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Psychology
Q:
According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, it should be possible to predict (with better than chance accuracy) the content of a person's dreams if we know what information about the person?
a. concentration of serotonin and acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex
b. number and type of emotional experiences during the day
c. stimuli currently acting on the body and areas of spontaneous brain activity
d. time the person went to sleep and the current time
Q:
According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect?
a. The brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity
b. Unconscious motivations and emotions
c. Experiences that have been part of the species' evolutionary history
d. An imbalance among hormone levels
Q:
Whereas most theorists have proposed that REM serves functions in memory and brain development, according to one newer hypothesis, the role of REM is merely to:
a. rest the muscles.
b. increase oxygen flow to the cornea.
c. keep the person from waking up.
d. synchronize activity between the left and right hemispheres.
Q:
A recent hypothesis proposed that the role of REM is:
a. to shake the eyeballs back and forth in order to get sufficient oxygen to the corneas of the eyes.
b. to shake the eyeballs back and forth so the individual moves from REM to NREM.
c. no different than the role of NREM.
d. to bring to the surface the individual's unconscious wishes.
Q:
REM sleep has been shown to:
a. inhibit sexual arousal.
b. interfere with new learning.
c. strengthen the formation of new motor skills.
d. strengthen memories for new facts.
Q:
Research suggests that ____ sleep is most important for strengthening memories of motor skills.
a. stage II
b. stage I
c. deep
d. REM
Q:
Compared to REM, research suggests that NREM is:
a. important for all types of memory.
b. important for strengthening memories of motor skills.
c. important for strengthening memories of lists of words.
d. not important for strengthening memories of any kind.
Q:
Among adult humans, those who sleep ____ or more hours per night have the highest percentage of REM sleep.
a. 9
b. 5
c. 8
d. 10
Q:
If you were awakened every time you entered REM sleep for a few days, and then were permitted to sleep without interruptions, you would:
a. spend about 50 percent more time in REM sleep than usual.
b. get nothing but REM sleep the next night.
c. get little or no REM sleep for the next several nights.
d. spend about the same time in REM sleep as usual.
Q:
If we compare either different species or different ages, what trend emerges?
a. The less total sleep, the higher the percentage of REM sleep
b. The more total sleep, the higher the percentage of REM sleep
c. The more activity during wakefulness, the higher the percentage of REM sleep
d. The more activity during wakefulness, the lower the percentage of REM sleep
Q:
Research suggests that REM is:
a. important for all types of memory.
b. most important for strengthening memories of motor skills.
c. most important for strengthening memories of lists of words.
d. not important for strengthening memories of any kind.
Q:
For which species does REM sleep compose the largest percentage of total sleep?
a. species that get a great deal of sleep
b. species that sleep very little
c. humans, dolphins, and others with a large brain
d. the aged members of any species
Q:
Another aspect of sleep's contribution to memory relates to:
a. delta waves
b. sleep spindles.
c. alpha waves.
d. PKO spikes.
Q:
Young adults deprived of a night's sleep show deficits on ____ tasks.
a. verbal
b. sensory
c. memory
d. motor
Q:
Which of the following would most likely have the highest total amount of REM sleep?
a. infant human
b. old horse
c. young cow
d. old bear
Q:
One study found that a nap that included ____ sleep enhanced performance on certain kinds of creative problem solving.
a. stage 1
b. stage 2
c. stages 3 and 4
d. REM
Q:
What effects are generally produced during prolonged sleep deprivation in laboratory animals?
a. continuous seizures
b. few noticeable adverse effects
c. similar effects to sleep deprivation studies with humans
d. more severe effects than in sleep deprivation studies with humans
Q:
How does prolonged sleep deprivation affect human volunteers?
a. It produces death.
b. It decreases later need for sleep.
c. Brain activity increases.
d. It impairs concentration.
Q:
European swifts sleep:
a. after a meal.
b. only in their nest.
c. during flight.
d. only at night.
