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Psychology
Q:
Who is most likely to assess the abilities of someone who has recently had brain damage?
a. Neurosurgeon
b. Physical therapist
c. Occupational therapist
d. Neuropsychologist
Q:
In dealing with brain-damaged patients, the usual goal is to:
a. get the patients to rely on other people for the skills that they have lost.
b. get the patients to make as much use as possible of the impaired systems.
c. promote physical changes in the brain, such as collateral sprouting.
d. encourage complete inactivity to enable the brain to engage in restorative processes.
Q:
If findings from rat studies generalize to humans, then which of the following best describes how brain damage affects memory for a learned skill?
a. It destroys the memory forever.
b. The memory is not affected.
c. The memory may be present, but difficult to locate.
d. The old memory is lost, but new ones are easier to acquire
Q:
After damage to the visual cortex, a rat no longer approaches the white card it has been trained to approach. What is the evidence that the rat has not completely forgotten the task?
a. It can relearn the task faster than it can learn to approach a black card.
b. After a delay, it spontaneously regains the memory and approaches a white card.
c. After several unreinforced sessions, it begins responding correctly.
d. Its heart rate increases when looking at a white card but not when looking at a black card.
Q:
After deafferenting a monkey's forelimb, it generally fails to use it because:
a. the muscles are too weak.
b. moving it is painful.
c. they have no motor control in the limb.
d. walking on three limbs is easier than moving the impaired limb.
Q:
A deafferented limb:
a. has lost its sensory input.
b. has lost its motor control.
c. is an amputated limb.
d. is one which an organism uses spontaneously.
Q:
A monkey with one deafferented limb:
a. cannot control the muscles of that limb.
b. moves that limb whenever it uses its contralateral limb.
c. uses it spontaneously, even though the animal has lost sensation to that body part.
d. does not use it, even though it can still control the muscles.
Q:
If a person suffered injury to the right motor cortex that resulted in paralysis of the left arm and later showed some evidence of recovery of function, which of the following would be a likely explanation?
a. Using the right arm more strengthened the left arm.
b. The left motor cortex strengthened its control over the left arm.
c. New neurons grew in place of the damaged ones.
d. The left arm was deafferented.
Q:
One way to relieve the pain associated with a phantom limb is to:
a. remove more of the amputated limb.
b. have the amputee learn to use an artificial limb.
c. stimulate that part of the cortex.
d. help them understand that there is no neural basis for these sensations.
Q:
Sensations from phantom limbs:a. come from the stump of the amputated limb.b. are a result of brain reorganization.c. do not have a neural basis.d. can be diminished if more of the limb is removed surgically.
Q:
Even _____ input produces enhanced responses.
a. mild
b. negative
c. strong
d. positive
Q:
Because spinal injury damages many axons, ____ develop increased sensitivity to the remaining ones.
a. glia
b. collateral sprouts
c. postsynaptic neurons
d. phantom limbs
Q:
Modern methods have demonstrated that phantom limbs develop only if the relevant portion of the ____ reorganizes and becomes responsive to alternative inputs.
a. somatosensory cortex
b. torso
c. axon
d. glia
Q:
The area of the cortex that receives input from the face is adjacent to the area of the cortex that receives input from the foot. After amputation of the foot, it is possible that a phantom limb sensation will be felt whenever the:
a. other foot is touched.
b. face is touched.
c. face is anesthetized.
d. axons from the foot regrow.
Q:
After loss of sensory input from a limb, the axons representing that limb degenerate and:
a. cause immediate cell death.
b. leave vacant synaptic sites at several levels of the CNS.
c. destroy any leftover synapses.
d. cause no change in the associated neurons.
