Q&A Hero

Q: Which of he following is NOT a measure of central tendency?a. Modeb. Standard deviationc. Meand. Median

Q: For each, consider the information the correlation provides. Joyce read a study that reported students' age was correlated r= -.68 with classroom management referrals. This correlation indicates as age increases, a. classroom management referrals are about equally likely to decrease or increase. b. classroom management referrals are more likely to decrease. c. classroom management referrals are more likely to increase. d. classroom management referrals are likely to remain at the same level.

Q: Olivia has planned a study for her thesis that examines whether there are significant benefits from taking an extended driving course during drivers' education classes above and beyond the benefits of taking the extra classroom sessions. However, she is a little concerned that she has not designed the study in a manner that will allow her to answer her research question. In which of the following sections of her research plan will Olivia share her design? a. Introduction b. Appendix c. Method d. Data Analysis

Q: In APA style guidelines, secondary sources in the reference section shoulda. include author name only.b. include author name and year.c. include author name, year, and title.d. not be included at all.

Q: Nancy studies moving and social relationships in adolescents. Which of the following is likely a topic for her narrative research study? a. The relationship between number of moves and high school GPA b. The average number of moves in lower SES children c. The effects of moving on number of intimate friends in high school seniors d. The experiences of a student with multiple moves

Q: Francis wants to present the average mathematics score attained by the participants in her study. She needs to report a measure of a. dispersion index. b. variability. c. central tendency. d. relative position.

Q: Correlational studies are used primarily to a. examine relationships among variables. b. examine if differences between groups exist. c. determine causal relationships. d. determine if experimental treatments work.

Q: Olivia has planned a study for her thesis that examines whether there are significant benefits from taking an extended driving course during drivers' education classes above and beyond the benefits of taking the extra classroom sessions. However, she is a little concerned that she has not designed the study in a manner that will allow her to answer her research question. In which section of her research plan will Olivia share her research question? a. Introduction b. Appendix c. Method d. Data Analysis

Q: When considering qualitative and quantitative research reports one similarity is that botha. avoid the use of pronouns.b. require accuracy in reporting.c. use the voice of the participant.d. contain the same structure for reporting.

Q: Which of the following is an element that characterizes narrative research? a. Narrative research focuses on group experiences. b. Narrative research relies heavily on triangulation. c. Narrative research is constructed by the researcher. d. Narrative research incorporates context and place.

Q: Quantitative indices calculated for a sample drawn from a population are referred to as a. statistics. b. inferential. c. parameters. d. statistics.

Q: Hakeem developed an attitudes about the importance of green space on campus. The measure was five items long and he administered it to twenty five people in his pilot study. He conducted a reliability analysis of the scale and found it to be quite low (.25). Given he needs to have a reliability estimate of .80 to appease his dissertation committee, which of the following would you suggest to Hakeem? a. Administer the pilot to more people and do the analysis again. b. Lengthen the scale and send it out without another pilot. c. Lengthen the scale and conduct another pilot to see if it goes up. d. Reduce the number of items to two or three to increase reliability.

Q: The statement of the research topic is found in which of the following research proposal sections? a. Appendix b. Method c. Data Analysis d. Introduction

Q: When comparing qualitative research reports and quantitative research reports, one difference is that a. in qualitative reports there is not a literature review. b. in quantitative reports there is not a problem statement. c. in qualitative reports there is not a presentation of the results. d. in quantitative reports there is not a rationale for why participants were selected.

Q: All of the following inform how a narrative research approach is categorized EXCEPT a. the scope of the narrative. b. who authored the narrative account. c. the underlying relationship between the researcher and the participant. d. The theoretical framework that influenced the study.

Q: Quantitative indices calculated for an entire population are referred to as a. statistics. b. inferential. c. parameters. d. correlations.

