Psychology

Q: Cases in which individuals with cataracts have sight restored to them after many years suggest that:a. most aspects of visual perception are inborn.b. early experiences can have relatively permanent effects on the brain.c. visual perception can be learned at any age.d. experiences later in life can greatly remodel connection in the visual cortex.

Q: What would be the likely outcome of a person who was blind at birth, and had vision restored later in life by the removal of cataracts (clouded lenses)? a. quick development of normal vision b. trouble describing the shapes of objects c. trouble identifying the location of light d. inability to use touch and sound cues to maneuver around in a building

Q: Infants with cataracts need to have surgical repair: a. as early as possible. b. before they begin school. c. if it does not fix itself d. when they are old enough to recover from surgery.

Q: Cortical plasticity: a. is only available in early life. b. is only available later in life. c. is available in early life, but greatest in later life. d. is greatest in early life, but never ends.

Q: What can cause a permanent blurring of vision for either horizontal or vertical lines? a. pressure on the optic chiasm b. weak muscles controlling the lens of the eyes c. asymmetric curvature of the eyes d. damage to the corpus callosum

Q: A strong astigmatism during the first year or so of life can produce effects in the human brain similar to those found in what kinds of experiments on cats? a. covering one eye during the sensitive period b. covering both eyes during the sensitive period c. destroying individual cells by implanting electrodes d. restricting visual stimulation to one particular orientation

Q: If a kitten is reared in an environment consisting entirely of horizontal lines, the visual cortex becomes: a. normal. b. insensitive to horizontal lines. c. sensitive to almost nothing but horizontal lines. d. inactive, failing to respond to any visual stimuli at all.

Q: Astigmatism refers to the: a. sensitive period for development of vision. b. ability to see horizontal and vertical lines. c. asymmetric curvature of eyes. d. inability to detect motion.

Q: What is true about cortical neurons that have become insensitive to an eye that was sutured shut during the critical period? a. Nothing can restore sensitivity to stimuli in that eye. b. That eye will gradually recover after years of exposure to normal visual stimuli. c. Some sensitivity can be recovered if the other eye is sutured shut for a few months. d. Some sensitivity can be recovered if both eyes are sutured shut for a few months.

Q: The human condition that corresponds closest to what kittens experience when raised in an environment of only horizontal or vertical lines is: a. strabismus. b. double vision. c. astigmatism. d. amblyopia.

Q: One drawback to using an eye patch to help correct lazy eye is that: a. the eyes do not equalize in strength b. the eye patch makes the strong eye weaker c. the child often refuses to wear the patch as long as necessary d. the child breaks the patch

Q: A promising therapy for lazy eye is to ask a child to play ____ that require attention to both eyes. a. action video games b. board games c. sports d. with crayons

Q: According to research on visual development in animals, probably the best way to treat amblyopia is to cover: a. both eyes for a few months early in life. b. the strong eye for a period of time early in life. c. the lazy eye for a period of time early in life. d. the strong eye for a period of time during adulthood.

Q: Children with strabismus fail to develop: a. perception of movement. b. the ability to recognize faces. c. stereoscopic depth perception. d. any kind of depth perception.

Q: What is strabismus? a. a failure of the two eyes to focus on the same thing at the same time b. a blurring of vision caused by asymmetrical curvature of the eye c. stereoscopic depth perception d. the ability to perceive a flashing light as if it were a moving object

Q: If a kitten sees alternately with only one eye one day and the other eye the next day during its critical period for visual development, what happens to its visual cortex? a. Its cells become virtually unresponsive to all visual stimuli. b. One eye will become dominant and the other lazy. c. Each cortical cell will become responsive to just one eye. d. Cells will respond to either eye, but the responses will be sluggish.

Q: What would the effect be if an experimenter covered the eye of a kitten in an alternating pattern (left eye one day; right the next)? a. The cat would eventually lose all vision. b. The kitten would eventually develop the ability to pay attention to two stimuli at the same time. c. The kitten would never learn to focus its eyes on stimuli. d. Most cortical neurons would respond to stimuli in one eye or the other, but not both.

Q: Kittens that are restricted to having only having one eye open at a time are similar to humans with strabismus in that: a. stereoscopic depth perception fails to develop. b. they are completely blind. c. they can see twice as much. d. they are cross-eyed.

