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Q:
In the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that:
a. push against hair cells when moved.
b. vibrate with different frequencies.
c. stabilize the semicircular canals.
d. enhance sound localization.
Q:
Which of the following would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses?
a. writing
b. hearing
c. visually tracking an object while dancing
d. ability to discriminate salt from sugar
Q:
What does the vestibular system detect?
a. the degree of stretch of muscles
b. vibrations on the skin
c. the location of sounds
d. movement of the head
Q:
Suppose you suddenly become deaf in one ear. With practice, you would most likely be able to locate familiar sounds based on differences in:
a. phase.
b. frequency.
c. pitch.
d. loudness.
Q:
Which of the following would be LEAST able to use phase differences as a means of sound localization?
a. chimpanzees
b. humans
c. elephants
d. ground squirrels
Q:
A sound shadow refers to:
a. out of phase sound waves.
b. in phase sound waves.
c. the time it takes sound waves to reach the ears.
d. how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound.
Q:
In terms of sound localization, low frequencies are to ____ differences, as high frequencies are to ____ differences.
a. timing; phase
b. loudness; phase
c. phase; timing
d. phase; loudness
Q:
Timing differences can be used most accurately for localizing:
a. sudden-onset sounds.
b. gradual-onset sounds.
c. loud sounds.
d. bird alarm calls.
Q:
Which two factors determine whether or not there will be a "sound shadow"?
a. loudness and ear size
b. head size and frequency
c. frequency and cochlea size
d. suddenness of onset and loudness
Q:
For what kind of sounds can differences in loudness be used most accurately for localization?
a. loud
b. soft
c. low-pitched
d. high-pitched
Q:
What sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound?
a. sound shadows and frequency
b. frequency and amplitude
c. loudness and timing
d. timbre and rhythm
Q:
Humans localize low frequencies by ____ differences and high frequencies by ____ differences.
a. timing; phase
b. loudness; phase
c. phase; timing
d. phase; loudness
Q:
Comparisons between which two responses are helpful in locating the source of a sound?
a. the base and the apex of the basilar membrane
b. the middle ear and the inner ear
c. the left ear and the right ear
d. the start of the sound and the end of the sound
Q:
Which statement about tinnitus is FALSE?
a. Many people with nerve deafness experience tinnitus.
b. Many people with conductive deafness experience tinnitus.
c. Tinnitus is common among the elderly.
d. Tinnitus is a frequent or constant ringing in the ears.
Q:
Nerve deafness is to ____ as conductive deafness is to ____.
a. the inner ear; the middle ear
b. the middle ear; the inner ear
c. disease; exposure to loud noises
d. age; disease
Q:
Nerve deafness often produces:
a. hearing loss in the opposite ear.
b. tinnitus.
c. inability to hear loud sounds.
d. infections.
Q:
Damage to the part of the cochlea that sends information about high frequency sounds to the primary auditory cortex could result in:
a. hearing loss in the opposite ear.
b. inability to hear loud sounds.
c. tinnitus.
d. complete hearing loss.
Q:
If the cochlea suffers damage but it is confined to one part of the cochlea, that individual will lose:
a. all hearing.
b. hearing of certain frequencies of sound.
c. hearing of certain rhythms of sound.
d. hearing of certain loudness of sound.
Q:
Tinnitus is often:
a. suffered by those with conductive deafness.
b. seen in the very young.
c. due to a phenomenon like the phantom limb.
d. due to differential loudness.
Q:
Which of the following is true for nerve deafness?
a. It is usually temporary.
b. It often can be corrected by surgery.
c. It will involve a normal cochlea and auditory nerve.
d. It can result from damage to the cochlea.
Q:
Conductive deafness is to ____ as nerve deafness is to ____.
a. the inner ear; the middle ear
b. the middle ear; the inner ear
c. disease; exposure to loud noises
d. age; disease
Q:
What can people with conductive deafness hear?
a. high-pitched sounds but not low-pitched sounds
b. their own voice better than external sounds
c. sounds, but not pitch; everything is monotone
d. nothing at all
Q:
What can most people with nerve deafness hear?
a. some frequencies of sound better than others
b. external sounds, but not their own voices
c. soft sounds better than loud sounds
d. nothing at all
Q:
People with conductive deafness:
a. often have an abnormal cochlea.
b. often have an abnormal auditory nerve.
c. often suffer damage to the hair cells.
d. can benefit from surgery or hearing aids.
Q:
Which of the following would a person with conductive deafness be able to hear better than a person with nerve deafness?
a. everything
b. themselves talking
c. other people talking
d. nothing
Q:
Conductive deafness is also known as:
a. nerve deafness.
b. middle ear deafness.
c. inner ear deafness.
d. outer ear deafness.
Q:
Which of the following statements about nerve deafness is FALSE?
a. It can be caused by inadequate oxygen to the brain at birth.
b. Hearing aids can compensate for some of the hearing loss.
c. Prolonged exposure to loud noise is one of the most common causes.
d. With surgical treatment, it is possible to regain normal hearing.
