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Q:
The taste nerves initially project to the:
a. nucleus of the tractus solitarius.
b. cerebral cortex.
c. hypothalamus.
d. orbital prefrontal cortex.
Q:
The nucleus of the tractus solitarius in the medulla is known to receive information from what source?
a. tongue
b. nose
c. ears
d. skin of the hands
Q:
If someone anesthetized your chorda tympani, you would:
a. no longer taste anything.
b. no longer taste anything in the posterior part of your tongue.
c. no longer taste anything in the anterior part of your tongue.
d. not notice any change in your ability to taste.
Q:
Information carried to the brain along the chorda tympani comes from the:
a. posterior one-third of the tongue.
b. posterior two-third of the tongue.
c. center of the tongue.
d. anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Q:
We can identify a wide variety of bitter substances because:
a. we have many different bitter receptors.
b. we have only one bitter receptor that responds to all bitter substances.
c. we can combine the activity of the sour and salty receptors.
d. even Pacinian corpuscles respond to bitter substances.
Q:
One reason why we have difficulty tasting low concentrations of a bitter chemical is that:
a. we have dozens of different types of bitter receptors.
b. bitter receptors are located only on the back of the tongue.
c. bitter receptors have axons with very slow conduction velocities.
d. each bitter receptor responds to a wide variety of chemicals.
Q:
Sweetness, bitterness and umami receptors operate by:
a. closing potassium channels.
b. depolarizing the membranes.
c. activating a protein which causes the release of a second messenger.
d. simply permitting sodium ions to cross their membranes.
Q:
What causes excitation of the taste receptors that respond to salty tastes?
a. a decrease in the activity of adjacent sweet and bitter receptors
b. sodium ions crossing the membrane of the receptor
c. a hyperpolarization due to the increased concentration of sodium ions outside the cell
d. a blockage of the sodium gates
Q:
Chemicals that prevent sodium from crossing the membrane:
a. intensify the salty taste.
b. do not affect taste.
c. reduce the intensity of salty tastes.
d. cause an increase in sensitivity to other primary tastes.
Q:
Taste perception in the brain depends on:
a. relative activity of different taste neurons.
b. absolute frequency of action potentials.
c. only taste receptors on the anterior part of the tongue.
d. the angular gyrus.
Q:
Adaptation is to ____ as cross-adaptation is to ____.
a. sour; sweet
b. same tastes; different tastes
c. overstimulation; rebound effects
d. weak stimulation; strong stimulation
Q:
After soaking their tongues in a sour solution, what do most people experience?
a. Other sour substances taste less sour.
b. Other sour substances taste more sour.
c. Other sour substances taste sweet as well as sour.
d. All substances are perceived as relatively tasteless.
Q:
After eating salty pretzels, the salty potato chips will taste less salty because of:
a. cross-adaptation.
b. adaptation.
c. umami.
d. amiloride.
Q:
Exposure to an extremely salty substance decreases sensitivity to other salty substances. What is this phenomenon called?
a. adaptation
b. olfaction
c. umami
d. analgesia
Q:
After soaking your tongue in a sour solution you try tasting salty, sweet, and bitter substances. How are these tastes affected?
a. You will be unable to detect the sweet taste, but the other two will be unaffected.
b. You will be unable to detect the sweet or salty tastes, but bitter will be unaffected.
c. You will be unable to reliably detect any of the other tastes.
d. There will be little or no effect on these three tastes.
Q:
Why does orange juice taste unpleasant just after one uses toothpaste?
a. Toothpaste contains a chemical that changes certain taste receptors.
b. When the teeth are clean, the acid in the orange juice irritates them.
c. Toothpaste removes a coating that protects the tongue.
d. Toothpaste enhances the binding of molecules to sweetness receptors.
Q:
Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as:
a. adaptation.
b. cross-adaptation.
c. umami.
d. PTC.