Q: At a recent school board meeting the district discussed discontinuing the Latin language classes at the high school. Ms. Bose requested that before a decision was made that the board survey the families in the district. The board agreed and as decided to use a free software program to design and deliver the survey. Which of the following might the board decide to use? a. Survey Monkey b. LimeSurvey c. Zoomerang d. SPSS Survey

Q: In which of the following sections are data management strategies included in a quantitative research proposal? a. Method b. Appendix c. Data Analysis d. Introduction

Q: One benefit of Zotero over other reference management systems is that Zotero a. can be used with references that are not in English and other systems cannot. b. has the ability to handle more citations than does any other system. c. can be used for both Mac and any other computer systems. d. is free while other management systems are commercially available.

Q: Which of the following is NOT considered a type of narrative research? a. Personal accounts b. Observer stories c. Participant observations d. Life stories

Q: When calculating a frequency polygon, the first step is to a. list all scores. b. calculate means and standard deviations. c. determine if the distribution is normal. d. calculate descriptive statistics.

Q: Jabar developed a survey to administer to measure untenured faculties perceptions of support by their Deans. One of the questions on his survey was, "Do you receive adequate support from the Dean" Jabar found that few people answered this question. This is most likely because a. the item is sensitive. b. the respondent is not in a position to answer the item. c. the item is open-ended. d. the item is unclear.

Q: Which of the following is a suggestion for qualitative researchers regarding conducting fieldwork prior to their proposal? a. Fieldwork is conducted only after the research plan is approved. b. Fieldwork conducted prior to the proposal is unethical. c. Fieldwork prior to proposal is unadvisable as it may decrease potential participants. d. Fieldwork conducted prior to the formal proposal is advisable.

Q: The current APA manual is the ____________ edition. a. Second b. Fourth c. Sixth d. Eighth

Q: Which of the following research topics is most conducive to narrative research? a. A study of the number of students statewide who use school vouchers. b. A study that tracks the finance shifts in a state that recently implemented school vouchers. c. A study that shares the experiences of one large urban district as vouchers were introduced. d. A study that surveys community members regarding perceived strengths and weaknesses of school vouchers.

Q: The first step in coding data is a. determining how categorical data will be coded. b. determining how many digits are necessary for each variable. c. giving all participants an ID number. d. running descriptive statistics for all variables.

Q: The Hidden Valley school district has space concerns. They are considering moving the fifth grade students to the middle school. However, they would like to get students' input. In an effort to get the best information, they administer a survey regarding whether fifth graders should move to the middle school to every fourth grade student. The survey study is best described as a. A projective study. b. A census study. c. A population study. d. A sample study.

Q: Matt studies the role of instructions in how much intermediate grade level students learn from things that they have read. In his work it is critical that the texts he uses are hard enough for the readers so that they can"t easily remember everything but easy enough so that they can read them independently. Which of the following strategies would you suggest is best for Matt to use to assure that his materials are working well? a. Use the readability checker on his computer to make sure the materials are the right grade level. b. Do post-hoc analyses to assure that the internal consistency of the instruments was sound. c. Conduct a pilot study with a sample of participants from the same population as his study. d. Consult with fourth grade teachers to get feedback as to their perceptions of the materials.

Q: Chidi used the MSLQ, a commonly used measure of motivation for college students in her study that explored college-students' motivation at HBCUs. In which section of her manuscript should she report the psychometric properties of the measure? a. Introduction b. Methods c. Results d. Discussion

Q: Which of the following research topics is most conducive to narrative research? a. The gain scores of SAT after preparation classes b. The experiences of an average-achieving student prepping for the SAT c. The differences in SAT gain scores between preparation class participants and nonparticipants d. The effects of two types of preparation classes on student SAT scores

Q: If data are categorical, tabulation includes a. creating graphs. b. coding responses. c. counting responses. d. statistical analysis.

