Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Psychology
Q:
In what circumstance is a woman color deficient?
Q:
List the four biological explanations of behavior.
Q:
Which of the following is not required (or strongly encouraged) of scientists conducting research with animals?a. Obtain approval of their project by an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.b. Abide by standards for cleanliness and animal care.c. Assume that any procedure that causes humans pain will cause animals pain.d. All the other choices are required or strongly encouraged.
Q:
The function of an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee is to:
a. evaluate veterinarians who provide care to laboratory animals.
b. determine whether research is merely for the benefit of humans.
c. evaluate proposed experiments to ensure that they minimize pain and discomfort.
d. provide food and water for lab animals, and keep cages clean.
Q:
Which statement about most psychological experiments using nonhuman animals is correct?
a. Animals are given intense, repeated, inescapable shocks in many experiments.
b. Extreme pain and stress are inflicted in attempts to drive the animals insane.
c. The research leads to no useful discoveries.
d. The research is regulated by animal care committees.
Q:
Which of the following is an argument for animal research?
a. Animal research is beneficial.
b. Animals cannot give informed consent to participate.
c. Animals have the same rights as humans.
d. Killing animals for scientific gain is murder.
Q:
Minimalists believe that:
a. all research should be done on animals.
b. some animal research is acceptable, but not all.
c. no animal research should be conducted.
d. researchers should use only small animals.
Q:
How do most biological psychologists feel regarding the use of animals in research?
a. They believe that any animal has the same rights as any human.
b. They will avoid using painful procedures, unless they will directly benefit the animal.
c. They are working to replace all animal experimentation with computer simulations.
d. They use animals only if the potential benefits to humans outweigh the costs to the animals.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a strong argument in support of conducting animal research?
a. The underlying mechanisms are similar across species.
b. Certain ethical restrictions make it impossible to use humans.
c. Animals have shorter life spans for studying developmental changes.
d. Animals can"t give consent to participate in research.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a reason that biological psychologists study animals?
a. Animal's brains and behavior are often similar to humans.
b. Animals are often easier to study than humans.
c. Biological psychologists are interested in the animals themselves.
d. One does not have to consider ethical issues with animals.
Q:
According to the text, in the control of behavior, genes are ____.
a. all important and difficult
b. are irrelevant
c. neither all important nor irrelevant
d. all important
Q:
Which of the following explanations for a genetic basis for altruism is most favored by the text?
a. Benefits to the species
b. Kin selection
c. Group selection
d. Involves little individual cost
Q:
Which of the following provides the strongest rationale for how altruistic genes could spread in a population?
a. Altruistic behaviors cost very little.
b. Altruistic groups survive better than less cooperative ones.
c. Animals help those who help them in return.
d. Animals feel better when they help others.
Q:
Kin selection as an explanation for altruistic behavior would argue that:
a. individuals help others who help them.
b. individuals pick their mates based on how altruistic they are.
c. individuals spread their genes by helping their relatives.
d. society benefits as a whole when individuals help each other.
Q:
Helping your neighbors (who are unrelated to you) rake their leaves because they helped you fix your car is an example of:
a. kin selection.
b. reciprocal altruism.
c. natural selection.
d. group selection.
Q:
When organisms help those they recognize as capable of returning the favor, this is termed:
a. kin selection.
b. group selection.
c. reciprocal altruism.
d. sociobiology.
Q:
Which of the following would be the BEST example of altruistic behavior?
a. Bullying other kids in the lunch line
b. Spreading rumors about your boss
c. Picking up your room
d. Helping an elderly person across the street
Q:
Why is a genetic explanation for altruism problematic?
a. Only non-human animals exhibit altruistic behaviors.
b. Altruistic behaviors rarely benefit the individual performing them.
c. Altruism is more common among the young than among adults.
d. No behavior has been linked to any genes.
Q:
Altruistic behavior is:
a. the idea that individuals help those who will return the favor.
b. the selection for a gene that benefits an individual's relatives.
c. an action that benefits the actor only.
d. an action that benefits someone other than the actor.
Q:
What is TRUE about altruistic behavior?
a. It is evident in every animal species.
b. It can be completely explained in terms of genetic contributions.
c. It is difficult to explain from an evolutionary/genetic point of view.
d. It has a genetic component only in humans.