Q:
What do toothpaste, miracle berries, and Gymnema sylvestre have in common?
a. They are extremely expensive.
b. They modify taste perception.
c. They contain illegal drugs.
d. They activate substance P receptors.
Q:
The miracle of miracle berries is that after eating them:
a. they become tasteless.
b. salty substances taste sour.
c. you don't gain any weight.
d. sour substances can taste sweet.
Q:
Which of the following is TRUE about taste receptors?
a. Their dendrites extend outside the taste buds.
b. They are virtually nonexistent in the center of the tongue.
c. Each taste bud contains only one receptor cell.
d. Humans have hundreds of types of taste receptors, each sensitive to a different set of chemicals.
Q:
Which of the following is TRUE about taste receptors?
a. Their dendrites extend outside the taste buds.
b. They are located mainly along the outside edge of the tongue.
c. Each taste bud contains only one receptor cell.
d. Humans have hundreds of types of taste receptors, each sensitive to a different set of chemicals.
Q:
In adult humans, the taste buds are:
a. evenly distributed across the front half of the tongue.
b. evenly distributed across the whole tongue.
c. concentrated near the center of the tongue.
d. concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue.
Q:
What are found in papillae?
a. olfactory receptors
b. clusters of neurons
c. hair cells
d. taste buds
Q:
The receptors for taste are like skin cells in that they:
a. are continuously being replaced.
b. are covered with a myelin sheath.
c. are also sensitive to touch.
d. do not release neurotransmitters.
Q:
The receptors for taste are not true neurons, but are actually modified skin cells. In what way are these cells like neurons?
a. Once taste receptors die, they are never replaced.
b. They release neurotransmitters.
c. They have axons.
d. They are covered with a myelin sheath.
Q:
The receptors for taste are:
a. true neurons.
b. covered in myelin.
c. modified skin cells.
d. modified blood cells.
Q:
Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the:
a. frontal cortex.
b. striate cortex.
c. insular cortex.
d. endopiriform cortex.
Q:
Our ability to see a wide range of colors, despite the presence of only three types of receptors, indicates that color vision depends on which type of coding?
a. across-fiber pattern
b. reciprocal-inhibitory
c. labeled-line
d. hierarchical
Q:
Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as:
a. across-fiber.
b. labeled-line.
c. hierarchical.
d. reciprocal-excitatory.
Q:
Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of coding is referred to as:
a. across-fiber.
b. labeled-line.
c. vestibular.
d. hierarchical.
Q:
One difference between labeled-line coding and across-fiber pattern coding is that labeled-line is:
a. only found in vertebrates.
b. less versatile.
c. more complicated.
d. slower.
Q:
Most theorists believe that the first sensory system was:
a. vision.
b. vestibular.
c. pain.
d. chemical.
Q:
Antihistamine drugs tend to ____ itching, and opiates tend to ____ itching.
a. reduce, increase
b. reduce, reduce
c. increase, increase
d. increase, reduce
Q:
One peculiarity of itch sensations is that:
a. they can be felt in body parts that have no sensory receptors.
b. they are suppressed by morphine for unusually long times.
c. they are suppressed by Novocaine for unusually long times.
d. they depend on action potentials transmitted at very slow speeds.
Q:
What is the relationship between pain and itch?
a. Pain inhibits itch.
b. Itch is a mild form of pain.
c. Itch and pain are different, but both are reduced by opiate drugs.
d. Itch and pain are different, but both are increased by opiate drugs.
Q:
A distinctive feature of itch is that it relies on:
a. axons that go directly from the skin to the cerebral cortex.
b. axons that make several synapses before reaching the spinal cord.
c. unusually fast axons.
d. unusually slow axons.
Q:
Itching is primarily the result of:
a. bad circulation.
b. baby powder.
c. histamine release.
d. substance P release.
Q:
Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, relieve pain by:
a. reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissues.
b. dulling the pain information.
c. blocking synapses.
d. numbing the damaged tissue.