Q: Felicia is opening a new Spa. She went to several banks in town and passed out the survey on Saturday mornings to bank customers as her potential clients. Consider the sample items below from her survey and answer the following questions. 1)Age ___________ 2)Gender M F 3)Please circle how many times you have had a facial. 0 4 or fewer between 4-10 more than 10 4)Please circle how many times have you had a massage. 0 4 or fewer between 4-10 more than 10 5)On which day of the week are you most likely to get a massage? Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 6)Please rate your agreement to the following items: Health insurance should pay for massage. SA A U D SD An hour massage should not cost more than $60.00. SA A U D SD Facials should be done monthly. SA A U D SD Spas should be open after work hours. SA A U D SD I would go to a spa if I had one in my neighborhood. SA A U D SD 7)Would you go to the spa with your friends, spouse, or alone? _________________ Felicia's strategy can best be described as a __________ survey design. a. Cohort b. Panel c. Cross-sectional d. Longitudinal

Q: George is preparing for a study that examines the role of community service in students' character development. As part of his study he will be using a survey regarding community service activities students' may engage in. In which section of his research plan will he describe the survey? a. Introduction b. Method c. Data Analysis d. Appendix

Q: Of the following, which is the best example of a conclusion in a study that examined funding for extra-curricular activities? a. The correlation between achievement and extra-curricular activities was statistically significant. b. The results supported a difference in achievement between those who participated in extra-curricular activities and those who did not participate. c. The effect size was .58. d. The participant stated support for additional funding for extra-curricular activities.

Q: As identified in your text, which of the following is a trend that has influenced the development of narrative research? a. Increased emphasis on teacher accountability b. Increased emphasis on student learning. c. Increased emphasis on teacher reflection. d. Increased emphasis on student self-regulation.

Q: Tabulation of data refers to a. initial organization of quantitative data. b. final "˜counts' of qualitative data. c. initial inferential statistics. d. creating manuscript tables after analysis.

Q: Felicia is opening a new Spa. She went to several banks in town and passed out the survey on Saturday mornings to bank customers as her potential clients. Consider the sample items below from her survey and answer the following questions. 1)Age ___________ 2)Gender M F 3)Please circle how many times you have had a facial. 0 4 or fewer between 4-10 more than 10 4)Please circle how many times have you had a massage. 0 4 or fewer between 4-10 more than 10 5)On which day of the week are you most likely to get a massage? Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 6)Please rate your agreement to the following items: Health insurance should pay for massage. SA A U D SD An hour massage should not cost more than $60.00. SA A U D SD Facials should be done monthly. SA A U D SD Spas should be open after work hours. SA A U D SD I would go to a spa if I had one in my neighborhood. SA A U D SD 7)Would you go to the spa with your friends, spouse, or alone? _________________ The questions under item 6 are best described as a. semantic differentials. b. Likert scales. c. Performance items. d. Aptitude measures.

Q: In which of the following quantitative research plan sections is the description of the instruments used in a study generally presented? a. Method b. Introduction c. Data analysis d. Appendix

Q: Of the following, which is an example of a style error? a. Marcy misused semicolons in her manuscript. b. Sean forgot the abstract in his manuscript. c. Trudy did not use conventions for headings in her manuscript. d. Liam forgot to provide citations in the text of his manuscript.

Q: Which of the following is a discipline that has a history of narrative research? a. Sociology b. Geography c. Geology d. Biology

Q: Machine-scored data can best assist with a. the validity of the assessment. b the reliability of the assessment. c. the reliability of the scoring. d. the validity of the scoring.

Q: Felicia is opening a new Spa. She went to several banks in town and passed out the survey on Saturday mornings to bank customers as her potential clients. Consider the sample items below from her survey and answer the following questions. 1)Age ___________ 2)Gender M F 3)Please circle how many times you have had a facial. 0 4 or fewer between 4-10 more than 10 4)Please circle how many times have you had a massage. 0 4 or fewer between 4-10 more than 10 5)On which day of the week are you most likely to get a massage? Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 6)Please rate your agreement to the following items: Health insurance should pay for massage. SA A U D SD An hour massage should not cost more than $60.00. SA A U D SD Facials should be done monthly. SA A U D SD Spas should be open after work hours. SA A U D SD I would go to a spa if I had one in my neighborhood. SA A U D SD 7)Would you go to the spa with your friends, spouse, or alone? _________________ Data taken from item 4 will consist of which level of data? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio

