Q&A Hero

Q: The eardrum vibrates at: a. a much higher frequency than the sound waves that hit it. b. half the frequency of the sound waves that hit it. c. the same frequency as the sound waves that hit it. d. a constant frequency regardless of the frequency of the sound.

Q: The eardrum is also known as the: a. pinna. b. ossicle. c. tympanic membrane. d. cochlea.

Q: The structure that we commonly refer to as the ear (on the outside of the head) is formally known as the: a. tympanic membrane. b. stapes. c. pinna. d. malleus.

Q: The outer ear includes: a. the tympanic membrane. b. the pinna. c. the MGN. d. the cochlea.

Q: The fact that each person's pinna is shaped differently from anyone else's suggests that much of sound localization is: a. impossible. b. learned. c. restricted to activity of the cochlea. d. enhanced by having small ears.

Q: Suppose the highest pitch you can hear is about 20,000 Hz. Under what circumstances will that limit change? a. It drops naturally as you grow older. b. It drops if you go several months without listening to any high pitches. c. It drops only as a result of injury or disease. d. It increases with musical training.

Q: Loudness is to ____ as pitch is to ____. a. frequency; intensity b. amplitude; frequency c. pitch; tone d. amplitude; intensity

Q: If two voices differ in their frequency, this means they differ in their: a. amplitude. b. number of waves per second. c. height of each wave. d. loudness.

Q: What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases? a. Pitch gets higher. b. Pitch gets lower. c. Loudness increases. d. Loudness decreases.

Q: Pitch is a perception related to which aspect of sound? a. amplitude b. frequency c. intensity d. across-fiber pattern coding

Q: What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called? a. pitch b. frequency c. amplitude d. loudness

Q: The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second. a. pitch b. frequency c. amplitude d. loudness

Q: What is the intensity of a sound wave called? a. frequency b. loudness c. amplitude d. tone

Q: Across species, it appears that the sense organs are most attuned to: a. biologically useful stimuli. b. low intensity stimuli. c. detecting odors of other species. d. detection of chemical stimuli.

Q: Which of the following is TRUE about the stimuli detectable by the auditory and visual systems of humans? a. Humans can detect all sights and sounds, as long as they are above a minimal intensity. b. Humans respond to a narrower range of stimuli than most other species. c. Humans are sensitive to all the stimuli lower organisms can detect, as well as some they cannot. d. Humans are sensitive to a wide range of range of stimuli.

Q: What is the basis for differences in sensory abilities across species? a. The larger the organism, the more intense the stimulus must be to be detected. b. All organisms detect all stimuli, but only focus on those involved in survival. c. Organisms detect a range of stimuli that are biologically relevant for that species. d. The larger the organism, the larger the range of stimuli detected.

Q: Adaptation occurs quickly to pheromones.

Q: Women are less sensitive to odors than men.

Q: There are hundreds of different types of olfactory receptors.

Q: Supertasters are more likely to enjoy spicy foods.

Q: In contrast to the other senses, taste information is received primarily by the ipsilateral hemisphere.

Q: Taste receptors are continually being replaced.

Q: Itching appears to be one type of pain message.

Q: Endorphins are only released when painful stimuli are present.

Q: Opiates exert their pain relieving effects by their action in the periphery of the body.

Q: Following exposure to painful stimuli, brain activation is limited to the somatosensory cortex.

Q: The cingulate cortex becomes more reactive in response to the emotional aspect of pain.

Q: Strong pain releases both glutamate and substance P.

Q: The Pacinian corpuscle detects sudden displacements or high-frequency vibrations on the skin.

Q: The vestibular organ consists of the saccule, utricle, and three semicircular canals.

Q: Phase differences are useful for detecting localization of low frequency sounds.

Q: Conductive deafness is primarily a problem with the auditory nerve.

Q: Inner-ear deafness, results from damage to the pinna.

Q: The ability to detect motion of sounds depends on the same area of the brain that helps detect motion of objects.

Q: Surrounding the primary auditory cortex are additional auditory areas, in which cells respond more to changes in sounds than to any prolonged sound.

Q: Most cells in the auditory cortex respond best to pure tones.

Q: People with damage to the primary auditory cortex hear simple sounds reasonably well.

Q: Amusia refers to impaired detection of frequency changes.

Q: Low frequencies travel farther along the basilar membrane than high frequencies.

Q: The major problem with the frequency theory of pitch perception is that neurons can't produce action potentials frequently enough to match high frequency sound waves.

Q: According to the place theory, the basilar membrane resembles the strings of a piano in that each area along the membrane is tuned to a specific frequency.

Q: Auditory receptors are called hair cells.

