Q&A Hero

Psychology

Q: What is the difference in voltage called that typically exists between the inside and the outside of a neuron? a. concentration gradient b. generator potential c. resting potential d. shock value
Q: The membrane of a neuron is composed of ____ with ____ embedded in them. a. carbohydrates; purines b. fat molecules; proteins c. proteins; neurotransmitters d. benzene molecules; carbohydrates
Q: The membrane of a neuron is specialized to: a. keep all types of intercellular chemicals from moving out of the neuron. b. keep all types of extracellular chemicals from moving into the neuron. c. control the exchange of chemicals between the inside and outside of the cell. d. produce chains of fatty acids and proteins.
Q: Korsakoff's syndrome: a. is marked by severe memory impairments. b. results from too much thiamine. c. results from lack of oxygen to the brain. d. is due to a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.
Q: What leads to Korsakoff's syndrome? a. thiamine deficiency resulting from alcoholism b. glucose deficiency resulting from alcoholism c. viruses that manage to cross the blood-brain barrier d. glial cells that over-reproduce and increase pressure in the brain
Q: Which group is most likely to suffer from a thiamine deficiency? a. alcoholics b. heroin addicts c. diabetics d. infants
Q: If the brain does not have enough thiamine, what is it unable to do? a. maintain its blood-brain barrier b. pump glucose across the blood-brain barrier c. produce certain neurotransmitters d. metabolize glucose
Q: Why does the brain need thiamine? a. to enable glucose to cross the blood-brain barrier b. as a source of fuel in case there is not enough glucose c. as a building block for making proteins d. to enable it to metabolize glucose
Q: What are two requirements for the brain to metabolize glucose? a. thiamine and oxygen b. vitamin C and nitrogen c. niacin and bicarbonate d. riboflavin and iron
Q: Why do neurons rely so heavily on glucose as their source of nutrition? a. Neurons lack the enzymes necessary to metabolize other fuels. b. Glucose is the only fuel that can be used even in the absence of vitamins. c. Glucose is not used extensively by other parts of the body. d. Other fuels do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier.
Q: What is the main source of nutrition for vertebrate neurons? a. Fats b. Glucose c. Sodium d. Complex carbohydrates
Q: Compared to passive transport, the major disadvantage of active transport is that it: a. cannot transport chemicals out of the brain. b. requires expenditure of energy. c. transports glucose into the brain. d. transports viruses into the brain.
Q: Glucose enters the brain via which type of transport? a. indirect transport b. direct transport c. passive transport d. active transport
Q: The major disadvantage of a blood-brain barrier is that: a. many chemicals can easily diffuse into the brain. b. it requires so much glucose to maintain it. c. certain required chemicals must be actively transported. d. viruses can"t escape.
Q: Molecules that can cross the blood-brain barrier are usually: a. large, uncharged molecules, such as lactose. b. large, charged molecules. c. neurotransmitters, such as dopamine. d. molecules that can dissolve in the fats of the capillary walls.
Q: Which of the following molecules would be able to passively cross the blood-brain barrier? a. small, uncharged molecules b. large, charged molecules c. glucose d. amino acids
Q: Which of the following is an important function of the blood-brain barrier? a. It enables more nutrients to reach the brain. b. It maintains an electrical gradient. c. It aids in the production of neurotransmitters. d. It protects the brain from most viruses.
Q: What happens to a virus that manages to cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain? a. It is destroyed by natural killer cells. b. It gets trapped in a neuron, then both are destroyed by natural killer cells. c. It gets trapped in a glial cell, then both are destroyed by natural killer cells. d. It stays in the nervous system throughout the person's life.
Q: In the brain, an arrangement of endothelial cells: a. has gaps large enough to allow the passage of molecules. b. synthesizes neurotransmitters. c. does not allow most molecules to pass because the cells are so tightly packed. d. has gaps that are filled with enzymes that attack most blood chemicals.
Q: What is the mechanism that prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter? a. a threshold b. a blood-brain barrier c. an endoplasmic wall d. a differential-drug inhibitor
Q: The risk of having part of the brain unprotected by the blood-brain barrier is that: a. it is invisible to brain imaging techniques. b. it takes longer for drugs to work. c. viruses or toxic chemicals are more likely to damage it. d. the blood is poorly oxygenated.
Q: Of the following, the most important consideration in developing a drug that will act in the brain is: a. if the drug can be inexpensively manufactured. b. if the drug will cross the blood-brain barrier. c. how long the drug will act. d. the number of people who will use the drug.
Q: A functional explanation of why giraffes have such long necks is that: a. it lowers the blood pressure in their brains. b. their necks became longer because they stretched them. c. it allows them greater access to their food supply. d. parent giraffes make their babies reach for food.
Q: Having camouflage that matches an animal's typical surroundings in order to provide protection from predators is an example of a(n) ____ explanation. a. evolutionary b. functional c. ontogenetic d. physiological
Q: An evolutionary explanation of why we get goose bumps when cold is that: a. the sympathetic nervous system is activated. b. we inherited the mechanism from our remote ancestors who had more hair. c. it keeps us warm. d. children are often raised in cold environments.
