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Q:
The ascending portion of the reticular formation sends outputs to:
a. the raphe system.
b. the cerebellum.
c. much of the cerebral cortex.
d. motor areas of the spinal cord.
Q:
The reticular formation is contained within the:
a. brain stem.
b. spinal cord.
c. raphe system.
d. cerebellum.
Q:
Vision is to ____ as hearing is to ____.
a. cranial nerve I; cranial nerve X
b. cranial nerve II; cranial nerve VIII
c. cranial nerve II; cranial nerve V
d. cranial nerve IV; cranial nerve VIII
Q:
The nuclei for cranial nerves I through IV are located in the:
a. midbrain and forebrain.
b. hindbrain.
c. pons and medulla.
d. spinal cord.
Q:
The nuclei for most of the cranial nerves are located in the:
a. cerebral cortex.
b. hypothalamus.
c. midbrain.
d. pons and medulla.
Q:
The cranial nerve nuclei for nerves _____ through _____ are in the medulla and pons.
a. III; XII
b. IV; X
c. I; V
d. V; XII
Q:
How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have?
a. 8
b. 10
c. 12
d. 16
Q:
Which major functions are controlled by the cranial nerves?
a. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system
b. Sensation and muscle control of the head
c. Skeletal muscles of the trunk
d. Skeletal muscles of the extremities
Q:
Functionally, cranial nerves carry which kind of information?
a. Motor and sensory
b. Motor only
c. Sensory only
d. Sympathetic only
Q:
The pons acts as a bridge between:
a. the hindbrain and the forebrain.
b. the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
c. one side of the nervous system and the other.
d. the thalamus and the cerebral cortex.
Q:
The term pons (meaning "bridge") is named as such because:
a. the sensory and motor neurons connect with each other.
b. passing axons skip over the pons.
c. axons within the pons cross over from one side to the other.
d. neurons compete with one another, as in the game of bridge.
Q:
The medulla controls a number of reflexes through:
a. the midbrain.
b. the forebrain.
c. cranial nerves.
d. skeletal nerves.
Q:
Which of the following structures is part of the brain stem?
a. Basal ganglia
b. Pons
c. Cerebellum
d. Frontal lobe
Q:
Damage to which hindbrain structure would be most life-threatening?
a. Occipital cortex
b. Medulla
c. Cerebellum
d. Corpus callosum
Q:
As axons from the spinal cord enter the skull, which structure do they enter?
a. Midbrain
b. Forebrain
c. Medulla
d. Cerebellum
Q:
Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?
a. Medulla
b. Thalamus
c. Cerebellum
d. Pons
Q:
The medulla is considered part of the brain rather than the spinal cord because it:
a. developed later in evolution.
b. is contained in the skull.
c. develops from a separate group of neurons.
d. is composed only of interneurons.
Q:
Reflexive changes in heart rate and breathing when you are exercising, for example, are regulated by which of the following?
a. Thalamus
b. Forebrain
c. Medulla
d. Pons
Q:
What structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain?
a. Limbic system
b. Thalamus
c. Brain stem
d. Cerebellum
Q:
The hindbrain consists of the:
a. tectum, tegmentum, and reticular formation.
b. thalamus and hypothalamus.
c. spinal cord and cranial nerves.
d. medulla, pons, and cerebellum.
Q:
The term rhombencephalon refers to the:
a. brainstem.
b. hindbrain.
c. midbrain.
d. forebrain.
Q:
What consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum?
a. Hindbrain
b. Reticular formation
c. Midbrain
d. Forebrain
Q:
Given their effects on the nervous system, one side effect of over-the-counter cold remedies is increased:
a. digestive activity.
b. salivation.
c. heart rate.
d. sinus flow.
Q:
A general effect of over-the-counter cold remedies is that they:
a. stimulate dopamine receptors.
b. decrease activity of the somatic nervous system.
c. increase activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.
d. increase activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
Q:
One way that over-the-counter cold remedies work is by:
a. increasing parasympathetic activity.
b. decreasing sympathetic activity.
c. increasing sympathetic activity.
d. blocking all autonomic activity.
Q:
Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.
a. serotonin; dopamine
b. dopamine; serotonin
c. acetylcholine; norepinephrine
d. norepinephrine; acetylcholine
Q:
Most of the postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system use:
a. GABA.
b. norepinephrine.
c. acetylcholine.
d. serotonin.
