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Q:
What makes nitric oxide unique among neurotransmitters?
a. It is released before the action potential occurs.
b. It is taken back up into the presynaptic neuron.
c. It is a gas.
d. It is composed of amino acids.
Q:
A new drug is discovered that affects the activity of enzymes. Which of the following stages of synaptic transmission is most likely to be affected?
a. Synthesis
b. Diffusion
c. action potential
d. Release
Q:
The catecholamines include:
a. epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
b. epinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.
c. dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.
d. epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a catecholamine?
a. Dopamine
b. Epinephrine
c. Norepinephrine
d. Serotonin
Q:
All of the following are catecholamines EXCEPT:
a. dopamine.
b. serotonin.
c. norepinephrine.
d. epinephrine.
Q:
The basic building blocks for the majority of neurotransmitters are:
a. amino acids.
b. nitric oxide.
c. sugars.
d. carbohydrates.
Q:
What provides the building blocks for synthesizing all neurotransmitters?
a. substances found in the diet
b. breakdown products of DNA
c. breakdown products formed from other transmitters
d. methane and ethanol
Q:
In addition to influencing other neurons, ____ dilates the nearby blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow to that area of the brain.
a. endorphins
b. glycine
c. nitric oxide
d. acetylcholine
Q:
Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by active neurons to dilate the blood vessels and increase blood flow?
a. endorphins
b. glycine
c. nitric oxide
d. acetylcholine
Q:
Nitric oxide's value is that it:
a. increases blood flow to certain areas of the brain.
b. restricts blood flow to certain areas of the brain.
c. increases growth of microglia.
d. decreases growth of microglia.
Q:
What is the most unusual thing about the neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO)?
a. It is found only in sensory neurons.
b. It is both excitatory and inhibitory.
c. It is normally a poisonous gas.
d. It is also known as "laughing gas."
Q:
____ are a category of chemicals including adenosine and several of its derivatives.
a. Neuropeptides
b. Acetylcholine
c. Monoamines
d. Purines
Q:
The correct sequence of chemical events at a synapse is:
a. reuptake, release, transport, synthesis
b. synthesis, transport, release, reuptake
c. transport, release, reuptake, synthesis
d. recycle, reuse, release, return
Q:
After one frog's heart has been stimulated, an extract of fluid from that heart can make a second frog's heart beat faster. What conclusion did Otto Loewi draw from these results?
a. Transmission at synapses is a chemical event.
b. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are antagonistic.
c. Transmission at heart muscle synapses is electrical.
d. Hormones facilitate the actions of the nervous system.
Q:
The research that firmly established synaptic communication as chemical was:
a. Elliot's adrenaline mimicking sympathetic activation.
b. Loewi's transfer of fluid from stimulated frog hearts.
c. Sherrington's study of reflexes.
d. Eccles's measurement of IPSPs.
Q:
Loewi demonstrated that synapses operate by the release of chemicals. He did this by:
a. applying adrenaline directly to the heart muscle.
b. collecting fluid from a stimulated frog's heart, transferring it to another frog's heart, and measuring that heart rate.
c. measuring the speed of a dog's reflexes while the dog was under the influence of various drugs.
d. applying an extract of marijuana in eye drops and discovering that it dilated the pupils.
Q:
What was the first evidence reported by T. R. Elliott suggesting that synapses operate chemically?
a. Adrenaline mimics the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.
b. Adrenaline decreases heart rate.
c. Adrenaline produces a hormone which decreases heart rate.
d. Adrenaline mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
Q:
Which one of Sherrington's inferences about the synapse was WRONG?
a. Transmission at a synapse is slower than transmission of impulses along an axon.
b. Transmission at the synapse is primarily an electrical process.
c. Synapses can be either excitatory or inhibitory.
d. Synapses make spatial summation and temporal summation possible.
Q:
What determines whether a neuron has an action potential?
a. only the number of EPSPs impinging on an axon
b. only the number of IPSPs impinging on the dendrites
c. the combined effects of EPSPs and IPSPs
d. summation effects of IPSPs
Q:
Which of the following is TRUE about the spontaneous firing rates of neurons?
a. EPSPs increase the frequency.
b. EPSPs decrease the frequency.
c. IPSPs increase the frequency.
d. One EPSP equals the effect of two IPSPs.
Q:
The "spontaneous firing rate" of a neuron refers to:
a. its resting potential.
b. its rate of energy consumption.
c. its rate of producing action potentials even when it is not stimulated.
d. the velocity of its action potentials under normal conditions.
Q:
The "decision" for a neuron to fire is determined by the:
a. number of EPSPs only.
b. spontaneous firing rate.
c. number of IPSPs only.
d. ratio of EPSPs to IPSPs.