Q: Mapping out the relationship between shared bone structures across different species suggests there is a(n) ____ explanation. a. ontogenetic b. evolutionary c. behavioral d. physiological
Q: A person who studies the influence of genetic predisposition to be aggressive in combination with early aggressive experiences is seeking for a(n) ____ explanation.a. physiologicalb. behavioralc. evolutionaryd. ontogenetic
Q: Understanding differences in intelligence as a function of early learning experiences is an example of a(n) ____ explanation. a. ontogenetic b. physiological c. functional d. evolutionary
Q: Explaining differences in running speed as a function of differences in muscle fiber types is an example of a(n) ____ explanation. a. ontogenetic b. physiological c. evolutionary d. functional
Q: A(n) ____ explanation would describe eating in terms of the hypothalamus affecting insulin production, which affects the availability of glucose in cells. a. physiological b. ontogenetic c. evolutionary d. functional
Q: Which type of explanation describes how a structure or behavior develops? a. Physiological b. Ontogenetic c. Evolutionary d. Functional
Q: Understanding how genes, nutrition, and experience work together to produce a tendency toward a particular sexual orientation is an example of a(n) ____ explanation. a. ontogenetic b. evolutionary c. functional d. common sense
Q: A(n) ____ describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences, and their interactions. a. functional b. ontogenetic c. physiological d. evolutionary
Q: A(n) ____ explanation describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did. a. functional b. ontogenetic c. physiological d. evolutionary
Q: If a person believes that hormones released at different stages of the menstrual cycle affect a person's mood, then it would be considered a(n) ____ explanation. a. functional b. ontogenetic c. physiological d. evolutionary
Q: A fundamental property is one that ____. a. answers all questions b. occurs only in certain parts of the nervous system c. cannot be reduced to something else d. cannot be explained
Q: The question "Given this universe composed of matter and energy, why is there such a thing as consciousness?" is called the ____. a. cosmic force question b. mind-body problem c. universal question d. biological problem
Q: Jill is interested in studying how hormones influence sexual behavior of rats. She is most likely a: a. biological psychologist. b. neuroscientist. c. clinical psychologist. d. psychiatrist.
Q: Much of biological psychology concerns: a. chemistry. b. brain functioning. c. neurology. d. anatomy.
Q: The primary difference between biological psychologists and neuroscientists is that neuroscientists place greater emphasis on studying: a. chemistry. b. psychology. c. biology. d. behavior.
Q: At the microscopic level, we find two kinds of cells: ____. a. molecules and mitochondria b. mitochondria and glia c. neurons and glia d. neurons and molecules
Q: Biological psychologists are primarily interested in the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and ____. a. social influence on attitudes b. developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience c. use of reinforcement to change behavior d. mental well-being of plants
Q: The ethical debate between animal researchers and abolitionists has always proceeded in an intelligent and mutually respectful way.
Q: The dispute between abolitionists and animal researchers is a dispute between two ethical positions.
Q: Abolitionists maintain that no animals have the same rights as humans.
Q: Professional organizations such as the Society for Neuroscience publish guidelines for the use of animals in research.
Q: Minimalists do not tolerate any kind of animal research.
Q: Invertebrate nerves follow the same basic principles as human nerves.
Q: The underlying mechanisms of behavior are similar across species.
Q: Research scientists are free to do as they wish when conducting research with animals.
Q: Evolutionary psychology deals with how behaviors have evolved, especially social behaviors.
Q: Humans have stopped evolving.
Q: Genes become more prevalent in a population if they contribute to reproductive success.
Q: The damaging effects of phenylalanine in children with PKU are unavoidable.
Q: Researchers have found specific genes linked to certain specific behaviors.
Q: To determine the contributions of heredity and environment, researchers rely mainly on studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
Q: Sex-limited genes are found only on the X and Y chromosome.
Q: The genetic sex of an offspring is determined primarily by the sex chromosome contributed by the mother.
Q: When chromosomes cross over, it is more likely to affect genes that are on separate chromosomes than genes that are on the same chromosome.
Q: Sex-linked genes are usually found on the Y chromosome.
Q: The sex chromosomes X and Y are known as autosomal genes.
Q: If both parents are heterozygous, then all of their children should be homozygous.
Q: It is possible for two heterozygous brown-eyed parents to have blue-eyed children.
Q: A strand of DNA serves as a template (model) for the synthesis of RNA molecules.
Q: Genes are the units of heredity.
Q: A functional explanationdescribes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.
Q: An ontogenetic explanation is one that describes the development of a structure or behavior.
Q: An evolutionary explanation describes why a structure or behavior evolved.
Q: According to Tinbergen, a physiological explanation describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.
Q: Neuroscientists are more interested in studying behavior than biological psychologists.
Q: Describe the reasons for animal research.
Q: Briefly describe the common misunderstandings about evolution.
Q: Discuss David Chalmers's easy and hard problem of consciousness.
Q: Describe the relationship between heredity and environment.
Q: Discuss the four biological explanations of behavior.
Q: Please list two arguments in favor of animal research and two arguments against animal research.
Q: Briefly describe Lamarckian evolution.
Q: List the two major categories of careers related to biological psychology.
Q: Define the "hard problem" of consciousness according to David Chalmers.
Q: List the three gene states.
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