Q: In depth perception, different views are received by each eye, depending on the distance of the object being viewed. What is this called? a. retinal disparity b. amblyopic differential c. astigmatic contrast d. contrasting imagery

Q: By comparing the slightly different inputs from the two eyes, you achieve: a. amblyopia. b. strabismus. c. stereoscopic depth perception. d. contrasting imagery.

Q: Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect: a. amblyopia. b. retinal disparity. c. strabismus. d. contrasting imagery.

Q: If both eyes of a very young kitten are sutured shut for the first few weeks: a. the kitten will be blind once the sutures are removed. b. one eye will develop sight, but the other will not. c. the cortex remains responsive to both eyes. d. the kitten becomes more sensitive to highly saturated wavelengths of light.

Q: Central nervous system axons regenerate much better in fish than in mammals because fish: a. nerves do not have to travel so far to reach their target. b. myelin does not secrete proteins that inhibit axon growth. c. nerves have so much more myelin than do mammal nerves. d. myelin secretes a protein that accelerates regeneration.

Q: One reason why axons regenerate better in the peripheral nervous system of mammals than in the central nervous system is that the peripheral nervous system: a. has fewer myelinated axons. b. has glial cells that destroy scar tissue. c. maintains a temperature closer to that at which embryonic cells form. d. produces a chemical that promotes axon growth.

Q: What is one impediment to regeneration of axons in the mammalian central nervous system? a. Inhibitory chemicals secreted by the damaged portion of the axon b. Bacterial infections caused by the decaying tissue c. Glia release chemicals that inhibit axon growth d. Inhibitory messages sent from the cell nucleus when an axon is damaged

Q: Scar tissue and myelin are similar in that they both: a. secrete chemicals to restore axons. b. are produced after brain damage. c. are formed in normal development of the nervous system. d. secrete chemicals that inhibit axon growth.

Q: One limiting factor in the ability of damaged axons to regenerate in the brain and spinal cord is that: a. they don't have any myelin to guide them. b. they regenerate only one to two millimeters. c. growing dendrites compete with growing axons. d. there are no muscles in the brain and spinal cord to guide the growth.

Q: After a cut through the spinal cord, axons grow back enough to restore functioning in certain ____ but not in ____. a. adults; infants b. infants; adults c. fish; mammals d. mammals; primates

Q: A damaged axon: a. will never grow back. b. can grow back under certain circumstances. c. will grow back if its dendrites do also. d. will grow back only if it is myelinated.

Q: What is one impediment to regeneration of axons in the mammalian central nervous system? a. Inhibitory chemicals secreted by the damaged portion of the axon b. Bacterial infections caused by the decaying tissue c. Large amounts of scar tissue d. Inhibitory messages sent from the cell nucleus when an axon is damaged

Q: Which axons will regenerate to a significant degree if cut or crushed? a. Those in invertebrates but not in vertebrates b. Only those which are unmyelinated c. Those in the central nervous system but not in the peripheral nervous system d. Those in the peripheral nervous system but not in the central nervous system

Q: Which of the following treatments would be most likely to help a patient starting several days after a stroke?a. Injecting a drug to block dopamineb. Administering tranquilizersc. Extensive bed restd. Giving stimulant drugs combined with physical therapy

Q: Following a stroke, amphetamine could help by: a. inducing apoptosis. b. blocking activity in overstimulated areas of the brain. c. blocking glutamate release. d. increasing activity in understimulated areas of the brain.

Q: To promote recovery, stroke victims should be given: a. stimulant drugs immediately after the stroke. b. any drug that decreases dopamine. c. stimulant drugs a few days after the stroke. d. tranquilizers a few days after the stroke.

Q: A lesion in the hypothalamus can lead to decreased activity in the cerebral cortex, even though the cerebral cortex is undamaged. The decreased activity in the cortex because of the loss of incoming neurons is called: a. diaschisis. b. deafferentation. c. cytotoxicity. d. hyperpolarization.

Q: Diaschisis refers to the: a. increase in activity of neurons surrounding a damaged area. b. decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged. c. increased activity in the cerebral cortex after damage to any part of the brain. d. increased activity in the hypothalamus after damage to any part of the brain.

Q: Research on laboratory animals indicates that cannabinoids are most effective if taken: a. as soon as the stroke occurs. b. within 20 minutes of the stroke. c. steadily for one month. d. shortly before the stroke.

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