Q:
Even at rest, most neurons have periodic production of action potentials, known as the:
a. spontaneous firing rate.
b. excitatory firing rate.
c. all-or-none law.
d. Dale's principle.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a factor in determining whether or not two EPSPs combine to reach threshold?a. size of the EPSPsb. timing between themc. threshold of the postsynaptic celld. threshold of the presynaptic cell
Q:
An EPSP is to ____ as an IPSP is to ____.
a. hyperpolarization; depolarization
b. depolarization; hyperpolarization
c. spatial summation; temporal summation
d. temporal summation; spatial summation
Q:
Increased permeability to ____ would most likely result in an IPSP.
a. sodium
b. potassium
c. calcium
d. bicarbonate
Q:
An IPSP represents:
a. the location where a dendrite branches.
b. a gap in a myelin sheath.
c. a subthreshold depolarization.
d. a temporary hyperpolarization.
Q:
Increased permeability to which of the following ions would most likely result in an IPSP?
a. sodium
b. potassium
c. calcium
d. bicarbonate
Q:
Which of the following would most likely result in an IPSP?
a. potassium ions entering the cell
b. sodium ions entering the cell
c. chloride ions entering the cell
d. chloride ions leaving the cell
Q:
A temporary hyperpolarization is known as an:
a. EPSP.
b. IPSP.
c. ISPS.
d. EPIP.
Q:
Inhibitory synapses on a neuron:
a. hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell.
b. weaken the cell's polarization.
c. increase the probability of an action potential.
d. move the potential closer to the cell's threshold.
Q:
A normal, healthy animal never contracts the flexor muscles and the extensor muscles of the same leg at the same time. Why not?
a. When the interneuron sends excitatory messages to one, inhibitory messages go to the other.
b. They are mechanically connected in a way that makes it impossible for both to contract at the same time.
c. Such coordination is learned through prenatal movement.
d. Both muscles are controlled by branches of the same axon.
Q:
In a reflex arc, the coordination between contraction of certain muscles and relaxation of others is mediated by:
a. glial cells.
b. motor neurons.
c. sensory neurons.
d. interneurons.
Q:
What ordinarily prevents extensor muscles from contracting at the same time as flexor muscles?
a. the ligaments and tendons that bind them together
b. learned patterns of coordination in the cerebral cortex
c. inhibitory synapses in the spinal cord
d. control of both muscles by different branches of the same axon.
Q:
When a vertebrate animal contracts the flexor muscles of a leg, it relaxes the extensor muscles of the same leg. Sherrington considered this evidence for the existence of:
a. spatial summation.
b. temporal summation.
c. inhibitory messages.
d. the delay in transmission at synapses.
Q:
Which of the following patterns of post-synaptic excitation will most likely result in an action potential?
a. rapid sequence of EPSPs
b. rapid sequence of IPSPs
c. large number of simultaneous IPSPs
d. large number of simultaneous IPSPs and EPSPs
Q:
Temporal summation is to ____ as spatial summation is to ____.
a. time, location
b. EPSP, IPSP
c. location, time
d. depolarization, hyperpolarization
Q:
What do temporal summation and spatial summation have in common?
a. Both involve the activity of only two neurons.
b. Both require a response from the brain.
c. Both depend on a combination of visual and auditory stimuli.
d. Both enable a reflex to occur in response to weak stimuli.
Q:
Simultaneous weak stimuli at different locations produce a greater reflexive response than one of the stimuli by itself. What is this phenomenon called?
a. Sherrington's law
b. temporal summation
c. spatial summation
d. the all-or-none law
Q:
What is the primary difference between temporal summation and spatial summation?
a. Only spatial summation can produce an action potential.
b. Spatial summation depends on contributions from more than one sensory neuron.
c. Temporal summation produces a hyperpolarization instead of a depolarization.
d. Spatial summation alters the response of more than one postsynaptic cell.
Q:
Spatial summation refers to:
a. multiple weak stimulations that occur in rapid succession.
b. a decrease in responsiveness after repeated stimulation.
c. multiple weak stimulations that occur at the same time.
d. an increase in the strength of action potentials after repeated stimulation.
Q:
Which of the following would produce spatial summation?
a. Present two or more weak stimuli at the same time.
b. Start action potentials at both ends of one axon at the same time.
c. Do not allow a flexor muscle to relax before stimulating it again.
d. Present a rapid sequence of weak stimuli.
Q:
Like an action potential, an EPSP results from:
a. sodium ions entering the cell.
b. potassium ions entering the cell.
c. sodium ions exiting the cell.
d. potassium ions exiting the cell.