Q: In which of the following quantitative research plan sections, is the description of the research participants generally presented? a. Introduction b. Method c. Data analysis d. Appendix

Q: Lia is a middle school teacher concerned with social rejection of second language learners at her school. She questions whether the practice of pulling children out of the regular classroom for enhanced English instruction is contributing to this rejection and decides to do an action research project to address the issue. According to typical practice and your text, the types of data sources Lia will collect for her action research study will most likely include a. national standardized Reading test scores administered by the district. b. observations of student interactions during school hours. c. surveys of parents' preferences for the nature of English language instruction. d. interviews of administrators' opinions about second language learning.

Q: Which of the following is consistent with the strategies your text presents for ensuring the validity of qualitative research? a. Keep your observations to yourself so participants do not influence your conclusions. b. Record your experiences only after you have left the research site so you can attend to details while in the field. c. Only begin writing once all of the data are collected to assure objective data collection. d. Allow participants to read and respond to your observations as part of your data collection to assure credibility.

Q: Kari's research study measured the effects of cooperative learning on learners' ability to solve complex problems. After scoring the problems and entering the data, her advisor told her she must have another researcher score the problems. Interestingly, the scores she gave the participants did not match the scores that the other researcher gave. Kari's scoring problem is indicative of a problem with a. internal consistency reliability. b. inter-rater reliability. c. content validity. d. consequential validity.

Q: Felicia is opening a new Spa. She went to several banks in town and passed out the survey on Saturday mornings to bank customers as her potential clients. Consider the sample items below from her survey and answer the following questions. 1)Age ___________ 2)Gender M F 3)Please circle how many times you have had a facial. 0 4 or fewer between 4-10 more than 10 4)Please circle how many times have you had a massage. 0 4 or fewer between 4-10 more than 10 5)On which day of the week are you most likely to get a massage? Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 6)Please rate your agreement to the following items: Health insurance should pay for massage. SA A U D SD An hour massage should not cost more than $60.00. SA A U D SD Facials should be done monthly. SA A U D SD Spas should be open after work hours. SA A U D SD I would go to a spa if I had one in my neighborhood. SA A U D SD 7)Would you go to the spa with your friends, spouse, or alone? _________________ Data taken from item 5 will consist of which level of data. a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio

Q: Sophie is preparing a qualitative research plan for her study that explores the stories of young cancer survivors. The primary data collection strategy in Sophie's study most likely includes: a. Interviews b. Questionnaires c. Medical tests d. Surveys

Q: Lia is a middle school teacher concerned with social rejection of second language learners at her school. She questions whether the practice of pulling children out of the regular classroom for enhanced English instruction is contributing to this rejection and decides to do an action research project to address the issue. Lia's issue is appropriate for an action research study because a. the study will provide insight into the national curriculum for second language learners. b. the study involves something that is within Lia's area of focus. c. community members will advocate for the study. d. isolated instruction in English is common practice in schools.

Q: Tucker studies the experiences of youth wrestlers in an elite Olympic development training program. As he shares his research, one member of the audience asks about how his research findings inform coaching of high school wrestlers. This audience member's question is most directly related to which of the following validity concerns? a. Generalizability b. Theoretical validity c. Evaluative validity d. Descriptive validity

Q: Statistical formulas use _____________ letters as shorthand. a. Greek b. Latin c. Capital d. Ordinal