Q:
A continuing sensation of an amputated body part is called:a. phantom limbb. ghost limbc. Neuralgiad. tingling limb
Q:
A cortical cell originally responded to stimulation of the middle finger. After amputation of that finger it begins responding to the second and fourth fingers. What most likely accounts for this?
a. Synaptic reorganization
b. Growth of completely new axons
c. Altered pattern of blood vessels in the brain
d. A psychotic reaction
Q:
Investigators recorded activity from the cerebral cortex of monkeys that had an entire limb deafferented twelve years earlier. Much to their surprise, what did they find?
a. The organization of this area of the cortex had not been changed at all by the operation.
b. This whole cortical area had become responsive to the face.
c. This whole cortical area had become response to the opposite limb.
d. This whole cortical area had developed motor instead of sensory functions.
Q:
A section of the somatosensory cortex ordinarily responds to the third finger of the left hand. If that finger is amputated, to what will the cells in this part of the cortex respond?
a. Nothing
b. The second and fourth fingers and part of the palm
c. The third finger of the right hand
d. The entire left hand and the entire right hand
Q:
Suppose a finger is amputated. The part of the cerebral cortex that used to respond to that finger will:
a. degenerate and die.
b. remain alive but forever inactive.
c. be active at times when the individual would have used that finger.
d. become responsive to other fingers or part of the palm.
Q:
What is one reason for gradual behavioral recovery from brain damage?
a. Uninjured areas of the brain develop new functions to take over the ones that were lost.
b. Glia cells are transformed into neurons.
c. Additional myelin forms on the axons that were not destroyed.
d. Postsynaptic cells deprived of input become supersensitive.
Q:
Denervation supersensitivity refers to an increase in:
a. production and release of neurotransmitters.
b. growth of axon branches.
c. responses to neurotransmitters.
d. polarization of the membrane at rest.
Q:
If supersensitivity takes place, what can one expect to find regarding the number of receptors?
a. An increased number in the presynaptic cell
b. A decreased number in the presynaptic cell
c. An increased number in the postsynaptic cell
d. A decreased number in the postsynaptic cell
Q:
____ occurs as a surviving axon grows a new branch to replace the synapses left vacant by a damaged axon.
a. Collateral sprouting
b. Degeneration supersensitivity
c. Denervation supersensitivity
d. Axon sprouting
Q:
Certain axons innervating a given neuron are damaged. What compensatory change is likely to take place in that postsynaptic cell?
a. collateral sprouting
b. removal of toxins
c. denervation supersensitivity
d. decrease in glucose utilization
Q:
If a brain area loses a set of incoming axons, we can expect some combination of ____ by the remaining axons and collateral sprouting by other axons that ordinarily attach to some other target.
a. disuse supersensitivity
b. decreased response
c. denervation supersensitivity
d. response supersensitivity
Q:
In some cases, ____ enables people to maintain nearly normal behavior even after losing most of the axons in some pathway.
a. receptor supersensitivity
b. disuse supersensitivity
c. extra supersensitivity
d. response supersensitivity
Q:
After learning strengthens one set of synapses, other synapses:
a. weaken.
b. die.
c. get stronger.
d. become aroused.
Q:
If most of the axons that transmit dopamine to some brain area die or become inactive, the remaining dopamine synapses become:
a. less responsive.
b. less easily stimulated.
c. more resistant.
d. more responsive.
Q:
Damage to some of the axons that innervate a given structure may give rise to:
a. collateral sprouting, but not denervation supersensitivity.
b. denervation supersensitivity, but not collateral sprouting.
c. both collateral sprouting and denervation supersensitivity.
d. neither collateral sprouting nor denervation supersensitivity.
Q:
____ helps compensate for decreased axon input.a. Axon supersensitivityb. Disuse supersensitivityc. Enervation supersensitivityd. Denervation supersensitivity
Q:
Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon is known as:
a. axon supersensitivity
b. disuse supersensitivity
c. enervation supersensitivity
d. denervation supersensitivity
Q:
After damage to the connections to the left hippocampus from the left entorhinal cortex, sprouts develop from the:
a. left occipital cortex.
b. right entorhinal cortex.
c. left hippocampus.
d. right hippocampus.