Q:
Small-diameter pain axons:
a. carry sharp pain information.
b. carry dull pain information.
c. do not respond to endorphins.
d. are associated with large cell bodies.
Q:
Large-diameter pain axons:
a. carry sharp pain information.
b. carry dull pain information.
c. readily respond to endorphins.
d. are associated with small cell bodies.
Q:
Morphine is effective in relieving:
a. pain on the skin.
b. sharp pain.
c. slow, dull pain.
d. pain in the interior of the body.
Q:
Why is morphine NOT used to suppress pain during an operation?
a. It is only effective while a person is conscious.
b. Its effects are local.
c. It inhibits dull pain, but not sharp pain.
d. Its effects would be too temporary.
Q:
Which of the following drug actions would most likely block the effectiveness of placebos?
a. blocking capsaicin receptors
b. blocking endorphin receptors
c. stimulating substance P receptors
d. stimulating endorphin receptors
Q:
Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the:
a. emotion areas of the brain.
b. hypothalamus.
c. spinal cord.
d. somatosensory areas of the cortex.
Q:
After hurting your elbow in a biking accident, the gate-control theory of pain suggests that to reduce the pain, you could:
a. eat hot peppers.
b. rub it gently.
c. focus on how painful it is.
d. block endorphin release.
Q:
What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain?
a. Pain information grows more intense as it passes each synapse on its way to the brain.
b. Non-pain information can inhibit pain information.
c. Intense pain can shut out all other sensory information.
d. The intensity of pain experience depends entirely on the excitability of pain receptors.
Q:
The current view of how endorphins decrease the experience of pain is that they:
a. deplete the brain of substance P.
b. block the release of substance P.
c. block sodium channels in the membrane of certain neurons.
d. increase the sensitivity of neurons to dopamine.
Q:
Morphine and other opiate drugs decrease sensitivity to pain by:
a. depleting substance P from parts of the nervous system.
b. mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses.
c. preventing sodium from crossing the membrane.
d. altering blood flow to various parts of the nervous system.
Q:
Certain painful stimuli activate neurons which release endorphins in the:
a. periaqueductal gray area.
b. ventricles
c. forebrain.
d. cerebellum.
Q:
Endorphins:
a. can interact with the same receptors as morphine.
b. have chemical structures just like morphine.
c. increase pain.
d. are human-made drugs which mimic endorphins.
Q:
The brain chemicals known as endorphins and enkephalins produce effects similar to which substance?
a. vitamin B-1 (thiamine)
b. substance P
c. opiates
d. amphetamines
Q:
The sensory aspect of pain activates the ____ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ____ cortex.
a. cingulate, somatosensory
b. somatosensory, cingulate
c. fusiform, premotor
d. premotor, fusiform
Q:
A mild pain stimulus is associated with a release of:
a. substance P.
b. substance P and glutamate.
c. glutamate.
d. neuromodulators.
Q:
What would you expect if a researcher injected substance P into an animal's spinal cord?
a. The animal would be paralyzed.
b. The animal would show indications of pain in the part of the body that sends information to that section of the spinal cord.
c. The animal would show indications of pain in the part of the spinal cord where the substance was injected.
d. The animal would show signs of aggression.
Q:
A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter ____. A more intense pain also releases ____.
a. glutamate, substance P
b. GABA, substance P
c. glutamate, dopamine
d. GABA, dopamine
Q:
The ____ nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body.
a. anterior
b. posterior
c. ventral posterior
d. ventral lateral
Q:
The heat receptor responds to ____, the chemical that makes jalapeos.
a. tryptophan
b. pacinian
c. menthol
d. capsaicin
Q:
What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain?
a. dopamine
b. serotonin
c. substance P
d. encephalin
Q:
Which of the following is TRUE about various types of somatosensation?
a. They are produced by varied responses by a single type of receptor.
b. They involve different receptors, but the spinal cord integrates the information.
c. They remain separate through the spinal cord, but are interpreted by a single set of cortical neurons.
d. They are at least partly distinct all the way from the receptors to the cerebral cortex.