Q:
An evolutionary psychologist would likely be most interested in studying:
a. altruistic behavior of meerkats.
b. cardiovascular function across species.
c. anatomy of the rat brain.
d. neurotransmitters in primates.
Q:
Evolution improves the fitness of the population, which is defined as:
a. the number of copies of one's genes that endure in later generations.
b. survival of the individual.
c. ability to adapt to a variety of environments.
d. overall health and well-being.
Q:
Which of the following statements about evolution is TRUE?
a. Because having goose bumps isn"t very effective in keeping us warm, soon people will be born without goose bumps.
b. Humans have stopped evolving.
c. Evolution means improvement.
d. Genes in the previous generation may not be adaptive in future generations.
Q:
What supports the argument that humans have NOT stopped evolving?
a. Medicine and technology are keeping more people alive these days.
b. More mutations will occur because of increased use of pesticides.
c. Evolution is based on reproduction rates so as long as some people have more children than others do, their genes will spread.
d. Humans are no longer subject to "survival of the fittest."
Q:
More people would be born without an appendix if:
a. the appendix was removed before a person reproduced.
b. a person who was born without an appendix reproduces more than people who have an appendix.
c. the appendix was removed after a person reproduced.
d. the appendix of healthy people was x-rayed.
Q:
Which of the following theories would support the idea that by taking out a peoples' wisdom teeth, eventually fewer people will be born with them?
a. Lamarckian evolution
b. Darwinism
c. Natural selection
d. Artificial selection
Q:
The theory of evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics is known as:
a. Lamarckian evolution.
b. Darwinian evolution.
c. artificial evolution.
d. Huxley's evolution.
Q:
The phrase "If you don't use it, you lose it" best represents ____.
a. Lamarckian evolution
b. Darwinian evolution
c. artificial evolution
d. Huxley's evolution
Q:
Which of the following represents Lamarckian evolution?
a. "Survival of the fittest"
b. "Reproduction of the fittest"
c. "If you don't use it, you lose it"
d. "Look out for number one"
Q:
When a dog is bred for a particular trait, this is called:
a. artificial selection.
b. evolution.
c. natural selection.
d. group selection.
Q:
The primary difference between artificial selection and natural selection is:
a. artificial selection results in fewer mutations.
b. natural selection is faster.
c. artificial selection is ineffective.
d. the factor that determines who will survive and reproduce.
Q:
Breeding particular cows together to create offspring that produce more milk is an example of:
a. natural selection.
b. artificial selection.
c. evolution.
d. mutation.
Q:
Breeding some animals selectively because they possess some desirable characteristic is called:
a. evolution.
b. natural selection.
c. artificial selection.
d. artificial insemination.
Q:
What is it called when some animals are selectively bred because they possess some desirable characteristic?
a. Evolution
b. Natural selection
c. Artificial selection
d. Artificial insemination
Q:
Which of the following is TRUE with respect to evolution?
a. "If you don't use it, you lose it."
b. Evolutionary success is assessed by the number of one's offspring surviving to reproduce.
c. Evolution benefits the species, in the long run.
d. Evolution benefits the individual.
Q:
Which of the following BEST describes the concept of evolution?
a. "Survival of the fittest"
b. "Reproduction of the fittest"
c. "If you don't use it, you lose it."
d. "Always look for ways to improve."
Q:
Which of the following is necessarily included in the concept of evolution?
a. Species improvements from one generation to the next.
b. "If you don't use it, you lose it."
c. Generationally changing frequencies of various genes in the population.
d. Improvements to the individual.
Q:
For natural selection to generate evolutionary change in a population:
a. there need not be any differences in the traits of individuals in that population.
b. the change in gene frequencies must help the species in the long run.
c. the differences must have a hereditary basis.
d. the change in gene frequencies will probably be harmful to the species.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the many ways that genes can affect behavior?
a. Genes may affect neurotransmitter levels or receptors.
b. Genes can act indirectly by making it more likely you will be raised in a particular environment.
c. Genes themselves cause behavior without any influence of the environment.
d. Genes produce proteins that may make it more likely for a person to become addicted.