Q:
Grazing animals that need to eat for many hours per day get less sleep than carnivores because:
a. they do not need as much sleep
b. carnivores can satisfy nutritional needs with a single mean.
c. they are not as active
d. they have different circadian rhythms
Q:
Migratory birds sleep less during the migratory season because they:
a. are too busy finding food.
b. decrease their need for sleep.
c. are worried about predators.
d. are too busy mating.
Q:
A decrease in the amount of sleep most likely to affect the performance of migratory bird during:
a. migration season.
b. NREM sleep.
c. the daytime.
d. seasons other than migration.
Q:
Which of the following shows a decreased need for sleep?
a. birds during migration
b. mammalian mothers during pregnancy
c. cats during the mating season
d. children when they are ill
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true about hibernation?
a. The longer an animal spends in hibernation, the shorter its life expectancy.
b. During hibernation, an animal's body temperature drops.
c. Pet hamsters sometimes hibernate.
d. An extract from the brain of a hibernating animal can cause another animal to lower its body temperature.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true regarding hibernation and sleep?
a. They conserve energy.
b. They increase body temperature.
c. They lower body temperature.
d. They increase during times of food shortages.
Q:
According to the evolutionary perspective of sleep, the primary function of sleep is to:
a. conserve energy.
b. promote brain development.
c. restore body functions that were exhausted during wakefulness.
d. enable the person to re-experience, in dreams, the events of the past.
Q:
Which of the following claims would be made by the evolutionary perspective of sleep?
a. The function of sleep is similar to that of hibernation.
b. More highly evolved species, such as humans, need more sleep than other species.
c. During sleep, we relive the experiences of past generations.
d. Sleep enables the body to repair and restore itself to promote survival.
Q:
Which of the following is TRUE about sleepwalking?
a. It occurs mostly in adults.
b. It is most common early in the night.
c. It occurs during REM.
d. It is dangerous to awaken a sleepwalker.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true about sleepwalking?
a. It occurs mostly in children.
b. It is dangerous to awaken a sleepwalker.
c. It runs in families.
d. It occurs most often during stages 3 and 4.
Q:
When does sleep walking occur?
a. only during REM sleep
b. only during NREM sleep
c. during both stage 3 and 4 sleep
d. during the brief transition period between REM sleep and non-REM sleep
Q:
Which of the following is more common during REM sleep than during NREM sleep?
a. sleep talking
b. sleepwalking
c. nightmares
d. night terrors
Q:
Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors:
a. occur during REM sleep.
b. occur during NREM sleep.
c. are far more common in adults than children.
d. usually involve sleep talking.
Q:
Nightmares are to ____ as night terrors are to ____.
a. children; adults
b. REM; NREM
c. narcolepsy; cataplexy
d. dopamine; serotonin
Q:
Night terrors are most common in ____ during ____.
a. adults; NREM sleep
b. adults; REM sleep
c. children; NREM sleep
d. children; REM sleep
Q:
REM behavior disorder occurs mostly in:
a. adults.
b. young adults.
c. children.
d. older people.
Q:
People with REM sleep disorder most likely have:
a. damage in the pons and midbrain.
b. damage to areas of the brain that normally produce movements during REM.
c. restricted oxygen intake during sleep due to factors associated with obesity.
d. abnormally high levels of serotonin in the brain.
Q:
People with REM behavior disorder:
a. show intrusions of REM sleep into wakefulness.
b. show bizarre behaviors while awake due to REM deprivation at night.
c. enter REM sleep at unusual and unpredictable times.
d. move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams.
Q:
Repeated involuntary movements of the arms and legs that may prevent a person from falling asleep are known as:
a. REM behavior disorder.
b. night terrors.
c. periodic limb movement disorder.
d. restless legs syndrome.