Q:
If a tree branch is cut, the surrounding branches may grow enough to fill in the empty space left by the missing branch. When this same type of event occurs in the nervous system following brain damage, it is called:
a. hemiplegia.
b. denervation supersensitivity.
c. collateral sprouting.
d. tree branching.
Q:
After damage to a set of axons, neurotrophins induce nearby:
a. injured axons to form new branches.
b. injured dendrites to form new branches.
c. uninjured axons to form new branches.
d. uninjured dendrites to form new branches.
Q:
After damaging input to the hippocampus, collateral sprouting is associated with improvements in:
a. memory.
b. taste.
c. vision.
d. hearing.
Q:
What is the term for the new branches that may form in uninjured axons after damage to surrounding axons?a. collateral sproutsb. bifurcationsc. denervation supersensitivityd. diaschisis
Q:
If some of the axons innervating a given cell are destroyed or if they become inactive, what compensatory process takes place in the remaining presynaptic cells?
a. activation of previously silent synapses
b. removal of toxins
c. denervation supersensitivity
d. collateral sprouting
Q:
After central nervous system damage, myelin:
a. degenerates and dies.
b. secretes proteins that inhibit axon regrowth.
c. secretes proteins that enhance some regrowth of axons.
d. becomes thicker in surviving axons.
Q:
Central nervous system axons regenerate much better in fish than in mammals because:
a. fish nerves do not have to travel so far to reach their target.
b. fewer fish nerves are covered with myelin.
c. fish do not produce as much scar tissue.
d. fish generally have a lower body temperature.
Q:
The choroid plexus:
a. cushions the brain.
b. protects the brain from infection.
c. is another name for the ventricles.
d. forms the cerebrospinal fluid.
Q:
A fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord is called the:
a. ventricle.
b. central canal.
c. raphe system.
d. meninge.
Q:
The ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space are all:
a. part of the forebrain.
b. filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
c. involved in cognitive functioning.
d. filled with blood.
Q:
An individual has difficulty remembering certain things after brain damage, but all memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area most likely damaged is the:
a. fornix.
b. hypothalamus.
c. hippocampus.
d. nucleus basalis.
Q:
The hippocampus plays a major role in:
a. innate sexual behavior.
b. temperature regulation.
c. memory.
d. secretion of hormones.
Q:
The nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain's system for:
a. emotional response.
b. attention.
c. visual perception.
d. auditory perception.
Q:
Which of the following brain areas is most likely affected in Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and other diseases that impair intellect and attention?
a. Nucleus basalis
b. Medulla
c. Occipital lobe
d. Thalamus
Q:
Patients with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease have impairments of attention and intellect because of inactivity or deterioration of their ____.
a. Tectum
b. Thalamus
c. Hippocampus
d. nucleus basalis
Q:
The nucleus basalis sends information to the:
a. hypothalamus.
b. basal ganglia.
c. cerebral cortex.
d. hippocampus.
Q:
Damage to the basal ganglia would most likely cause problems with:
a. emotion.
b. hearing.
c. vision.
d. movement.
Q:
Damage to the basal ganglia would most likely result in:
a. a movement disorder.
b. problems with visual perception.
c. problems with auditory perception.
d. a loss of pain sensation.
Q:
Which structure is likely to be damaged in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other conditions that impair movement?
a. Thalamus
b. Basal ganglia
c. Limbic system
d. Reticular formation
Q:
The pituitary gland synthesizes and releases hormones:
a. to the outside of the body.
b. to the thalamus.
c. into the bloodstream.
d. to the hypothalamus.
Q:
Although the pituitary is often called the master gland, its activity is regulated by the:
a. basal ganglia.
b. hippocampus.
c. hypothalamus.
d. thalamus.
Q:
Secretions from which gland will also affect the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and ovaries or testes?
a. thymus gland
b. pineal gland
c. Pancreas
d. pituitary gland
Q:
By both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the:
a. pituitary gland.
b. thalamus.
c. retina.
d. ventricles.
