Q&A Hero

Q: Which division of the nervous system is composed of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems? a. Central b. Parasympathetic c. Peripheral d. Sympathetic

Q: The central nervous system is composed of: a. the brain and spinal cord. b. all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. c. the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. d. the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Q: What are the two parts of the central nervous system? a. autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system b. cerebrum and cerebellum c. sympathetic division and parasympathetic division d. brain and spinal cord

Q: Humans have a higher brain-to-body ratio than all other species.

Q: Electroencephalography records neural signals generated by the activity of populations of neurons.

Q: Bumps and depressions in the skull are closely related to how well-developed the underlying brain areas are.

Q: The primary function of the cerebral cortex appears to be elaboration of sensory material.

Q: The "binding problem" refers to the question of how various brain regions produce a single perception of a single object.

Q: Many cells in association areas of the brain respond to more than one sensory modality.

Q: The prefrontal cortex is important for working memory.

Q: The parietal lobe lies between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus.

Q: Damage to the striate cortex of the right hemisphere causes blindness in the left visual field.

Q: The human cerebral cortex contains up to eight distinct layers of cell bodies.

Q: Damage to the right hemisphere of the cortex would most likely cause loss of sensory or motor control on the left side of the body.

Q: Hydrocephalus is caused by inflammation of the meninges.

Q: Cerebrospinal fluid provides the major cushion for the brain.

Q: The choroid plexus reabsorbs the cerebrospinal fluid.

Q: Deterioration of the basal ganglia may lead to Parkinson's disease.

Q: Although relatively small, the hypothalamus is very important for a large range of motivated behaviors.

Q: The limbic system is important for motivation and emotional behaviors.

Q: Substantia nigra gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement.

Q: The function of the cerebellum is limited to balance and coordination.

Q: Cranial Nerve II is called the optic nerve.

Q: Some cranial nerves include both sensory and motor components.

Q: Damage to the medulla is frequently fatal.

Q: The hindbrain consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum.

Q: Parasympathetic neurons use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.

Q: Ganglia in the parasympathetic system are arranged in a chain near the spinal cord.

Q: The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems generally have opposing actions on the major internal organs.

Q: The parasympathetic nervous system activates the "fight or flight" response.

Q: A tract in the spinal cord would most likely be found in the white matter.

Q: Cell bodies of motor neurons are located outside of the spinal cord.

Q: The elbow is more distal to the shoulder than the hand.

Q: If you fell asleep on a sunny beach lying on your stomach, then your dorsal side would likely be sunburned.

Q: Neurons that directly convey messages to muscles and glands are part of the central nervous system.

Q: Briefly discuss some of the limits of brain research methods.

Q: Briefly describe some of the gender differences found in human brains.

Q: Briefly describe the main categories of methods for studying brain function.

Q: Briefly describe the general organization of the Cerebral cortex, including a brief description of each cortical lobe.

Q: Describe the basic functions and components of the autonomic nervous system.

Q: Describe the basic anatomy and function of the spinal cord.

Q: Name and describe two different methods for measuring brain function (not anatomy).

Q: Name the major subcortical areas of the forebrain.

Q: Name the major parts of the ventricular system.

Q: Describe the main differences between basal ganglia and cerebellum function.

Q: Describe the Bell-Magendie law.

Q: Organize the following divisions of the nervous system in a hierarchy to show the relationships between them: central, peripheral, autonomic, sympathetic, parasympathetic, somatic.

Q: Women on the average have a greater density of neurons in part of the _____.a. hippocampusb. temporal lobec. frontal lobed. gray matter

Q: So far, it appears that the brain feature most strongly correlated with intelligence in humans is the: a. volume of the hippocampus. b. brain-to-body ratio. c. brain weight. d. amount of gray matter.

Q: Which of the following species has the highest brain-to-body ratio? a. Humans b. Frogs c. squirrel monkey d. Elephant

Q: Based on brain-to-body weight ratio, it appears that: a. language is a by-product of this ratio. b. humans have the highest ratio of all species. c. this ratio is a constant across vertebrates. d. intelligence is not simply an outcome of this ratio.

Q: How does the method of transcranial magnetic stimulation of brain areas differ from magnetic inactivation? a. Brain activation results from long, intense magnetic stimulation. b. Brain inactivation results from mild, brief magnetic stimulation. c. The magnets are simply reversed. d. Brain activation results from mild, brief magnetic stimulation.

Q: The purpose of creating a sham lesion is to: a. destroy a brain area believed to be interfering with normal behavior. b. assess the effects of introducing an electrode. c. test the stereotaxic map. d. create a path for injecting chemicals.