Q:
What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or the hair cells?
a. conductive
b. nerve
c. temporary
d. hysterical
Q:
Within the primary auditory cortex, most cells respond selectively to a particular:
a. loudness.
b. rhythm.
c. frequency.
d. word.
Q:
What is the result of damage to the primary auditory cortex?
a. tone deafness
b. complete deafness
c. difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds
d. inability to hear sounds other than one's own voice
Q:
Which of the following would a cell in the primary auditory cortex be LEAST excited by?
a. a pure tone
b. the sound of conversation
c. an unusual sound
d. a tone with several harmonics
Q:
A person would have the most difficulty locating the sight and sound of an approaching train with damage to the:
a. area MT.
b. parietal cortex.
c. prefrontal cortex.
d. tympanic membrane.
Q:
Areas bordering the primary auditory cortex are important for:
a. detecting loudness of sounds.
b. analyzing the meaning of sounds.
c. determining location of sounds.
d. detecting pitch of sounds.
Q:
Visual imagery is to ____ as auditory imagery is to ____.
a. A1; A1
b. V1; V1
c. area MT; A1
d. V1; A1
Q:
Patients with damage in area MT have problems with perception of:
a. location of sounds.
b. location of objects.
c. movement of objects and sounds.
d. high frequency sounds.
Q:
To what kinds of tones do cells in the primary auditory cortex respond best?
a. low-pitch tones
b. high-pitch tones
c. pure single tones
d. combinations or patterns of tones
Q:
Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in:
a. difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds
b. complete deafness
c. tone deafness
d. inability to hear sounds other than one's own voice
Q:
People with massive damage to the primary auditory cortex:
a. are rendered completely deaf.
b. are rendered deaf to only high-frequency sounds.
c. cannot recognize combinations or sequences of sounds.
d. can no longer hear and recognize simple sounds.
Q:
Damage to V1 produces ____ and damage to A1 produces ____.
a. blindness; complete deafness
b. complete deafness; blindness
c. blindness; deafness to complex sounds
d. blindness; ringing in the ears
Q:
A tonotopic map refers to:
a. an auditory cortex map of sounds.
b. a diagram of which kinds of sounds are most common in different parts of the world.
c. a diagram comparing the different tones to which different species are sensitive.
d. a map showing connections between the auditory cortex and the visual cortex.
Q:
To what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent?
a. occipital
b. temporal
c. parietal
d. frontal
Q:
Most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain?
a. the ipsilateral side
b. the contralateral side
c. the left hemisphere
d. It depends on whether the individual is dominant for audition in the right or the left hemisphere.
Q:
The ability to hear a note and identify it perfectly is called:
a. ultimate pitch.
b. sharp pitch.
c. tonal pitch.
d. absolute pitch.
Q:
Where is the basal membrane most sensitive to the vibrations of low-frequency sound waves?
a. closest to the cochlea
b. at the apex, farthest from the cochlea
c. about half-way between the cochlea and the apex
d. It is equally sensitive across the entire membrane.
Q:
High frequency tones produce maximum displacement:
a. at the base of the basilar membrane.
b. at the apex of the basilar membrane.
c. at the narrow end of the cochlea.
d. in the eighth cranial nerve.
Q:
Where is the basilar membrane most sensitive to the vibrations of very high-frequency sound waves?
a. closest to the cochlea
b. at the apex, farthest from the cochlea
c. about halfway between the cochlea and the apex
d. It is equally sensitive across the entire membrane.
Q:
Which of the following is true regarding theories of pitch perception?
a. The frequency, pitch, and volley theories each work best for different frequencies.
b. The frequency theory works best for all frequencies.
c. The place theory works best for all frequencies.
d. Each theory works equally well for all frequencies.
Q:
The current view of how we perceive frequencies greater than 1,000 but less than 5,000 Hz is based on:
a. the frequency of responses by each auditory neuron.
b. volleys of responses by many auditory neurons.
c. the area along the basilar membrane where neurons fire most rapidly.
d. the ratio of firing among three types of receptors.
Q:
The highest frequency sounds vibrate hair cells:
a. farther along the membrane.
b. near the base of the membrane.
c. in the middle of the membrane.
d. along the entire length of the membrane.
Q:
The current view of how we perceive high frequencies is based on:
a. the frequency of responses by each auditory neuron.
b. volleys of responses by many auditory neurons.
c. where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly.
d. the ratio of firing among three types of receptors.
Q:
Currently, the most prevalent theory of pitch perception is:
a. the frequency theory.
b. the place theory.
c. the volley principle.
d. a combination of frequency, place, and volley principles, depending on the frequency of the tone.
Q:
"Every sound causes one location along the basilar membrane to resonate, and thereby excites neurons in that area." This is one way to state which theory about pitch perception?
a. volley principle
b. frequency theory
c. place theory
d. opponent-process theory
Q:
The current view of how we perceive sounds less than 100 Hz is based on:
a. the frequency of action potentials.
b. the area along the basilar membrane that responds most strongly.
c. volleys of responses.
d. the asymmetrical positioning of an individual's ears.