Q: The structures within the ear amplify the sound waves coming into the ear.

Q: The inner ear contains a snail-shaped structure called the cochlea.

Q: After sound waves pass through the auditory canal, they strike the tympanic membrane.

Q: The pinna helps us identify the location of a sound.

Q: Doubling the amplitude of sound doubles the perceived loudness.

Q: The amplitude of a sound wave is its intensity.

Q: Briefly describe the behavioral effects of pheromones in humans.

Q: Describe the basic mechanisms of taste receptors.

Q: Describe the differences between labeled-line and across-fiber pattern chemical coding.

Q: Describe in detail one of the ways of relieving pain.

Q: Describe how the auditory cortex parallels the visual cortex.

Q: Define synesthesia.

Q: Pain axons release what two neurotransmitters in the spinal cord?

Q: Briefly describe the somatosensory system.

Q: What is nerve deafness?

Q: Name the three main theories of pitch perception.

Q: Name the major structures of the middle ear.

Q: One hypothesis of synesthesia is:a. that all of the axons from one cortical area have more branches into that cortical area.b. that all of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical area.c. that some of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical area.d. that some of the axons from one cortical area have more branches into that cortical area.

Q: A person who "sees" spoken language or music may be experiencing: a. synesthesia. b. amnesia. c. anesthesia. d. aphasia.

Q: Of the following, which one would be most closely associated with experiencing synesthesia? a. hearing voices b. seeing colors and shapes c. seeing colors of letter or words d. inability to feel pain

Q: Repeated exposure to male pheromones may be associated with ____ in young women who are not sexually active. a. more regular menstrual cycles b. sweating c. increased olfactory capabilities d. increased appetite

Q: Many women living in a college dormitory will gradually begin to synchronize their menstrual cycles. The research indicates that this is, at least in part, based on: a. sound. b. sight. c. pheromones. d. similar activity schedules.

Q: Studies indicate that pheromones may play a role in humans': a. ability to detect odors. b. memories. c. sexual behaviors. d. dietary choices.

Q: One major difference between olfaction and VNO receptors is that: a. there are many more VNO receptors. b. VNO receptors are continuously growing. c. VNO receptors do not adapt. d. olfactory receptors are sensitive to pheromones.

Q: Researchers have found the VNO in humans. It compares to other species in that it is: a. more dependent on practice or training in humans. b. a more prominent organ in humans. c. a small organ without obvious receptors. d. a small organ with many more receptors.

Q: Pheromones are important for the ____ behaviors of many mammalian species. a. food-getting b. sexual c. temperature-regulating d. conscious and intentional

Q: Pheromone receptors in humans are located in the: a. tongue. b. VNO. c. olfactory mucosa. d. cochlea.

Q: The most probable reason that both cats and humans have difficulty with recognition of objects if deprived of visual stimuli during the critical period is that: a. neurons in the primary visual cortex die. b. their cortical cells lack the sharply tuned receptive fields that make recognition possible. c. they can't perceive color. d. the rods and cones no longer work.

Q: Most of the neurons in the visual cortex of very young kittens respond to: a. one eye, but later develop binocular control. b. one eye, and continue that way. c. both eyes, but later fine tune to only one. d. both eyes, and continue that way.

Q: If a kitten is reared with one eye shut, cells in its visual cortex become sensitive to: a. both eyes equally, the same as a kitten reared normally. b. both eyes, but more so to the eye that has been inactive. c. only the eye that has been inactive. d. only the eye that has been active.

Q: Cortical neurons in the visual cortex of a kitten or a cat will lose the ability to respond to stimuli in one eye if the eye is sutured shut for: a. the first week after birth. b. the first month of life. c. any two month period in adult life. d. the third and fourth months of life.

Q: Which of these visual items would most likely attract the attention of a newborn baby? a. diaper b. rattle c. human face d. dog

Q: Human newborns come into the world predisposed to pay more attention to _____ than any other stationary displays. a. toys b. balloons c. faces d. dogs

Q: People with motion blindness probably have suffered damage to the: a. striate cortex. b. middle-temporal cortex. c. corpus callosum. d. retina.

Q: Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind? a. dressing themselves b. driving a car c. taking the dog for a walk d. filling a pitcher with water

Q: The ability that you have to determine that your eyes are moving, instead of the room that you are in, is a function of which brain area? a. MT b. primary visual cortex c. inferior temporal cortex d. area MST

Q: Cells in V5 and the medial superior temporal cortex selectively respond to which characteristic of visual stimuli? a. color b. movement c. particular shapes d. brightness

Q: Damage to the magnocellular pathway would most likely lead to the loss of: a. color vision. b. shape perception. c. color constancy. d. motion perception.