Q:
An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to which brain structure?
a. Midbrain
b. Hippocampus
c. Hypothalamus
d. Cerebellum
Q:
Olfactory information is processed by the:
a. thalamus via the olfactory bulbs.
b. cortex via the olfactory bulbs.
c. spinal cord.
d. medulla.
Q:
Sensory information that is not processed by the thalamus includes:
a. olfactory information.
b. visual information.
c. auditory information.
d. somatosensory information.
Q:
Damage to the thalamus would most likely result in:
a. abnormal emotional behavior.
b. loss of sensory input to the cortex.
c. abnormal hormone release.
d. difficulty in distinguishing between two rhythms.
Q:
Which of the following structures provides the main source of input to the cerebral cortex?
a. Limbic system
b. Medulla
c. Thalamus
d. Hypothalamus
Q:
The thalamus can be thought of as a(n):
a. relay center
b. ganglia
c. modulation center
d. emotion center
Q:
One function of the thalamus is to:
a. relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex.
b. regulate sleep cycles.
c. direct the secretions of the hypothalamus.
d. moderate emotional outbursts.
Q:
The diencephalon is composed of the:
a. thalamus and basal ganglia.
b. basal ganglia and hypothalamus.
c. thalamus and hypothalamus.
d. thalamus and hippocampus.
Q:
The interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem are referred to as the:
a. basal ganglia
b. hypothalamus
c. limbic system
d. rhombic system
Q:
The limbic system is important for:
a. emotional behaviors.
b. motor coordination.
c. coordination between the eyes and ears.
d. perceiving three-dimensional objects.
Q:
A group of forebrain structures is important for motivated and emotional behavior. What is the name given to this group of structures?
a. Limbic system
b. Reticular formation
c. Tegmentum
d. Basal ganglia
Q:
What type of neurons in the substantia nigra deteriorates in Parkinson's disease?
a. Dopamine
b. Serotonin
c. Norepinephrine
d. Acetylcholine
Q:
Superior colliculus is to ____ as inferior colliculus is to ____.
a. vision; hearing
b. taste; smell
c. vision; touch
d. touch; hearing
Q:
The term mesencephalon refers to the:
a. brainstem.
b. hindbrain.
c. midbrain.
d. forebrain.
Q:
In which area of the brain would one find the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra?
a. Midbrain
b. Hindbrain
c. Reticular formation
d. Forebrain
Q:
Besides problems with balance and coordination, a person with damage to the cerebellum would also likely have problems with:
a. reflexive changes in heart rate.
b. shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli.
c. amnesia.
d. rational decision-making.
Q:
If a person has difficulty determining which of two rhythms is faster, it is likely that she suffered damage to the:
a. cerebellum.
b. forebrain.
c. tectum.
d. medulla.
Q:
Research indicates that the behavioral effects of the cerebellum may be due to its role in:
a. coordinating information from left and right hemispheres.
b. focusing and shifting attention and organizing sensory inputs.
c. interpreting visual stimuli.
d. coordinating the release of hormones.
Q:
The cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?
a. Hunger
b. Temperature
c. Olfaction
d. Movement
Q:
The raphe system:
a. increases the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli.
b. is important for balance and coordination.
c. controls the sensory areas of the spinal cord.
d. regulates the rate of production of cerebrospinal fluid.
Q:
The raphe system ____ the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli and sends axons to the ____.
a. increases; cerebellum
b. decreases; forebrain
c. decreases; basal ganglia
d. increases; forebrain
Q:
The raphe system sends axons to the:
a. forebrain.
b. reticular formation.
c. spinal cord.
d. cerebellum.
Q:
The ascending portion of the reticular formation:
a. controls the motor areas of the spinal cord.
b. is responsible for the eye muscles.
c. controls the motor areas of the brain.
d. increases arousal and attention.
Q:
The descending portion of the reticular formation is one of several brain areas that control the:
a. sensory areas of the brain.
b. sensory areas of the spinal cord.
c. motor areas of the brain.
d. motor areas of the spinal cord.