Psychology

Q: What does the eating cycle of bulimia have in common with addictive drugs?a. Both activate the brain's reinforcement areas.b. Starvation decreases their cravings.c. Both can be relieved with morphine.d. There is nothing in common.

Q: Research on rats has demonstrated similarities between bulimia and: a. Parkinson's disease. b. drug addiction. c. bipolar disorder. d. epilepsy.

Q: Abnormal levels of which neurotransmitter often have been found in bulimics? a. lower-than-normal levels of peptide YY b. lower-than-normal levels of CCK c. higher-than-normal levels of serotonin d. increased receptor sensitivity for serotonin

Q: A cycle of food-deprivation following by overeating characterizes: a. anorexia. b. bulimia. c. bipolar disorder. d. obesity.

Q: On average, people with bulimia show a variety of biochemical abnormalities, including increased production of ____. a. insulin b. ghrelin c. dopamine d. orlistat

Q: The majority of people with ____ are ____. a. bulimia; men b. anorexia; middle-aged men c. bulimia; young women d. bulimia; middle-aged women

Q: If someone with extreme obesity fails to respond to other treatments an option is ____ in which part of the stomach is removed or sewed off so that food cannot enter. a. fen-phen b. sibutramine c. gastric bypass surgery d. orlistat

Q: Sibutramine affects weight gain by: a. stimulating dopamine release. b. inhibiting dopamine release. c. blocking reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. d. inhibiting serotonin and norepinephrine.

Q: "Fen-Phen", an appetite suppressant drug, acts by ____ serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. a. stimulating release of b. blocking reuptake of c. blocking receptors for d. breaking down

Q: Orlistat (Xenical) can reduce body weight by: a. increasing CCK release. b. increasing stomach distention. c. blocking serotonin reuptake. d. preventing absorption of fats.

Q: Fructose, used in corn syrup as a sweetener, may lead to increased obesity by: a. failing to trigger satiety. b. having more calories than other sugars. c. slowing fat digestion. d. enhancing PVN activity.

Q: More Native American Pimas are overweight now than in the early 1900s because of a change in which aspect of their lives? A Diet B Stress C Exercise D Education

Q: Obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome is linked to a problem with: a. melanocortin. b. ghrelin. c. NPY. d. leptin.

Q: A Danish study correlating the weights of 540 adopted children with various adoptive and biological relatives found: a. a higher correlation with biological relatives than adoptive relatives. b. a higher correlation with adoptive siblings than with biological siblings. c. the same correlation with biological relatives and adoptive relatives. d. a higher correlation with biological relatives during childhood but a higher correlation with adoptive relatives in adulthood.

Q: The increasing prevalence of obesity obviously relates to the increased availability of our diet and ____. a. depression b. psychological distress c. increased activity d. sedentary lifestyle

Q: Animals with damage in or near the ventromedial hypothalamus gain weight: a. even if they eat the same amount as a normal animal. b. in spite of high activity levels. c. only if they have access to unlimited water supplies. d. only if they eat a small number of very large meals per day.

Q: What is one reason why animals with damage in or near the ventromedial hypothalamus overeat? a. They have low levels of insulin. b. Their stomach emptying rate is slow compared to other animals. c. They have excessively high levels of the hormone CCK. d. They store too much of each meal as fat.

Q: What are two reasons why animals with ventromedial hypothalamic damage overeat? a. rapid stomach emptying and high insulin levels b. high CCK levels and under-responsiveness to tastes c. decreased thirst and lack of facial muscle fatigue d. decreased body temperature and increased levels of digestive juices

Q: After damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus, an animal will most likely: a. increase its activity level. b. eat much more at any given meal. c. overeat when presented with a sweetened diet. d. only undereat when presented with a very sweet food.

Q: Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus leads to: a. eating the same amount; there are no changes. b. eating less. c. eating more when presented with a normal or sweetened diet. d. becoming less finicky about what they eat.

Q: Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus leads to eating: a. the same, but drinking less than normal amounts. b. the same large amount each meal, regardless of the taste. c. less. d. normal-sized meals, but eating them more frequently.

Q: Animals eat more frequent (but normal size) meals after damage to the ____. They eat larger meals (but at normal frequency) after damage to the ____. a. paraventricular nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus b. ventromedial hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus c. lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus d. paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus

Q: In what way is a rat with damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus similar to a starving animal? a. Both will eat a large amount of whatever food is available, regardless of its taste. b. Both empty food out of their stomachs at a rate that is slower than normal. c. Both have low levels of fuel available to its cells. d. Both go through long periods of refusing to eat.