Q:
To say that there is a "gene for blue eyes":
a. means that a gene directly produces blue eyes.
b. suggests dominance, since you only need one gene to express the trait.
c. suggests that other genes might produce blue eyes also.
d. means that a gene indirectly produces blue eyes through a complex process of protein synthesis and environmental input.
Q:
Mutations are:
a. a common occurrence in most single genes.
b. guided by the needs of the organism in its environment.
c. almost always beneficial to the organism.
d. changes in single genes.
Q:
Most mutations produce:
a. dominant genes.
b. recessive genes.
c. sex-linked genes.
d. sex-limited genes.
Q:
Changes in single genes are called:
a. alterations.
b. mutations.
c. mendelians.
d. enzymes.
Q:
For children with PKU on an ordinary diet, the heritability of PKU would be virtually ____.
a. 0
b. .5
c. 1.0
d. impossible to calculate
Q:
Someone claims that if genes control a condition, it can be controlled only by drugs or surgery, but not by changes in the environment. Which of the following is the strongest example to CONTRADICT that claim?
a. Color-blindness
b. Eye color
c. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
d. Down syndrome
Q:
Which of the following is an example of a genetically controlled condition that can be minimized by following a particular diet?
a. Down syndrome
b. Color-blindness
c. Epilepsy
d. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Q:
Untreated PKU will result in:
a. a loss of phenylalanine.
b. impaired brain development.
c. temporary loss of memory.
d. enhanced brain development.
Q:
How is it possible to prevent the mental retardation that is generally associated with PKU?
a. Through exercise
b. Through diet
c. Through drugs
d. Through exposure to bright light
Q:
What is TRUE about a newborn baby with PKU?
a. The baby is already, irreversibly mentally retarded.
b. The baby is not mentally retarded, but inevitably will become mentally retarded.
c. The baby can avoid becoming mentally retarded by special education.
d. The baby can avoid becoming mentally retarded by following a strict diet.
Q:
Why do children with PKU become mentally retarded?
a. Unmetabolized amino acids accumulate and affect the brain.
b. Essential axons lack myelin sheaths.
c. Dendrites and synapses fail to form in associative areas of the cortex.
d. Their immune systems do not fight off brain infections.
Q:
Individuals afflicted with PKU need to avoid:
a. foods high in phenylalanine.
b. foods high in vitamin K.
c. alcohol.
d. sunlight.
Q:
Which one of the following statements is TRUE about PKU?
a. It is the genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.
b. It measures brain activity.
c. It is not a hereditary condition.
d. It does not need to be treated.
Q:
Any estimate of the heritability of a particular trait is specific to:
a. a given population.
b. the parents.
c. the trait.
d. the strength of the trait.
Q:
Researchers have tested many behaviors for heritability and have found evidence of a link to heritability for almost every behavior tested. One exception is:
a. social attitudes.
b. loneliness.
c. television watching.
d. religious affiliation.
Q:
Which of the following factors, if overlooked, may lead to an overestimation of heritability?
a. Prenatal environment
b. Low IQ
c. Sex-linked genes
d. RNA
Q:
Which of the following would contribute to an overestimation of heritability?
a. Increasing the genetic similarity between people
b. Eliminating the multiplier effect
c. Overestimating the effect of the environment
d. Ignoring the effect of the prenatal environment
Q:
If a trait has high heritability:
a. hereditary differences account for none of the observed variations in that characteristic within that population.
b. the environment cannot influence that trait.
c. it is still possible for the environment to influence that trait.
d. the trait is not influenced by heredity.
Q:
What is the relationship between heritability estimates and environmental factors?
a. High environmental consistency raises heritability estimates.
b. High environmental consistency lowers heritability estimates.
c. Environments have no effect on heritability estimates.
d. The effects of the environment on heritability estimates are unpredictable.
Q:
For a group of individuals, the heritability score for a particular trait = .5. What can be said about the heredity of this trait?
a. Hereditary differences account for all of the observed differences for this group of individuals.
b. Hereditary differences account for none of the observed differences for this group of individuals.
c. Hereditary differences account for some of the observed differences for this group of individuals.
d. The differences found within this group are mostly due to differences in the environment.