Q: Felicia is opening a new Spa. She went to several banks in town and passed out the survey on Saturday mornings to bank customers as her potential clients. Consider the sample items below from her survey and answer the following questions. 1)Age ___________ 2)Gender M F 3)Please circle how many times you have had a facial. 0 4 or fewer between 4-10 more than 10 4)Please circle how many times have you had a massage. 0 4 or fewer between 4-10 more than 10 5)On which day of the week are you most likely to get a massage? Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 6)Please rate your agreement to the following items: Health insurance should pay for massage. SA A U D SD An hour massage should not cost more than $60.00. SA A U D SD Facials should be done monthly. SA A U D SD Spas should be open after work hours. SA A U D SD I would go to a spa if I had one in my neighborhood. SA A U D SD 7)Would you go to the spa with your friends, spouse, or alone? _________________ Which sampling strategy did Felicia employ? a. Stratefied b. Random c. Cluster d. Convenience

Q: Sophie is preparing a qualitative research plan for her study that explores the stories of young cancer survivors. Of the following, which is Sophie likely to include in her plan? a. A description of her hypothesis b. A discussion of the representativeness of sample c. A section that demonstrates relevance of the study d. A presentation of her initial findings

Q: Lia is a middle school teacher concerned with social rejection of second language learners at her school. She questions whether the practice of pulling children out of the regular classroom for enhanced English instruction is contributing to this rejection and decides to do an action research project to address the issue. Lia's research study is best described as a(n) ____________ action research study. a. emancipatory b. reflective c. practical d. critical

Q: Harsha studies the experiences of Indian children in extended family homes who live in suburban America. She is concerned that she accurately represents her participants' perspectives. Harsha is most directly concerned with which of the following forms of qualitative research validity? a. Descriptive validity b. Interpretive validity. c. Theoretical validity d. Evaluative validity

Q: Which of the following presents an example of an additive design? a. OOOO XOXOXOXOXO b. XOXO XOXOXOXOXO OOOO c. XOXO OOOOOOOOOO d. OOOO XOXOXOXOXO OOOO

Q: Of the following, which research question would be LEAST likely addressed through a survey study? a. Are SAT scores a better predictor of GRE or LSAT scores? b. Are SAT scores related to reported happiness at the end of Junior Year? c. What is the average difference in SAT score between those enrolled in Engineering courses and those enrolled in Business courses? d. Are the SAT scores at branch campuses significantly lower than they are at the state's main campuses?

Q: Farhat is interested in the reading practices of Turkish families. He needs to prepare a research plan for the Ministry of Education to be able to conduct the study. Which of the following is NOT likely part of his shared plan? a. A description of his instrumentation for the study b. A time schedule for how the study will progress c. A discussion of his sampling procedure d. An analysis of the data he has collected

Q: In an action research study conducted in an early childhood education setting, Kemen is engaged in the action research process to address emerging number sense in his classroom. He stated to his colleague, "I believe that manipulatives are a successful mechanism to teach numeracy to young children. I believe it is motivating for them to use toys as their numeracy skills emerge." Kemen is best illustrating which aspect of the dialectic action research spiral? a. Developing an action plan b. Collecting data c. Analyzing and interpreting data d. Indentifying an area of focus

Q: Pascual is a qualitative researcher who studies ESL classes for middle school immigrants from Latin-American countries. He has strong opinions regarding how ESL classes are structured and the types of learning experiences provided to ESL students. Which of the following validity concerns most directly addresses how well Pascual can present his data without being judgmental? e. Generalizability f. Descriptive validity g. Evaluative validity h. Theoretical validity

Q: Regarding the practice of manipulating two variables simultaneously one should conclude: a. This is acceptable practice as researchers now believe that we can tease out interactive effects. b. This is acceptable practice because we can statistically manipulate individual variables. c. This is unsound practice because in so doing we are unable to assess effects of either variable. d. This is unsound practice because in so doing we confuse the participant as a threat to validity.

Q: Of the following, how is item 2 best categorized? a. Likert b. Checklilst c. Free response d. Demographic

Q: Which of the following represents the most ideal sequence of preparing the research plan? a. Develop a research plan, conduct the literature review, form research questions and hypothesis b. Formulate a hypothesis, support your hypothesis with literature review, develop your research plan c. Review the literature, formulate a proposal, generate your hypothesis d. Review the literature, generate a research question, develop your plan

Q: The first step in the action research process is to a. collect data. b. indentify an area of focus. c. develop an action plan. d. analyze and interpret data.