Q:
Which neurotransmitter is most often used by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
a. Dopamine
b. Serotonin
c. Acetylcholine
d. Norepinephrine
Q:
Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by:
a. the sympathetic nervous system's postganglionic synapses.
b. the parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic axons.
c. intrinsic neurons in the spinal cord.
d. intrinsic neurons of the hippocampus.
Q:
Which neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic nervous system?
a. Dopamine
b. Serotonin
c. Acetylcholine
d. Norepinephrine
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sympathetic system?
a. Is found in the thoracic and lumbar cord
b. Has long post-ganglionic fibers
c. Releases ACh at the ganglion
d. Releases DA at the ganglion
Q:
In the parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic fibers are _____, and the postganglionic fibers are _____.
a. long, long
b. long, short
c. short, long
d. short, short
Q:
The parasympathetic nervous system has:
a. long preganglionic and long postganglionic axons.
b. long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons.
c. short preganglionic and short postganglionic axons.
d. short preganglionic and long postganglionic axons.
Q:
Which kinds of activities are produced from activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?
a. fight-or-flight
b. increased heart rate and blood pressure
c. a decrease in digestion
d. calmness and relaxation
Q:
One principle of the autonomic nervous system is the concept of ____.
a. synergy
b. dual innervation
c. a relay center
d. a limbic system
Q:
Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.
a. central nervous system; peripheral nervous system
b. voluntary behavior; involuntary behavior
c. arousal; relaxation
d. neurotransmitters; hormones
Q:
Digestive activity is increased by the activation of which branch of the autonomic nervous system?
a. The parasympathetic
b. The sympathetic
c. Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic
d. Neither the parasympathetic nor the sympathetic
Q:
What, generally, is the relationship between the activity of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?
a. The sympathetic controls internal organs while the parasympathetic controls peripheral organs.
b. The sympathetic usually has specific, localized effects, while the parasympathetic has broad effects.
c. They usually have opposite effects on the same organ.
d. The sympathetic is involved in voluntary behavior, while the parasympathetic is involved in involuntary behavior.
Q:
What is unique about the autonomic activity of the sweat glands?
a. They receive only parasympathetic input.
b. They receive only sympathetic input.
c. They only work when it's hot outside.
d. Both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system increase sweating.
Q:
Sympathetic ganglia:
a. are located inside the spinal cord.
b. act more independently than do parasympathetic ganglia.
c. are closely linked and often act as a single system.
d. have short postganglionic fibers extending to internal organs.
Q:
Which of the following would be the most likely effect of taking a drug that blocks sympathetic nervous system activity?
a. Increased blood pressure
b. Sweating
c. Slowed digestion
d. Decreased heart rate
Q:
You are walking after dark. A sudden noise frightens you. Your heart pounds, your pulse races, and your breathing rate increases. These responses are due to your:
a. parasympathetic nervous system.
b. sympathetic nervous system.
c. somatic nervous system.
d. immune system.
Q:
Which activity is increased by the sympathetic nervous system?
a. Salivation
b. Heart rate
c. Digestive activity
d. Body temperature
Q:
Seeing a snake come out of the drain in the bathtub might increase your heart rate, dilate your pupils, cause you to sweat, and raise the hair on your neck. These responses are due to the activity of the _____ nervous system.
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic
c. somatic
d. motor
Q:
The sweat glands, adrenal glands, and muscles that constrict blood vessels have input from only the ____ nervous system.
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic
c. central
d. dorsal root
Q:
Erection of the hairs, known in humans as "goose bumps," is caused by activation of which branch of the nervous system?
a. Parasympathetic
b. Sympathetic
c. Central
d. Peripheral
Q:
Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" activities?
a. Sympathetic
b. Somatic
c. Parasympathetic
d. Peripheral
Q:
The autonomic nervous system:
a. only receives information from the heart, intestines, and other organs.
b. only sends information to the heart, intestines, and other organs.
c. receives and sends information to the heart, intestines, and other organs.
d. conveys messages from the sense organs to the central nervous system.
Q:
If the spinal cord is cut at a given segment, the brain loses sensation at:
a. that segment only.
b. that segment and all segments above it.
c. that segment and all segments below it.
d. all other segments.
Q:
Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord is mainly composed of what structures?
a. cell bodies and dendrites
b. myelinated axons
c. unmyelinated axons
d. ganglia
Q:
In the spinal cord, white matter is comprised mostly of _____, while gray matter is mostly _____.
a. cell bodies; myelinated axons
b. dendrites; myelinated axons
c. myelinated axons; cell bodies
d. cell bodies; dendrites
Q:
A cross section of the spinal cord indicates that gray matter is:
a. densely packed with myelinated axons.
b. composed mostly of unmyelinated axons.
c. densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites.
d. composed only of dendrites.