Q:
Along each strip of somatosensory cortex, different sub-areas respond to:
a. different types of receptors.
b. different areas of the body.
c. different parts of the cortex.
d. different types of transmitters.
Q:
After damage to the somatosensory cortex, a person would have the most difficulty with:
a. perceiving moving sounds.
b. balance.
c. eye movements.
d. pointing to their own body parts.
Q:
An individual with damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would most have problems with:
a. memory.
b. hearing.
c. ability to locate where someone was touching them.
d. balance.
Q:
Somatosensory information travels from the thalamus to which area of the cortex?
a. parietal lobe
b. frontal lobe
c. hippocampus
d. limbic cortex
Q:
Cutting a spinal nerve would result in loss of:
a. sensation in the face.
b. motor control in the part of the body it innervated.
c. sensation in the part of the body it innervated.
d. motor control and sensation in the part of the body it innervated.
Q:
What is a dermatome?
a. an area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve
b. an instrument used to record impulses in the spinal cord
c. the point at which sensory nerves make contact with motor nerves
d. an area of the skin that has no touch receptors
Q:
Someone who has suffered damage to the sensory component of one spinal nerve would lose sensation from:
a. the contralateral half of the body.
b. the ipsilateral half of the body.
c. one ventricle.
d. one dermatome.
Q:
Each spinal nerve has:
a. either a sensory or a motor component.
b. both a sensory and a motor component.
c. connections to most parts of the body.
d. connections to each of the major internal organs.
Q:
When mechanical pressure bends the membrane of a Pacinian corpuscle:
a. the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions increases.
b. the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions decreases.
c. the membrane becomes hyperpolarized.
d. there is a sustained, long-term response to this pressure.
Q:
Pain receptors of the skin are:
a. elaborate neuron endings.
b. also known as Ruffini endings.
c. simple, bare neuron endings.
d. also known as Meissner's corpuscles.
Q:
Pacinian corpuscles respond best to:
a. rapid mechanical pressure.
b. low frequency sounds.
c. horizontal head movements.
d. slow mechanical movements.
Q:
Ruffini's endings are:
a. elaborate neuron endings for touch.
b. simple, bare neuron endings.
c. bare endings surrounded by non-neural cells.
d. important components of the blood.
Q:
Stimulation of a touch receptor opens ____ channels in the axon.
a. choline
b. potassium
c. sodium
d. calcium
Q:
Meissner's corpuscles are:
a. elaborate neuron endings for touch.
b. simple, bare neuron endings.
c. bare endings surrounded by non-neural cells.
d. important components of the blood.
Q:
What kind of receptors detect pain, warmth, and cold?
a. cranial
b. semicircular
c. vestibular
d. somatosensory
Q:
The somatosensory system involves sensation of:
a. sight and sound.
b. sound and touch.
c. the body and its movements.
d. the head and movements of the eyes.
Q:
The eighth cranial nerve contains both a(n) ____ component and a ____ component.
a. vestibular; somatosensory
b. visual; vestibular
c. auditory; taste
d. auditory; vestibular
Q:
An acceleration of the head at any angle causes:
a. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to move to another canal.
b. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells.
c. fluid to spill out from the otolith organs into the semicircular canals.
d. hair cells to become stiff and straight.
Q:
The function of the semicircular canals is to:
a. locate the source of low frequency tones.
b. locate the source of high frequency tones.
c. detect movement of the head.
d. establish a sense of direction while traveling.
Q:
The vestibular organ consists of:
a. only otolith organs.
b. only semicircular canals.
c. otolith organs and semicircular canals.
d. the cochlea and an otolith organ.
Q:
Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation?
a. cochlea and otolith organs
b. semicircular canals and cochlea
c. semicircular canals and otolith organs
d. cerebellum and sinuses