Q: Researchers using a biochemical method to direct a mutation to a particular gene are using the ____ approach. a. sham lesion b. gene-splicing c. lesion d. gene-knockout

Q: A stereotaxic instrument would most likely be used for: a. placing an electrode in the brain. b. assessing regional blood flow. c. testing reflexes. d. measuring blood pressure.

Q: An ablation is: a. an area of brain next to a blood vessel. b. a brain area that has been removed. c. a fluid-filled space in the brain. d. an area that has been damaged.

Q: A lesion is: a. an area of brain next to a blood vessel. b. a cell that lines the surface of a ventricle. c. a fluid-filled space in the brain. d. an area that has been damaged.

Q: Which of the following techniques is dependent upon the release of oxygen from hemoglobin molecules? a. PET b. rCBF c. MRI d. fMRI

Q: One major problem with studies that use PET or rCBF is: a. choosing an appropriate comparison condition. b. getting the blood to move where you want it. c. they can be done only while someone is asleep. d. they are completely noninvasive.

Q: Which of the following methods is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure blood flow? a. fMRI b. PET c. CAT d. magnetic stimulation

Q: Which of the following brain imaging techniques measures faint magnetic fields? a. MEG b. MRI c. EEG d. PET

Q: Evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by a(n): a. CAT scan. b. MRI. c. EEG. d. PET scan.

Q: An electroencephalograph measures: a. action potentials in an individual neuron. b. the electrical resistance of hair. c. the rate of glucose uptake in active regions of the brain. d. the average activity of the cells in a given region of the brain.

Q: An MRI device creates an image of the brain based on: a. x-rays. b. gamma rays. c. release of electromagnetic energy from atomic nuclei. d. release of radioactive substances.

Q: Which of the following brain imaging techniques does NOT provide a functional measure of brain activity? a. MEG b. EEG c. fMRI d. MRI

Q: If you were interested in determining if the volume of the hippocampus is associated with the amount of stress a person was experiencing, which of the following methods would be the best choice? a. CAT b. fMRI c. PET d. rCBF

Q: What is the major difference between how phrenologists and today's researchers study the brain? a. Today's researchers never use case studies. b. Phrenologists did not critically examine their data. c. Today's researchers focus on skull thickness. d. Phrenologists were not concerned with behavior.

Q: Computerized axial tomography creates an image from: a. microwaves. b. infrared rays. c. x-rays. d. gamma rays.

Q: The study of relating skull anatomy (bumps and depressions) to behavior is known as: a. neurology. b. phrenology. c. psychology. d. scientology.

Q: The postcentral gyrus contains _____ separate representations of the body. a. one b. two c. four d. six

Q: Individuals with parietal lobe damage: a. have difficulty binding the different aspects of perception. b. bind different aspects of vision only. c. become hyperactive. d. show an increase in synchrony of brain activity.

Q: People with damage of the parietal cortex tend to have trouble _____. a. hearing sounds b. locating objects in space c. remembering past events d. speaking

Q: The area of the brain known to be important for "binding" is the: a. thalamus. b. central sulcus. c. parietal cortex. d. corpus callosum.

Q: One currently popular hypothesis about the binding problem is that binding depends on: a. increased velocity of action potentials. b. convergence of all sensory inputs onto a single central processor. c. synchronized activity in different brain areas. d. a special kind of activity in the pineal gland.

Q: Which of the following is TRUE about the cortical areas that are sometimes known as "association areas"? a. They do have the main control of thinking and reasoning. b. They would be better described as additional sensory areas. c. They form associations between touch and hearing. d. They integrate information from more than one sensory system.

Q: The binding or large-scale integration problem is the difficulty of: a. getting the different parts of the brain to physically connect during development. b. understanding how neurons work. c. knowing how the visual, auditory, and other areas of your brain work together to create a combined perception of a single object. d. how more than one person can perceive the same object at the same time.

Q: The "binding problem" is the issue of how we: a. convert sensory information into a pattern that produces movement. b. perceive visual, auditory and other aspects of a stimulus as a single object. c. transfer information between the left and right hemispheres. d. communicate between the word comprehension and word production areas of the brain.

Q: A person showers with his clothes on and pours water on the tube of toothpaste instead of on the toothbrush. He probably suffers from damage to the: a. occipital lobe. b. striate cortex. c. prefrontal cortex. d. parietal cortex.

Q: If the prefrontal cortex is damaged, an individual may: a. have difficulty remembering where they just put their keys. b. sleep 18-22 hours per day. c. have impaired vision. d. lose memory for faces.

Q: One reason why people with prefrontal cortex damage may act impulsively is that they have trouble: a. remembering who they are. b. making visual discriminations. c. maintaining normal hormone levels. d. adjusting their behavior to different contexts.