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Q:
One might find cells that respond best to the movement of an object relative to its background in the:
a. medial superior temporal cortex.
b. striate cortex.
c. retina.
d. lateral geniculate.
Q:
A person with damage to V1, but not V4, would be able to perceive:
a. motion, but not shape or color.
b. shapes, but not color.
c. color, but not shapes.
d. motion and color.
Q:
One might find cells that respond best to moving borders within specific receptive fields in the:
a. striate cortex.
b. middle temporal cortex.
c. retina.
d. lateral geniculate.
Q:
Cells in the ____ prevent us from confusing eye movements with object movements.
a. ventral part of area MST
b. dorsal part of area MST
c. motor cortex
d. occipital lobe
Q:
One might find cells that respond to the movement of an object in a specific direction in the:
a. MT.
b. striate cortex.
c. retina.
d. lateral geniculate.
Q:
When cells in the middle temporal cortex respond to visual stimuli, their response depends mostly on the:
a. speed and direction of movement.
b. exact shape of the object.
c. color and brightness of the object.
d. exact location of the object in visual space.
Q:
Monkeys with damage to area V4 lose:
a. vision.
b. color vision.
c. color constancy.
d. shape constancy.
Q:
Color constancy depends on which part of the nervous system?
a. rods
b. the postcentral gyrus
c. area V4 of the occipital lobe
d. area V1 of the temporal lobe
Q:
Area ____ is particularly important for color constancy.
a. V1
b. V2
c. V3
d. V4
Q:
Color perception depends MOSTLY on the:
a. magnocellular pathway.
b. parvocellular pathway.
c. superior colliculus.
d. lateral geniculate.
Q:
The fusiform gyrus would be most excited in which of the following cases?
a. a child trying to identify a species of plant
b. a person with prosopagnosia looking at a face
c. a car salesman looking at a customer's face
d. viewing colorful patterns on a screen
Q:
When individuals with intact brains recognize faces, activity:
a. increases in the fusiform gyrus.
b. decreases in the fusiform gyrus.
c. increases in the fovea.
d. decreases in the prefrontal cortex.
Q:
In addition to having difficulty recognizing faces, people with prosopagnosia may have difficulty:
a. reading.
b. with all types of memory.
c. recognizing colors.
d. recognizing different kinds of plants and animals.
Q:
People who suffer from prosopagnosia can recognize:
a. relatives and friends by the sound of their voices.
b. faces of people they knew before the damage.
c. faces of people they have met after the damage.
d. faces of famous people.
Q:
A man has suffered brain damage that has left him unable to recognize the faces of his wife and children, although he can identify them by their voices. What is his condition?
a. Aphasia
b. Prosopagnosia
c. lateral inhibition
d. motion blindness
Q:
No known type of brain damage causes a person to lose the ability to recognize one person without impairing the ability to recognize others. What inference can we draw from this fact?
a. Visual recognition depends on simple cells, not complex cells.
b. Visual recognition depends on complex cells, not simple cells.
c. Visual recognition depends on cells in the lateral geniculate.
d. No one cell is solely responsible for recognizing any one facial pattern.
Q:
Damage to the fusiform gyrus of the inferior temporal cortex results in:
a. aphasia.
b. prosopagnosia.
c. lateral inhibition.
d. motion blindness.
Q:
What difficulty does someone with prosopagnosia have?
a. focusing on colored objects
b. seeing items located in the left visual field
c. recognizing faces
d. processing information from more than one sensory modality at a time
Q:
A person with visual agnosia is unable to:
a. perceive colors.
b. point to objects.
c. recognize visual objects.
d. see.
Q:
Cells in the inferior temporal cortex respond vigorously to their preferred shape:
a. but only if the stimulus is also the preferred color.
b. as long as it is also a particular size.
c. as long as it is stationary.
d. regardless of its exact size or position on the retina.
Q:
The ability to recognize that a door maintains its shape even though the shape of the image on the retina is changing is known as:
a. size constancy.
b. brightness constancy.
c. shape constancy.
d. hypercomplex constancy.
Q:
To what does "shape constancy" refer?
a. All neurons within a single column have the same shape of dendritic tree.
b. We can recognize objects even at different orientations.
c. Objects described from memory are described as more symmetrical than they actually were when we saw them.
d. No matter how big we get, our mothers still see us as children.
Q:
An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called:
a. visual agnosia.
b. blindsight.
c. prosopagnosia.
d. hemianopsia.
Q:
How do the receptive fields of the inferior temporal cortex compare to those of the primary visual cortex?
a. They are located lower in the retina.
b. They are sensitive to larger, more complicated patterns.
c. They are smaller and more symmetrical.
d. They are more sensitive to identifying exact locations.