Q:
What causes an EPSP?
a. the deactivation of cytoplasmic enzymes
b. the opening of sodium channels
c. the opening of potassium channels
d. inherited paranormal psychic abilities
Q:
Depolarization is to ____ as hyperpolarization is to ____.
a. excitation; inhibition
b. inhibition; excitation
c. increasing the threshold; decreasing the threshold
d. decreasing the threshold; increasing the threshold
Q:
The primary difference between an EPSP and an action potential is that:
a. the magnitude of an action potential decreases as it travels along the membrane.
b. EPSPs occur without sodium ions entering the cell.
c. action potentials are always hyperpolarizations.
d. EPSPs are subthreshold events that decay over time and space.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true about EPSPs?
a. They decay over time.
b. Their strength decreases with distance.
c. They operate on an all-or-none principle.
d. They are depolarizations.
Q:
An EPSP is a(n):
a. graded depolarization.
b. depolarization with a rebounding hyperpolarization.
c. graded hyperpolarization.
d. action potential in a reflex arc.
Q:
Which of the following is TRUE about EPSPs?
a. It takes two to produce an action potential.
b. They decay over time and space.
c. They can be either excitatory or inhibitory.
d. They occur because potassium gates open.
Q:
A graded depolarization is known as an:
a. EPIP
b. IPSP
c. ESPN
d. EPSP
Q:
To measure temporal summation in single cells, researchers:
a. attach electrodes to the scalp.
b. insert an microelectrode into the scalp.
c. collect sodium and potassium ions from nearby glial cells.
d. record depolarizations of the postsynaptic neuron.
Q:
Which of the following statements regarding reflexes would Charles Sherrington most likely agree with?
a. The overall speed of conduction through a reflex arc is faster than conduction along an axon.
b. Repeated stimuli occurring within a brief time can have a cumulative effect.
c. Each neuron physically merges with the next one.
d. Excitatory synapses are more important than inhibitory synapses.
Q:
Temporal summation most likely occurs with:
a. infrequent, subthreshold excitation.
b. rapid succession of stimuli that each exceed threshold.
c. infrequent, inhibitory stimuli.
d. rapid succession of subthreshold excitation.
Q:
Sherrington found that repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effect. He referred to this phenomenon as:
a. temporal summation
b. spatial summation
c. synaptic summation
d. saltatory summation
Q:
A certain weak stimulus produces no reflexive response, but a rapid repetition of that stimulus may produce such a response. What is this phenomenon called?
a. spatial summation
b. temporal summation
c. saltatory conduction
d. synaptic combination
Q:
Sherrington deduced that transmission at a synapse must be slower than conduction along an axon. This was based on what kind of evidence?
a. temporal summation
b. drugs that increase or inhibit activity at synapses
c. the speed of reflexive responses
d. differences in diameter between axons and dendrites
Q:
Why is the speed of conduction through a reflex arc slower than the speed of conduction of an action potential along an axon?
a. Transmission between neurons at synapses is slower than along axons.
b. The longer an axon, the slower its velocity.
c. Interneurons have thicker axons than other neurons.
d. There are greater amounts of myelin involved in the reflex arc.
Q:
The proper order of a reflex arc is:
a. motor neuron, sensory neuron, interneuron.
b. sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron.
c. motor neuron, interneuron, sensory neuron.
d. sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron.
Q:
The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response is called:
a. a reflex arc.
b. a synapse.
c. flexion.
d. extension.
Q:
On the basis of what evidence were the properties of synapses first inferred?
a. the electron microscope
b. single-neuron recordings
c. behavioral observations
d. PET scans
Q:
Specialized junctions between neurons are called:
a. nodes of Ranvier.
b. spines.
c. dendrites.
d. synapses.
Q:
____ are specialized junctions between neurons.
a. Nodes of Ranvier
b. Synapses
c. Dendrites
d. Spines
Q:
Charles S. Sherrington was the first to infer the properties of which of the following?
a. synapses
b. the refractory period
c. the sodium-potassium pump
d. dendrites and axons
Q:
Marijuana withdrawal is more intense than opiate withdrawal.
Q:
Marijuana is used medically to enhance memory.
Q:
Opiates work at the pain receptors in the skin.
Q:
Unlike studies with animals, MDMA in humans is harmless to serotonin neurons.
Q:
A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is an agonist.
Q:
A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is an antagonist.
Q:
Metabotropic synapses use a large variety of transmitters.
Q:
Most of the brain's excitatory ionotropic synapses use the neurotransmitter glutamate.
Q:
Rapid changes in heart rate are probably due to the activity of ionotropic receptors.
Q:
Whether or not a neurotransmitter is excitatory depends on the response of the postsynaptic receptor.
Q:
Generally speaking, a neuron will release a greater number of neurotransmitters than what it will respond to with its own receptors.
Q:
Most neurons release more than one kind of neurotransmitter.
Q:
Most of the known neurotransmitters are synthesized from amino acids.
Q:
Neurotransmitter levels in the brain can be affected by changes in diet.
Q:
Gases can be used as neurotransmitters.
Q:
Some neurotransmitters are monoamines.
Q:
Most neurons have a spontaneous firing rate, a periodic production of action potentials even without synaptic input.