphing strategy with Sandy. He starts the graphing technique, while collecting data in the form of minutes of strength training per day. He discontinues the graphing technique still collecting minutes of strength training per day. Bryce then reintroduces the graphing technique. Bryce using the graphing technique with another patient, Paul. By so doing, Bryce is illustrating which type of replication? a. Direct replication b. Transfer replication c. Systematic replication d. Clinical replication

Q: One disadvantage of interviews compared to questionnaires is that they a. require more skills to administer. b. result in an smaller response rate. c. produce less biased results. d. provide less complete data.

Q: Bora is conducting a literature review regarding the relationship between physical condition of schools and student achievement. Of the following, which source is likely the best source for his study? a. An article in Review of Educational Research b. A published study in American Educational Research Journal c. A comprehensive published monograph on the topic d. A edited volume that overviews the topic from several perspectives

Q: For teachers working in school districts, who best determines the action research topics addressed in a school? a. The district school board b. Teachers conducting the research c. Parents of children in the district d. The children in the school district

Q: Which of the following is considered a specific validity threat in qualitative research? a. Treatment effects b. History effects c. Observer effects d. Selection effects

Q: Bryce is a occupational therapist working with Sandy, a brain-injured patient. Bryce has decided to test the effects of a graphing strategy with Sandy. He starts the graphing technique, while collecting data in the form of minutes of strength training per day. He discontinues the graphing technique still collecting minutes of strength training per day. Bryce then reintroduces the graphing technique. Kim has decided to use the graphing strategy that Bryce uses with her patient who scratches until she causes herself injury. The type of replication that Kim's use of the graphing strategy illustrates in this case is a. direct replication. b. transfer replication. c. systematic replication. d. clinical replication.

Q: An advantage of the interview over questionnaires is that they a. are less expensive. b. provide in-depth data. c. are less time consuming. d. are easier to score.

Q: Which of the following is the largest educational database? a. ERIC b. Education Index c. Wilson Index d. PsycINFO

Q: According to your text, one of the main goals of action research is a. informing educational policy for stakeholders. b. determining district-wide curriculum for teachers. c. educational change that enhances the lives of children. d. data collection for the benefit of school personnel.

Q: Of the following, one way qualitative researchers can decrease observer effect is to a. rely only on nonparticipant observation. b. increase the amount of time spent in the field. c. increase observational training. d. use observations instead of interviews.

Q: Bryce is a occupational therapist working with Sandy, a brain-injured patient. Bryce has decided to test the effects of a graphing strategy with Sandy. He starts the graphing technique, while collecting data in the form of minutes of strength training per day. He discontinues the graphing technique still collecting minutes of strength training per day. Bryce then reintroduces the graphing technique. Which of the following is the most critical drawback of the design Bryce has selected? a. Selection of experimental participant b. No baseline data were collected c. Withdrawal of treatment condition d. Ethics of treatment reversal

Q: Max conducted a survey study and received an initial response rate of approximately 68% with his first mailing. What do you suggest for Max now? a. His response rate is low. Try to determine if there is a systematic reason why. b. His response rate is low. Send a second mailing. c. His response rate is adequate. Send a second mailing. d. His response rate is too high to send a second mailing. Analyze his data and report his findings.

Q: Kajol is reviewing the literature on teaching efficacy for his study of collective efficacy in middle school urban schools and has found some potential relationships between collective teaching efficacy research and organizational climate. Of the following, what would you suggest to Kajol regarding the inclusion of this content in his literature review. a. He should include literature related to variables with relations to teaching efficacy in all settings. b. He should ignore the organizational climate literature, it is not related enough to his review. c. He should review only studies that address middle teachers in urban settings in his review. d. He should mention a potential relationship in his review and provide citations for the reader.

Q: Liz is a coach who wants to examine the ways in which her coaching addresses sportsmanship. Which of the following is the most relevant data for Liz to consider? a. National trends in sportsmanship among athletes. b. Parents' perceptions of her athletes' sportsmanship. c. Athlete's behaviors on the field. d. Data from a survey administered in the school.

Q: Of the following, one way qualitative researchers can decrease observer bias is to a. triangulate data sources. b. use covert observation. c. use observations instead of interviews. d. decrease the amount of time spent in the field.

Q: Bryce is a occupational therapist working with Sandy, a brain-injured patient. Bryce has decided to test the effects of a graphing strategy with Sandy. He starts the graphing technique, while collecting data in the form of minutes of strength training per day. He discontinues the graphing technique still collecting minutes of strength training per day. Bryce then reintroduces the graphing technique. Bryce has employed which of the following types of single-subjects designs? a. Case study Design b. A-B Design c. B-A-B Design d. A-B-A Design

Q: Pam conducted a survey study and received an initial response rate of approximately 34%. She sent a second mailing and obtained an additional 6%. What do you suggest for Pam now? a. Her response rate is adequate. Analyze her data and report her findings. b. Her response rate is low. Send a third mailing. c. Her response rate is too low. Redesign the survey. d. Her response rate is low. Try to determine if there is a systematic reason why.

Q: Which of the following is a common criticism of meta-analysis? a. Meta-analysis is descriptive without numerical data b. Meta-analysis only includes experimental studies b. Meta-analysis often includes poorly-designed strategies. c. Meta-analysis is not as systematic as a traditional literature review

Q: Which of the following is a question one engaged in descriptive activities might ask? a. What educational values do I hold? b. What is the historical context of my school? c. What evidence do I have that this is a problem? d. How can I make sense of these data?

Q: While collecting data through observation at a hockey game, Bruce, is astonished by what he feels is violently aggressive behavior. How should Bruce address this astonishment in his notes? a. Bruce should not reference his personal reaction in his field notes nor journal. b. Bruce should include his reaction within his description in his field notes. c. Bruce should include his reaction in his field notes separate from his description. d. Bruce should record his personal reaction in his journal not his field notes.

Q: According to your text, which of the following represents a critical internal validity threat of single-subjects designs overall? a. Instrumentation. b. Generalization. c. History. d. Selection.

Q: The typical response rate first mailings of questionnaires is approximately a. 10-30% b. 20-40% c. 30-50% d. 40-60%

Q: Valdez conducted a meta-analysis on the effects of instructional interventions that benefit study strategies of middle school children. In his study he reported a relatively small effect of the interventions. Which of the following is a potential effect size from Valdez's study? a. -.60 b. .00 c. .21 d. .58

Q: Aggie is a paraprofessional conducting an action research project that examines the role of structured cooperative seatwork in mathematics classes in her school. She is sharing her findings with other teachers and paraprofessionals. Aggie is now likely engaged in which phase of the action research? a. Identifying an area of focus b. Data collection c. Data analysis and interpretation d. Action planning

Q: Gretchen is studying the experiences of foster children in new school settings. As a social worker and a qualitative researcher, she would like to conduct observations to collect her data. If observes the children as a by stander while they are in school. Gretchen's data collection strategy can be classified as a. active participant observation. b. nonparticipant observation. c. passive observation. d. privileged observation.