Q:
Cells in the inferior temporal cortex that are sensitive to a particular shape are also likely to respond to the shape's:
a. figure-ground reversal.
b. color.
c. motion.
d. mirror-reversal.
Q:
Which of the following has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?
a. inferior temporal cortex
b. superior colliculus
c. lateral geniculate
d. striate cortex
Q:
V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing:
a. the letter T.
b. a circle.
c. repeating stripes on a flag.
d. a single bar of light.
Q:
Most neurons in the inferior temporal cortex that respond to a particular shape will be LEAST likely to respond to a:
a. contrast reversal.
b. figure-ground reversal.
c. mirror image.
d. photograph of the same shape.
Q:
Most visual researchers suggest that area V1 neurons respond most strongly to:
a. spatial frequencies.
b. round shapes.
c. faces.
d. unfamiliar stimuli.
Q:
Neurons whose responses indicate a particular feature of a stimulus, such as the presence of a bar, line, or edge are referred to as:
a. hypercomplex cells.
b. magnocellular cells.
c. feature detectors.
d. shape detectors.
Q:
____ respond to a particular feature of a stimulus.
a. Hypercomplex cells
b. Magnocellular cells
c. Feature detectors
d. Shape detectors
Q:
What would an investigator find concerning the properties of cells in a single column of the visual cortex?
a. They have receptive fields in the same location in the visual field.
b. They have receptive fields of the same angle of orientation.
c. Moving from dorsal to ventral through the column, each receptive field is slightly larger than the previous one.
d. Their receptive fields vary randomly.
Q:
The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is that:
a. they respond to their receptive field faster.
b. hypercomplex cells have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field.
c. they have receptive fields that are triangular.
d. they respond to bars of light in more than one orientation.
Q:
A(n) ____ cell has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field.
a. simple
b. complex
c. hypercomplex
d. polycomplex
Q:
What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"?
a. the shape of its receptive field
b. whether its receptive field is monocular or binocular
c. whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location
d. whether it is sensitive to the orientation of the stimulus
Q:
If we compare the receptive fields of two simple cells in the primary visual cortex, chosen at random, in what way are they most likely to differ?a. orientation (angle) of a line that they respond tob. shapec. whether they respond to colored light as well as white lightd. the size of their receptive field
Q:
Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis?
a. simple
b. complex
c. lateral geniculate
d. ganglion
Q:
A cell that responds best to a bar of light throughout a large area of its receptive field, without a strong inhibitory area at one end is most likely a:
a. simple cell.
b. hypercomplex cell.
c. complex cell.
d. rod.
Q:
What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus?
a. simple
b. complex
c. bipolar
d. ganglion
Q:
Which of the following would most strongly excite a simple cell in the primary visual cortex?a. loud soundb. donutc. diffuse light throughout the visual fieldd. square picture frame
Q:
What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?
a. circle of a particular radius
b. circle with a hole in the middle
c. bar in a particular orientation
d. bar of a particular length
Q:
An individual suffers damage to the parietal cortex, but maintains an intact temporal cortex. This may result in an inability to:
a. describe the size of objects.
b. describe the shape of objects.
c. describe the color of objects.
d. reach out and grasp an object.
Q:
Damage to the dorsal stream may interfere with:
a. describing what is seen.
b. perceiving the movement of an object.
c. remembering something seen at a previous time.
d. reaching out to grasp an object.
Q:
In the visual system of the mammalian cerebral cortex, the dorsal stream is specialized for detecting ____, and the ventral stream is specialized for detecting ____.
a. meaning; duration
b. duration; meaning
c. shape; location
d. location; shape
Q:
Damage to the ventral stream may interfere with:
a. the ability to describe the shape or size of an object.
b. walking toward something seen.
c. reaching to grasp an object.
d. perceiving whether the lights are on or off.
Q:
The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the:
a. ventral stream.
b. dorsal stream.
c. parvocellular pathway.
d. magnocellular pathway.
Q:
An individual suffers damage to the temporal cortex, but maintains an intact parietal cortex. This may result in an inability to:
a. step over or go around objects in their way.
b. control movements of eye muscles.
c. reach out and grasp an object.
d. describe the size or shape of objects they see.
Q:
The pathway associated with integrating vision and movement progresses from the occipital cortex to the:
a. temporal cortex.
b. parietal cortex.
c. visual cortex.
d. frontal lobe.
Q:
The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the:
a. ventral stream.
b. dorsal stream.
c. lateral stream.
d. magnoparvocellular pathway.
Q:
Once within the cerebral cortex, a mixed pathway of magnocellular and parvocellular cells is important for:
a. brightness and color.
b. integrating vision with action.
c. details of shape.
d. distinguishing facial features.
Q:
Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for:
a. details of shape.
b. color and brightness.
c. movement.
d. integrating vision with action.