Q: After damage in and around the ventromedial hypothalamus, animals are more likely to: a. overeat and gain weight. b. refuse food and lose weight. c. produce low levels of the hormone CCK. d. be slow in their digestion.

Q: An animal is most likely to eat more frequently and gain weight after damage to the: a. preoptic area. b. areas surrounding the third ventricle. c. ventromedial hypothalamus. d. lateral hypothalamus.

Q: What is one reason why animals with a lesion in the lateral hypothalamus eat so little? a. They are constantly active and over-responsive to sensory stimuli. b. All the food they eat is immediately converted into fat storage. c. They experience a decreased cortical response to the smell and sight of food. d. They have low levels of blood sugar.

Q: An animal has trouble digesting its food after damage to the: a. occipital cortex. b. lateral hypothalamus. c. medial part of the hypothalamus. d. pineal gland.

Q: The ____ increases the pituitary gland's secretion of hormones that increase insulin secretion. a. occipital cortex b. lateral hypothalamus c. medial part of the hypothalamus d. pineal gland

Q: Which of the following behaviors would be most affected by damage to the cell bodies of the lateral hypothalamus? a. feeding behavior b. sexual behavior c. osmotic thirst d. memory

Q: In the lateral hypothalamus, cell bodies are to ____ as axons passing through are to ____. a. feeding; overall activity b. feeding; drinking c. overall arousal; feeding d. drinking; feeding

Q: Electrical stimulation of a rat's lateral hypothalamus would most likely result in: a. an increase in food seeking behaviors. b. a decrease in food seeking behaviors. c. a decrease in chewing and other reflexes associated with eating. d. damage to dopamine-containing axons passing through it.

Q: After damage to the lateral hypothalamus, animals: a. show normal osmotic thirst but not hypovolemic thirst. b. show normal hypovolemic thirst but not osmotic thirst. c. eat less. d. eat more.

Q: An animal refuses food and loses weight after damage to which part of the hypothalamus? A suprachiasmatic nucleus B ventromedial hypothalamus C lateral hypothalamus D paraventricular nucleus.

Q: Output from the paraventricular nucleus acts on the: a. preoptic area. b. ventromedial hypothalamus. c. lateral hypothalamus. d. baroreceptors.

Q: One of the most promising hopes for appetite control drug researchers is the: a. melanocortin receptor. b. cortin receptor. c. melan receptor. d. agoutin receptor.

Q: Which of the following would lead to eating a larger than normal meal? a. increasing leptin levels b. decreasing NPY levels c. increasing NPY levels d. damaging the lateral hypothalamus

Q: Under what condition does orexin motivate animals to eat? a. right after a meal b. when approaching starvation c. in the mornings d. when insulin levels are high

Q: What is the result of inhibition of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) by the transmitter neuropeptide Y? a. increased meal size b. decreased meal size c. finicky food selection d. cessation of drinking during meals

Q: When neuropeptide Y inhibits the paraventricular nucleus, it: a. leads to extreme undereating. b. produces extreme overeating. c. depletes fat stores. d. interferes with digestion.

Q: Inhibitory neurotransmitters used by the hunger-sensitive neurons of the arcuate nucleus that inhibit the PVN include: a. alpha-MSH and leptin. b. NPY and insulin. c. insulin and glucagon. d. NPY and AgRP.

Q: A drug that stimulates melanocortin receptors would most likely: a. increase meal frequency. b. increase leptin production. c. decrease meal size. d. increase meal size.

Q: Hunger and satiety-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus affect neurons in the ____, thereby affecting meal size. a. paraventricular nucleus b. lateral hypothalamus c. OVLT d. ventromedial hypothalamus

Q: In the control of appetite, CCK, leptin, and insulin converge their effects onto hypothalamic cells that release transmitters in the ____ family. a. melanocortin b. endorphin c. acetylcholine d. purine

Q: CCK, insulin, and leptin provide input to the ____ neurons in the ____ nucleus. a. satiety-sensitive, paraventricular b. satiety-sensitive, arcuate c. hunger-sensitive, arcuate d. hunger-sensitive, paraventricular

Q: Ghrelin is associated with ____ in the periphery and ____ in the brain. a. CCK release, inhibition of the arcuate nucleus b. leptin release, inhibition of the arcuate nucleus c. stomach contractions, excitation of the arcuate nucleus d. stomach distension, excitation of the arcuate nucleus

Q: Neurons in the arcuate nucleus would be most excited by: a. bitter food. b. tasty food. c. leptin. d. CCK.

Q: Which of the following would result in an increase in body weight? a. chronically low insulin levels b. damage to the paraventricular nucleus c. damage to the lateral hypothalamus d. stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus

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