Q:
Drugs that are used to control narcolepsy also tend to produce what other effects?
a. uncontrollable hand tremors and facial tics
b. increased wakefulness
c. reduction of sympathetic arousal
d. relief from the symptoms of schizophrenia
Q:
Huntington's disease may also affect orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus, leading to symptoms similar to:
a. sleep apnea.
b. periodic limb movement disorder.
c. REM behavior disorder.
d. narcolepsy.
Q:
Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to:
a. sleep apnea.
b. narcolepsy.
c. insomnia.
d. periodic limb movement disorder.
Q:
Mice that lack orexin have difficulty:
a. breathing at night.
b. maintaining wakefulness.
c. sleeping.
d. waking up.
Q:
One explanation for narcolepsy in humans is:
a. a loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus.
b. a genetic loss of basal forebrain neurons.
c. swollen tonsils.
d. damage to the locus coeruleus.
Q:
What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?
a. Hypnagogic hallucinations
b. Idiopathic hallucinations
c. Occipital illusions
d. Pseudo-psychedelic visions
Q:
What does cataplexy involve?
a. Dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality
b. An attack of muscle weakness while awake
c. A lack of inhibition of movement during REM sleep
d. Repeated involuntary movement of the legs or arms during sleep
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of narcolepsy?
a. Attacks of sleepiness during the day
b. Attacks of muscle weakness during the day
c. Involuntary movements of the limbs during sleep
d. Dreamlike experiences that are hard to distinguish from reality
Q:
What is narcolepsy?
a. Sleepwalking
b. The inability to breathe while sleeping
c. Involuntary movements of the limbs while sleeping
d. Sudden periods of sleepiness during the day
Q:
Which of the following has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?
a. Narcolepsy
b. Sleep apnea
c. REM behavior disorder
d. Somnambulism
Q:
Which kind of adults is most likely to suffer from sleep apnea?
a. Overweight men
b. Depressed women
c. Recent immigrants to a country
d. People who eat a high-protein diet
Q:
The probability of sleep apnea is increased among which group of people?
a. College students during finals week
b. Those who are addicted to tranquilizers
c. Overweight men
d. People who work on swing shifts
Q:
Which of the following physical conditions is related to apnea?
a. Puberty
b. Being female
c. Being obese
d. Having asthma
Q:
Similar to the effects of sleep apnea, rats that are repeatedly oxygen-deprived lose neurons throughout the cortex and hippocampus, causing impairments in:
a. learning and memory.
b. dreaming.
c. respiratory reflexes.
d. appetite.
Q:
Aside from the problems with failing to breathe at times during the night, people with sleep apnea are also found to have:
a. enlarged hearts.
b. overactive bladders.
c. desynchronized temperature rhythms.
d. fewer neurons in certain brain areas.
Q:
Which of these is characteristic of sleep apnea?
a. involuntary movements of the arms and legs during sleep.
b. periods without breathing during sleeping.
c. tendency to fall asleep suddenly during the day.
d. sleep walking and sleep terrors.
Q:
One disadvantage in using tranquilizers as sleeping pills it that they may:
a. cause narcolepsy.
b. decrease body temperature during the second half of the night.
c. cause sleeplessness on later nights.
d. prevent the brain from inhibiting movements during sleep.
Q:
What is a likely consequence if someone's temperature rhythm is phase-delayed?
a. waking up frequently during the night
b. having problems going to sleep after losing your job
c. difficulty falling asleep
d. not breathing during the night
Q:
What is a defining criterion for insomnia?
a. a person who consistently feels sleepy during the day
b. consistently less than 6 hours of sleep per night
c. at least 50% less REM sleep than normal
d. more time spent in NREM sleep than in REM sleep
Q:
A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have:
a. interrupted or shortened REM sleep.
b. prolonged wakefulness.
c. prolonged NREM sleep.
d. enhanced dreaming.
Q:
It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from:
a. dreaming.
b. sleeping too soundly.
c. acting out our dreams.
d. having difficulty falling asleep.
