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Q:
Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in ____.
a. the right eye
b. the left eye
c. peripheral vision of both eyes
d. the left visual field
Q:
In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth.
a. thalamus; cortex
b. thalamus; inferior geniculate
c. inferior colliculus; thalamus
d. thalamus; lateral colliculus
Q:
Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?
a. lateral geniculate and cerebral cortex
b. superior colliculus and cerebral cortex
c. lateral geniculate and superior colliculus
d. prefrontal cortex and occipital lobe
Q:
The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the:
a. cerebral cortex
b. superior colliculus
c. inferior colliculus
d. thalamus
Q:
Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?
a. directly to the cerebral cortex
b. to the lateral geniculate
c. to the superior colliculus
d. directly to the occipital lobe
Q:
In humans, the optic nerves from the two eyes follow what pathway?
a. They go directly to the ipsilateral hemisphere, without contacting each other.
b. They go directly to the contralateral hemisphere, without contacting each other.
c. Half of the axons from each eye cross to the other side at the optic chiasm.
d. They combine to send identical information to each hemisphere.
Q:
The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the:
a. optic chiasm.
b. lateral geniculate nucleus.
c. hypothalamus.
d. cerebral cortex.
Q:
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which of the following cells?
a. Horizontal
b. Amacrine
c. Bipolar
d. Ganglion
Q:
____ cells axons make up the optic nerve.
a. Horizontal
b. Amacrine
c. Bipolar
d. Ganglion
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a factor in color vision deficiency?
a. elongated shape of the eye
b. low numbers of a particular type of cone
c. complete absence of one of the types of cones
d. long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment
Q:
The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to:
a. poor eyesight.
b. malformation of area V4 in the brain.
c. complete absence of one of the types of cones.
d. long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment.
Q:
The ability of some women to detect slightly finer discriminations of color than other women is most likely due to having:
a. two types of long-wavelength cones.
b. more short-wavelength cones.
c. shorter optic nerves.
d. a larger cortex.
Q:
Why are men more likely to experience color vision deficiency than women?
a. Women have a greater number of cones.
b. Men don't have as much experience matching colors.
c. It is a sex-linked genetic disorder.
d. Testosterone in males affects the activity of the cones.
Q:
What is the relationship of color blindness between males and females?
a. Males are more likely to be color blind.
b. Females are more likely to be color blind.
c. Males and females show roughly equal susceptibility to color blindness.
d. Males are more likely to report problems with color vision, but females are more likely to actually be color blind.
Q:
In the most common form of color vision deficiency, people have difficulty distinguishing:
a. between blue and yellow.
b. between green and blue.
c. between red and green.
d. among all colors.
Q:
Difficulty distinguishing between ____ and ____ is the most common form of color vision deficiency.
a. blue; yellow
b. green; blue
c. red; green
d. red; blue
Q:
Which theory can best explain why people that are wearing yellow-colored glasses can still identify the color of a green apple?
a. trichromatic theory
b. retinex theory
c. opponent-process theory
d. kodak theory
Q:
According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by:
a. the relative activity of three kinds of cones.
b. contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others.
c. a red vs. green system and a yellow vs. blue system.
d. detecting the velocity of action potentials from the eye.
Q:
Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision.
a. trichromatic
b. opponent-process
c. retinex
d. constancy
Q:
The principle that allows you to perceive an orange shirt to be the same color under varying lighting conditions is known as:
a. trichromacy.
b. color constancy.
c. size constancy.
d. an illusion.
Q:
Color constancy is the ability to:
a. perceive all wavelengths as the same color.
b. see color, even in very faint light.
c. differentiate among many colors and hues.
d. recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting.
Q:
Which theory of color vision is best able to explain negative color afterimages?
a. retinex theory
b. opponent-process theory
c. trichromatic theory
d. kodak theory
Q:
After staring at your instructor's red shirt for an entire class period, the negative afterimage will most likely be:
a. green.
b. red.
c. yellow.
d. blue.