Q:
The fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following?
a. the frequency theory
b. the place theory
c. the volley theory
d. both the frequency theory and the place theory
Q:
The fact that the refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is problematic for which of the following?
a. frequency theory
b. place theory
c. volley theory
d. both the frequency theory and the place theory
Q:
The frequency theory of pitch perception works well for ____ frequencies, while the place theory works well for perception of ____ frequencies.
a. low; low
b. high; low
c. high; high
d. low; high
Q:
Which of the following assumptions is necessary for the place theory of pitch perception, but NOT for the frequency theory?
a. Various auditory neurons respond best to different wavelengths.
b. The response of an auditory neuron declines if a sound is repeated many times.
c. The louder a sound, the more auditory neurons respond to it.
d. Most times we hear a combination of many wavelengths, not a pure tone.
Q:
What is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception?
a. It cannot account for perception of low pitch sounds.
b. It cannot account for perception of low amplitude sounds.
c. It requires the cochlea to vibrate, and it does not.
d. Neurons cannot respond as quickly as the theory requires.
Q:
At low frequencies, our perception of loudness is determined by:
a. the number of activated hair cells.
b. the frequency of action potentials.
c. which neurons are activated.
d. which part of the basilar membrane is vibrating.
Q:
At low frequencies, the intensity of the sound is coded by the:
a. frequency of action potentials.
b. number of neurons producing action potentials.
c. oval window.
d. the relative frequency of action potentials.
Q:
Perception of a low tone is to ____ as perception of a high tone is to ____.
a. volley principle; frequency theory
b. frequency theory; place theory
c. place theory; volley principle
d. gate theory; frequency theory
Q:
According to the frequency theory, the:
a. tectorial membrane vibrates in synchrony with the auditory nerve.
b. auditory nerve is responsible for perception of sound but not loudness.
c. basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at the same frequency.
d. basilar membrane is tuned to a specific frequency and vibrates whenever that frequency is present.
Q:
How do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials?
a. The tectorial membrane squeezes the auditory nerve.
b. The basilar membrane releases neurotransmitters.
c. Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane.
d. The scala vestibuli has receptors that create action potentials.
Q:
Where are the auditory receptor cells located?
a. in the semicircular canal
b. on the tympanic membrane
c. on the basilar membrane
d. in the malleus
Q:
What is the name of the receptor cells of the auditory system?
a. rods and cones
b. sound bulbs
c. hair cells
d. basilar membranes
Q:
The tympanic membrane is to the ____ as the oval window is to the ____.
a. anvil; hammer
b. stirrup; anvil
c. inner ear; middle ear
d. middle ear; inner ear
Q:
The scala tympani makes up part of the:
a. tympanic membrane.
b. middle ear.
c. cochlea.
d. ossicles.
Q:
In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to:
a. mechanical displacement.
b. electromagnetic energy.
c. chemicals.
d. vestibular input.
Q:
The scala media makes up part of the:
a. tympanic membrane.
b. middle ear.
c. cochlea.
d. ossicles.
Q:
The scala vestibuli makes up part of the:
a. tympanic membrane.
b. cochlea.
c. middle ear.
d. ossicles.
Q:
Why is it important for sound vibrations to be amplified as they pass through the ear?
a. The inner membrane gets less sensitive with age.
b. More force is needed to create waves in fluid.
c. Much of the vibration is lost in the eardrum.
d. Too much is lost through friction.
Q:
The stirrup makes the oval window vibrate at the entrance to the:
a. haircells.
b. scala media.
c. eardrum.
d. scala vestibuli.
Q:
The hammer, anvil and stirrup are found in the:
a. cochlea.
b. middle ear.
c. external auditory canal.
d. temporal lobe.
Q:
The malleus, incus, and stapes are small bones:
a. in the inner ear.
b. in the outer ear.
c. that transmit information from the outer ear to the middle ear.
d. that transmit information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
Q:
Which of the following are presented in the correct order when describing some of the structures that sound waves travel through as they pass from the outer ear to the inner ear?
a. pinna, tympanic membrane, oval window, cochlea
b. tympanic membrane, pinna, cochlea
c. pinna, stapes, eardrum
d. malleus, tympanic membrane, oval window, pinna
Q:
Three small bones connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window. What is the function of these bones?
a. They hold the tympanic membrane in place.
b. They convert airwaves into waves of greater pressure.
c. They spread out the air waves over an area of larger diameter.
d. They change the frequency of air waves into lower frequencies that can be heard.
Q:
Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes?
a. movement of the pinna.
b. hair cells to displace.
c. vibrations of the eardrum.
d. vestibular input.
Q:
The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the:
a. cochlea.
b. pinna.
c. oval window.
d. hair cells.
Q:
What is the function of the pinna?
a. It vibrates in synchrony with high-frequency tones.
b. It protects the eardrum from overstimulation.
c. It filters out distracting sounds.
d. It helps us locate the source of sounds.
Q:
What is another name for the tympanic membrane?
a. eardrum
b. pinna
c. auditory nerve
d. cochlea