Q: One strategy that Orin used to assure that his participants' voice regarding the transition to one to one laptaps in the school was accurate was to share his initial write up for feedback. Through this strategy Orin demonstrated most directly which type of validity? a. Descriptive b. Interpretative c. Internal generalizability d. Evaluative

Q: Ike would like to implement a single subject design to test interventions for several of her student, Mildred's behaviors. She would like to target hitting behavior and yelling in class. Of the following, which single subject design would be most appropriate? a. Alternating treatments design b. Multiple-baseline design c. A-B-A Changing criterion design d. A-B-A-B Design

Q: Of the following, how is item 4 best categorized? a. Likert b. Checklilst c. Free response d. Demographic

Q: One difference between quantitative and qualitative research plans is that a. qualitative plans are developed earlier in the research process. b. qualitative plans are developed throughout the research process. c. qualitative plans state the hypothesis and a means to test the hypothesis. d. qualitative studies do not rely on research plans.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of action research? a. Action research is empirical. b. Action research is accessible. c. Action research is authoritative. d. Action research is relevant.

Q: Which of the following is one of the recommended ways to directly increase the credibility of a qualitative research study? a. Practice reflexivity b. Do peer debriefing c. Overlap methods d. Establish an audit trail

Q: Of the following, which is an example of clinical replication? a. A researcher develops a package of two interventions, known to work individually, to decrease off-task behaviors while testing to administer to his student Tracey. b. A researcher implements two interventions, known to work individually, to decrease off-task behaviors while testing, in succession with return to baseline between the interventions to his student Tracey. c. A researcher implements an intervention known to work for off task behavior for homework completion with Sam his student to test with off-task behavior while testing. d. Marcus tests an intervention for off-task behaviors for testing with his student Maria. He developed the intervention for use initially with his student Travis.

Q: Of the following, how is item 11 best categorized? a. Likert b. Checklist c. Free response d. Demographic

Q: A research plan includes all EXCEPT which of the following? a. The interpretation of the findings b. The nature of the participants c. The instruments used to collect the data d. The techniques to analyze the data

Q: According to your text, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of practical action research? a. Teacher researchers have decision-making authority. b. Teacher researchers will use a systematic approach for reflecting on practice. c. Teacher researchers will anonymously collect data. d. Teacher researchers will reflect on their practices.

Q: The researcher's belief that everything is context-bound refers to which of the following validity criteria for qualitative research? a. Dependability b. Transferability c. Credibility d. Confirmability

Q: Stefanie is a speech pathologist working with Emily, who is struggling with initial sounds of words. Stefanie has decided to test the effects of an audio recorded modeling strategy with Emily. She first records the number of errors in naturally occurring speech for a three minute period, four days in a row. Next, while alternately collecting data in the form of errors per three minute period of naturally occurring speech, she introduces audio recorded modeling for twelve therapy sessions. Stefanie then collects errors per minutes of speech for four days after the intervention. Stefanie also wants to replicate the audio recording strategy, only implementing the strategy for vowel sounds. By so doing, Stefanie is illustrating which type of replication? a. Direct replication b. Transfer replication c. Systematic replication d. Clinical replication

Q: Of the following, how is item 6 best categorized? a. Likert b. Checklist c. Free response d. Demographic

Q: Generally, as part of the research plan qualitative but not quantitative researchers indicate a. a design to be used in the study. b. a means for data analysis. c. the nature of the data collected. d. a description of the sample.

Q: When Takota collects data he should consider collecting data that has which of the following characteristics? a. The data should be objective. b. The data should be persuasive. c. The data should be quantitative. d. The data should be causal.

Q: The neutrality or objectivity of the data collected refers to which of the following validity criteria for qualitative research? a. Dependability b. Transferability c. Credibility d. Confirmability