Q:
After damage to the floor of the pons, what happens during a cat's REM sleep?
a. The eyes move vertically instead of horizontally.
b. Heart rate becomes steadier.
c. Breathing rate decreases.
d. The cat's muscles are not relaxed.
Q:
During REM sleep, the pons sends inhibitory messages to the:
a. spinal cord.
b. occipital lobe.
c. vestibular system.
d. cerebral cortex.
Q:
The pons sends inhibitory messages to motor neurons of the spinal cord during which sleep stage(s)?
a. stage 1
b. stage 2
c. stages 3 and 4
d. REM sleep
Q:
The sequence of the bursts of neural activity during REM sleep is:
a. lateral geniculate nucleus, pons, and occipital cortex.
b. occipital cortex, pons, and lateral geniculate nucleus.
c. pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital cortex.
d. pons, occipital lobe, and lateral geniculate nucleus.
Q:
REM sleep is associated with:
a. tension and activity of the postural muscles.
b. PGO waves in the brain.
c. a highly synchronized EEG pattern.
d. decreased heart rate.
Q:
After a period of sleep deprivation, PGO waves begin to:
a. occur during sleep stages 2-4 and wakefulness.
b. decrease in intensity.
c. reverse their sequence of brain activity.
d. cause sleep paralysis during waking.
Q:
The onset of REM sleep begins with activity in the:
a. prefrontal cortex.
b. pons.
c. medulla.
d. cerebellum.
Q:
PGO waves are associated with which of the following?
a. NREM sleep
b. REM sleep
c. relaxation during wakefulness
d. being awakened from REM sleep
Q:
PGO (waves) is an abbreviation for which of the following?
a. paradoxical gradual onset
b. psycho-galvanic oscillation
c. pons geniculate occipital
d. psychasthenia glyceric onomatopoeia
Q:
During REM sleep, neuronal activity decreases in the:
a. entire brain.
b. pons.
c. limbic system.
d. primary visual cortex and the motor cortex.
Q:
Research found that during REM sleep, activity:
a. decreased in the pons, while it increased in the limbic system.
b. increased in the pons, while it decreased in the limbic system.
c. decreased in both the pons and the limbic system.
d. increased in both the pons and the limbic system.
Q:
During ____, cells in the pons send messages that inhibit the motor neurons that control the body's large muscles.
a. wakefulness
b. REM sleep
c. NREM sleep
d. transition from wakefulness to sleep or sleep to wakefulness
Q:
During sleep, what happens in the brain?
A cessation of spontaneous activity in neurons
B increased firing by dopamine neurons
C decreased firing by dopamine neurons
D increased firing by GABA neurons
Q:
Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they:
a. block histamine.
b. stimulate acetylcholine.
c. decrease adenosine.
d. block GABA.
Q:
Which of the following structures is NOT a brain structure of arousal and attention?
a. suprachiasmatic nucleus
b. reticular formation
c. locus coeruleus
d. raphe nuclei
Q:
A couple of paths from the hypothalamus release histamine, thereby:
a. increasing arousal.
b. initiating sleep.
c. shifting sleep from REM to NREM.
d. slowing the circadian rhythm.
Q:
Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing:
a. norepinephrine.
b. acetylcholine.
c. dopamine.
d. serotonin.
Q:
Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for:
a. getting to sleep.
b. waking up.
c. raising body temperature.
d. staying awake.
Q:
Which of the following events would most likely activate the locus coeruleus?
a. taking a nap
b. daydreaming
c. walking
d. hearing a bear growl in the woods
Q:
Axons from the locus coeruleus release ____ widely throughout the cortex.
a. norepinephrine
b. acetylcholine
c. dopamine
d. serotonin
Q:
In response to meaningful events, the locus coeruleus releases:
a. norepinephrine.
b. acetylcholine.
c. dopamine.
d. serotonin.