Q:
After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding?
a. Young-Helmholtz theory
b. trichromatic theory
c. opponent-process theory
d. color-constancy theory
Q:
At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best.
a. opponent process; volley
b. volley; trichromatic
c. opponent process; trichromatic
d. trichromatic; opponent process
Q:
What is perceived when all types of cones are simultaneously and equally active?
a. red
b. green
c. white
d. yellow
Q:
Based on the relative distribution of the three kinds of cones in the retina, which color of road sign would be most difficult to see from a distance?
a. blue
b. red
c. yellow
d. white
Q:
The fact that all colors on older televisions were created by combining only three different colors of light supports the ____ theory of color vision.
a. CRT
b. opponent process
c. retinex
d. trichromatic
Q:
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the:
a. velocity of the action potential.
b. absolute activity of a single cone.
c. difference between cone and rod activity.
d. relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths.
Q:
Which theory emphasizes the idea that color vision depends on the relative responses of three kinds of cones?
a. Young-Helmholtz theory
b. opponent-process theory
c. retinal theory
d. volley theory
Q:
According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what is the basis for color vision?
a. a different receptor for each color
b. three kinds of cones
c. a single receptor that produces different responses for each color
d. the combined influences of rods and cones
Q:
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision:
a. there are only three rods and three cones in each eye.
b. there are only three colors of light in the world.
c. rods are important for perception of light colors.
d. our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones.
Q:
Initially, researchers determined how many types of receptors we have for determining color:
a. through psychophysical observations.
b. through the use of biochemical methods.
c. through genetic markers.
d. by developing a trichromatic spectrometer.
Q:
More than a century ago, researchers had evidence that the human retina contained three kinds of color-sensitive receptors. What was the basis of their evidence?
a. observations of negative after-images
b. studies of how people adapt to various degrees of light or darkness
c. chemical measurements on the receptors themselves
d. experiments on mixing colors of light together
Q:
Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?
a. cones
b. rods
c. both rods and cones
d. horizontal and amacrine cells
Q:
If you wanted to see a faint star at night, you should:
a. stare straight at it.
b. look slightly to one side.
c. look at a mirror's reflection of it.
d. wait until daytime.
Q:
Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?
a. Receptors in the periphery are closer to the pupil.
b. The fovea is closer to the retina's blind spot than peripheral receptors are.
c. More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.
d. Ganglion cells in the periphery transmit their information to a larger brain area.
Q:
How does light excite a rod or cone?
a. It heats up the fluid in the receptor.
b. It converts 11-cis-retinal into all-trans-retinal.
c. It converts leu-enkephalin into met-enkephalin.
d. It ionizes neutral sodium into a positively charged ion.
Q:
Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have:
a. better peripheral vision.
b. larger blind spots.
c. a greater rod to cone ratio.
d. a greater cone to rod ratio.
Q:
Peripheral vision mainly depends upon:
a. the fovea.
b. cones.
c. rods.
d. just a few receptors.
Q:
____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.
a. Retinol; photopigments
b. Opsins; retinol
c. Photopigments; opsins
d. Opsins; photopigments
Q:
Most retinal cones are concentrated in the:
a. periphery.
b. fovea.
c. right half of each retina.
d. top part of each retina.
Q:
Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.
a. the periphery; the fovea
b. red; blue
c. vertebrates; invertebrates
d. reading text; reading road signs
Q:
In comparison to cones, rods:
a. are more common toward the center of the retina.
b. are more sensitive to detail.
c. are more sensitive to dim light.
d. reach their peak firing levels slowly.
Q:
Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called:
a. photo-optics.
b. photopigments.
c. opsins.
d. kestrels.
Q:
Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to:
a. opsins.
b. unstable proteins.
c. all-trans-retinal.
d. sodium.
Q:
____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.
a. Phototransmitters
b. Photosins
c. Photopigments
d. Photoions
Q:
In comparison to the rods, cones are more:
a. common toward the periphery of the retina.
b. sensitive to detail.
c. sensitive to dim light.
d. common in rodents and other nocturnal animals.
Q:
What are the two kinds of receptors in the retina?
a. bipolar and ganglion cells
b. ganglion and rods
c. rods and cones
d. amacrine and horizontal
Q:
Which of the following is TRUE related to peripheral vision?
a. It is very sensitive to detail.
b. It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.
c. It is not very sensitive to light.
d. It is most sensitive to color.
Q:
How do the retinas of predatory birds, such as hawks, differ from the retinas of prey species, such as rats?
a. Hawks have one fovea; rats have two.
b. Hawks have greater density of receptors on the top half of their retinas than do rats.
c. Hawks do not have bipolar cells in the retina; rats have an abundance of bipolar cells in the retina.
d. Hawks have mostly rods, whereas rats have mostly cones.