Q:
If a group of individuals shares a highly similar environment, what effect does this have on the heritability estimate of a characteristic?
a. Heritability will be low.
b. Heritability will be high.
c. Heritability estimates will be unaffected.
d. It is determined by the power of the environmental factors.
Q:
What are the chances of having a child with at least one dominant gene if both parents are heterozygous?
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 100%
Q:
On a given trait, high heritability suggests that:
a. adopted children will closely resemble their biological parents.
b. adopted children will closely resemble their adoptive parents.
c. identical twins will be less similar to each other than adopted siblings.
d. fraternal twins will be more similar to each other than identical twins.
Q:
Under what conditions are the effects of sex-limited genes demonstrated?
a. When they are dominant
b. When they are homozygous
c. When particular hormones are present
d. When they appear on the X chromosome
Q:
Which of the following is the BEST explanation for why males can grow breasts under certain hormonal conditions?
a. Sex-linked genes become activated.
b. The Y chromosome becomes activated.
c. Sex-limited genes become activated.
d. Breast growth is linked to color vision deficiency.
Q:
A gene is found that controls the age at which a man grows bald, if at all. That gene seldom affects women, even if they have the gene. What kind of gene is this MOST likely to be?
a. an X-linked gene
b. a sex-limited gene
c. a sex-linked dominant gene
d. a sex-linked recessive gene
Q:
Sex-limited genes are present:
a. in males only.
b. in females only.
c. in both sexes.
d. on enzymes.
Q:
Sex-limited genes are found on:
a. X chromosomes only.
b. Y chromosomes only.
c. X AND Y chromosomes.
d. any chromosomes.
Q:
Males are more likely than females to exhibit color vision deficiency because of a gene that is:
a. sex-limited.
b. recessive and sex-linked.
c. crossing over.
d. dominant and sex-linked.
Q:
Genes located on the sex chromosomes are called:
a. sex-linked.
b. sex-limited.
c. autosomal.
d. recombination.
Q:
Color vision deficiency is more common in males than in females because it is controlled by a:
a. sex-limited gene.
b. Y-linked gene.
c. dominant X-linked gene.
d. recessive X-linked gene.
Q:
An example of a sex-linked trait is:
a. eye color.
b. color vision deficiency.
c. temperament.
d. intelligence.
Q:
If a characteristic is controlled by an X-linked recessive gene, it produces its apparent effects:
a. more often in males.
b. more often in females.
c. only in childhood.
d. only after puberty.
Q:
In general, when biologists speak of sex-linked genes they are referring to genes on:
a. autosomal chromosomes.
b. more than one chromosome.
c. the X chromosome.
d. the Y chromosome.
Q:
In humans, which chromosome(s) contain(s) few genes?
a. All human chromosomes contain few genes.
b. Both the X and Y chromosomes contain few genes.
c. The X chromosome contains few genes.
d. The Y chromosome contains few genes.
Q:
Which of the following pairs of sex chromosomes would be found in a normal male mammal?
a. XX
b. XY
c. YY
d. YZ
Q:
An autosomal gene is a gene:
a. on the X chromosome.
b. on the Y chromosome.
c. on any chromosome other than the X or Y chromosome.
d. that shows no evidence of crossing over.
Q:
Almost all humans have 23 pairs of which of the following?
a. RNA
b. Chromosomes
c. Genes
d. Corduroys
Q:
Suppose that adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents in their preferences for a flavor of ice cream. Which of the following would be true?
a. Heritability of this trait is high.
b. Preferences for ice cream are determined solely by the environment.
c. Flavors of ice cream are naturally selected.
d. Heritability of this trait is low.
Q:
A trait not expressed when combined with a dominant trait is called a(n) ____ trait.
a. nurture
b. recessive
c. dominant
d. homozygous
Q:
Suppose all people with blonde hair have blue eyes and all people with dark hair have brown eyes. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation?
a. Hair color is dominant over eye color.
b. There is no genetic variability in hair or eye color in the population.
c. Blue eyes are dominant over brown eyes.
d. Hair and eye color are on the same chromosome.