Q:
Where would you find the dorsal root ganglia?
a. At the base of the brain
b. In the gray matter of the spinal cord
c. In the white matter of the spinal cord
d. Outside, but near, the spinal cord
Q:
Cell bodies of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?
a. Gray matter
b. White matter
c. Dorsal roots
d. Tracts
Q:
Axons of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?
a. Gray matter
b. White matter
c. Dorsal roots
d. Tracts
Q:
Suppose a virus damaged only the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, but not the ventral roots. What would happen to the sensory and motor abilities of the affected area?
a. Loss of sensation, but preserved motor control
b. Loss of both sensation and motor control
c. Loss of motor control, but preserved sensation
d. Unaffected sensation and motor control
Q:
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the:
a. spinal cord.
b. dorsal root ganglia.
c. white matter.
d. ventral roots.
Q:
If the ipsilateral dorsal and ventral roots were cut, which of the following would be true?
a. Sensation would be lost on one side, and motor control on the other.
b. Sensation would be lost on both sides.
c. Motor control would be lost on both sides.
d. Sensation and motor control would be lost on one side.
Q:
After damage to the ventral roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
a. Sensation from the affected body area
b. Control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area
c. Control of organs in the affected body area
d. Control of the muscles on the opposite side of the body
Q:
After damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
a. Sensation from the affected body area
b. Control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area
c. Control of organs in the affected body area
d. Control of the muscles on the opposite side of the body
Q:
According to the Bell-Magendie law:
a. ventral roots of the spinal cord carry sensory information.
b. dorsal roots of the spinal cord carry motor information.
c. ventral and dorsal roots both carry sensory and motor information.
d. ventral roots carry motor information while dorsal roots carry sensory information.
Q:
The cell bodies of sensory neurons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called:
a. sensory nuclei
b. sensory clusters
c. ventral root ganglia
d. dorsal root ganglia
Q:
The spinal cord communicates with:
a. sense organs and muscles below the level of the head.
b. all sense organs and muscles in the human body.
c. dorsal root ganglia only.
d. ventral root ganglia only.
Q:
The basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies in the central nervous system. Technically, the basal ganglia should have been name the basal:
a. tract.
b. lamina.
c. gyrus.
d. nuclei.
Q:
What is the name given to a cluster of neurons outside the CNS?
a. Lamina
b. Column
c. Tract
d. Ganglion
Q:
What is the name given to a cluster of neurons inside the CNS?
a. Lamina
b. Column
c. Nucleus
d. Ganglion
Q:
If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be ____ to each other.
a. medial
b. lateral
c. ipsilateral
d. contralateral
Q:
In anatomy, the opposite of medial is:
a. lateral.
b. dorsal.
c. ventral.
d. rostral.
Q:
Which of the following means "toward the back"?
a. Dorsal
b. Medial
c. Proximal
d. Ventral
Q:
Which of the following means "toward the side, away from the midline"?
a. Lateral
b. Medial
c. Proximal
d. Ventral
Q:
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the side?
a. Coronal
b. Sagittal
c. Horizontal
d. Commuter
Q:
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?
a. Coronal
b. Sagittal
c. Horizontal
d. Commuter
Q:
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?
a. Coronal
b. Sagittal
c. Horizontal
d. Transverse
Q:
Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs?
a. Internal
b. Afferent
c. Somatic
d. Autonomic
Q:
An axon in your hand causes contraction of a muscle fiber in your finger as you write. This neuron belongs to which branch of the nervous system?
a. Central
b. Somatic
c. Sympathetic
d. Parasympathetic
Q:
When someone tickles you, the tickling sensation will be carried by neurons that are part of the _____ nervous system.
a. central
b. parasympathetic
c. somatic
d. autonomic
Q:
Nerves from the central nervous system convey information to the muscles and glands by way of the:
a. autonomic nervous system.
b. somatic nervous system.
c. sympathetic nervous system.
d. parasympathetic nervous system.
Q:
The somatic division of the nervous system carries signals from the _____ to the _____.
a. senses; central nervous system
b. organs; autonomic nervous system
c. organs; sympathetic nervous system
d. senses; peripheral nervous system
Q:
Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons bringing messages from the senses to the central nervous system?
a. Autonomic
b. Sympathetic
c. Somatic
d. Parasympathetic
Q:
Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the _____ nervous system.
a. peripheral
b. central
c. sympathetic
d. dorsal