Q:
Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a ventral branch sensitive to:
a. details of shape.
b. facial features.
c. movement.
d. brightness.
Q:
Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues as a pathway sensitive to:
a. details of shape.
b. depth.
c. visual memories.
d. movement.
Q:
Within the cerebral cortex, the pathway in the visual system responsible for color information also seems to be responsible for what other information?
a. movement
b. brightness
c. distance
d. dark adaptation
Q:
Once within the cerebral cortex, the parvocellular pathway continues as a pathway sensitive to:
a. details of shape.
b. depth.
c. visual memories.
d. movement.
Q:
Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it:
a. has reached its final processing destination.
b. may return to the primary visual cortex.
c. goes mostly to the primary motor cortex.
d. is sent back to the retina.
Q:
In the case of blindsight, losing conscious visual perception would most likely be associated with:
a. massive damage to the optic nerves.
b. increased olfactory perception.
c. enhanced visual dreams.
d. loss of visual imagination.
Q:
Blindsight refers to:
a. the ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field.
b. the ability to merge together information from your two eyes even though they do not see the exact same picture.
c. improved hearing and touch in blind people.
d. the inability to see flashing light.
Q:
Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the:
a. retina.
b. primary visual cortex.
c. thalamus.
d. hypothalamus.
Q:
The primary visual cortex is also known as the:
a. lateral geniculate nucleus.
b. striate cortex.
c. area V2.
d. parvocellular area.
Q:
Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs.
a. V4
b. V3
c. V2
d. V1
Q:
The primary visual cortex sends its information:
a. to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
b. to area V1.
c. to area V2.
d. back to the retina.
Q:
Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex?
a. precentral gyrus
b. postcentral gyrus
c. prefrontal cortex
d. occipital lobe
Q:
Being able to detect fine details of a color painting would depend most on which of the following types of ganglion cells?
a. Parvocellular
b. Magnocellular
c. Koniocellular
d. Kodacellular
Q:
Magnocellular cells are to ____ as parvocellular cells are to ____.
a. wake-sleep cycles; movement
b. movement; color
c. detail; color
d. color; wake-sleep cycles
Q:
Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from:
a. magnocellular neurons.
b. rods.
c. bipolar cells that receive input from cones.
d. the periphery of the retina.
Q:
Small receptive fields are to ____ cells as large receptive fields are to ____ cells.
a. parvocellular; magnocellular
b. magnocellular; parvocellular
c. magnocellular; koniocellular
d. koniocellular; parvocellular
Q:
The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to:
a. magnocellular neurons in the periphery.
b. parvocellular neurons tightly packed in the periphery.
c. no cones in the periphery.
d. the strength of the eye muscles.
Q:
Which ganglion cells, if any, are located mostly in or near the fovea?
a. Parvocellular
b. Magnocellular
c. Koniocellular
d. They are all distributed equally.
Q:
If light shines in the receptive field of a bipolar cell of the visual system, what effect will it have on the activity of that cell?
a. It will have no effect.
b. It will excite the cell.
c. It will inhibit the cell.
d. It may excite or inhibit the cell.
Q:
Stimulating a receptor leads to either excitation or inhibition of a particular neuron; the receptor is part of that neuron's:
a. stimulus field.
b. convergence field.
c. receptive field.
d. bipolar area.
Q:
The point in space from which light strikes the receptor is called the:
a. stimulus field.
b. convergence field.
c. receptive field.
d. bipolar area.
Q:
The receptive field of a receptor is the:
a. point at which the optic nerve exits the retina.
b. axon hillock.
c. point in space from which light strikes the receptor.
d. point where light shines on, and excites, the visual cortex.
Q:
The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is primarily due to lateral inhibition by the:
a. rods.
b. cones.
c. horizontal cells.
d. bipolar cells.
Q:
What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders?
a. receptive fields
b. lateral inhibition
c. retinal disparity
d. the direction in which the light shines
Q:
Suppose someone has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of horizontal cells in the retina. Which visual phenomenon is most likely to be impaired?
a. lateral inhibition
b. movement perception
c. dark adaptation
d. size constancy
Q:
While light is striking a visual receptor, light begins also to strike the receptor next to it. What effect will this additional light have on the response of the first cell?
a. excitation
b. inhibition
c. no effect
d. first inhibition, then excitation
Q:
Horizontal cells receive their input from ____; they send output to ____.
a. rods and cones; ganglion cells
b. rods and cones; bipolar cells
c. bipolar cells; ganglion cells
d. cones; rods
Q:
In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?
a. horizontal cells
b. ganglion cells
c. bipolar cells
d. glial cells
Q:
The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of:
a. lateral inhibition in the retina.
b. the diffraction of light from the edge's surface.
c. fatigue of the rods and cones.
d. the color of the object.