Q:
All of the following are reasons why the fovea is well-suited for highly detailed vision EXCEPT:
a. there are few blood vessels there.
b. there are few ganglion cells there.
c. the receptors are tightly-packed there.
d. the optic nerve connects there.
Q:
Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?
a. It is closest to the pupil.
b. It surrounds the optic nerve.
c. Receptors are tightly packed there.
d. There are many blood vessels for supplying energy.
Q:
In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages:
a. straight to the brain.
b. immediately to ganglion cells within the retina.
c. to bipolar cells within the retina.
d. to the periphery of the retina first, ganglion cells next, and bipolar cells last.
Q:
Ganglion cells near the fovea in humans and other primates are called ____ ganglion cells.
a. midget
b. giant
c. reticulated
d. cone-shaped
Q:
Foveal vision has:
a. better sensitivity to dim light.
b. better acuity.
c. less ability for detailed vision.
d. no ability for visual perception.
Q:
Because blood vessels and ganglion cell axons are almost absent near the ____, it has nearly unimpeded vision.
a. optic nerve
b. fovea
c. area containing mostly rods
d. cornea
Q:
The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks:
a. have no discernible fovea.
b. have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina.
c. have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the bottom half of the retina.
d. are virtually indistinguishable from the retinas of humans.
Q:
If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?
a. the optic nerve
b. the fovea
c. an area containing mostly rods
d. the cornea
Q:
Which of the following characterizes the fovea?
a. It has the greatest perception of detail.
b. It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve.
c. It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil.
d. It has more rods than cones.
Q:
Which of the following characterizes the blind spot?
a. It has the greatest perception of detail.
b. There are no receptors there..
c. It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil.
d. It has more rods than cones.
Q:
The blind spot in each eye is blind because:
a. everyone has nerve damage.
b. the fluid in the eye becomes crystallized there.
c. amacrine cells are tangled there.
d. there are no receptors there.
Q:
The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the:
a. blind spot.
b. fovea.
c. optic chiasm.
d. ganglion.
Q:
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?
a. rods and cones
b. bipolar cells
c. horizontal cells
d. ganglion cells
Q:
Cells in the retina that provide connections among themselves, as well as with bipolar and ganglion cells, are known as:
a. receptors.
b. geniculate cells.
c. amacrine cells.
d. optic nerves.
Q:
Various types of ____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.
a. receptors
b. geniculate cells
c. amacrine cells
d. optic nerves
Q:
In what order does visual information pass through the retina?
a. receptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells
b. ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells
c. receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
d. bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells
Q:
Light from above our head strikes the:
a. left side of the retina.
b. right side of the retina.
c. top half of the retina.
d. bottom half of the retina.
Q:
Light from the left half of the world strikes what part of the retina?
a. the left half
b. the right half
c. the whole retina equally
d. It depends of the wavelength.
Q:
Light from the right half of the world strikes what part of the retina?
a. the left half
b. the right half
c. the whole retina equally
d. It depends of the wavelength.
Q:
Light is focused as it enters through which of the following structures?
a. lens only
b. cornea only
c. lens and cornea
d. pupil
Q:
The bipolar cells send their messages to ____, located closer to the center of the eye.
a. spiny cells
b. cornea cells
c. bipolar cells
d. ganglion cells
Q:
Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the:
a. retina.
b. cornea.
c. pupil.
d. macula.
Q:
In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.
a. retina cells
b. bipolar cells
c. ganglion cells
d. spiny cells
Q:
According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by:
a. which neurotransmitter is released.
b. which neurons are active.
c. the velocity of the action potentials.
d. the amplitude of the action potentials.
Q:
Which of the following is TRUE according to the law of specific nerve energies?
a. Any stimulation of the auditory nerve is perceived as sound.
b. A single nerve can convey either auditory or visual information.
c. Each sensory system has a unique electrical charge.
d. If one sensory system becomes inactive, others will compensate.
Q:
The law of specific nerve energies states that:
a. perception of a repeated stimulus fades.
b. every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light.
c. the speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus.
d. any stimulation above the threshold produces an action potential.
Q:
In humans as in other species, the visual cortex is more plastic early in life.
Q:
Infants are born with the ability to control their visual attention.
Q:
Movement of the eyes suppresses activity in the visual cortex for a brief moment.