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Q:
At the end of the menstrual cycle in women, the levels of LH and FSH ____; the levels of estradiol and progesterone ____.
a. decrease; increase
b. increase; decrease
c. increase; increase
d. decrease; decrease
Q:
During the menstrual cycle, estradiol and progesterone levels increase and decrease under the influence of hormones released by which gland?
a. pineal
b. adrenal
c. thyroid
d. pituitary
Q:
The hormones LH, FSH, and estradiol reach a peak:
a. in the first month of pregnancy.
b. at the start of the menstrual period.
c. at the end of the menstrual period.
d. around the time of ovulation.
Q:
In the middle of the menstrual cycle, an increased release of estradiol causes a(n):
a. decrease in the release of FSH.
b. decrease in the release of LH.
c. sudden surge in the release of luteinizing hormone.
d. increase in the release of testosterone.
Q:
Toward the middle of the menstrual cycle, the follicle produces increasing amounts of:
a. TSH.
b. ACTH.
c. testosterone.
d. estradiol.
Q:
Follicle-stimulating hormone is released by the:
a. pineal gland.
b. anterior pituitary.
c. thyroid.
d. ovum.
Q:
In women, which hormone stimulates the growth of a follicle in the ovary?
a. FSH
b. ACTH
c. TSH
d. prolactin
Q:
A woman's hypothalamus and pituitary interact with the ____ to produce the menstrual cycle.
a. pineal gland
b. ovaries
c. thyroid
d. adrenal glands
Q:
When women think about sex or anticipate having sex, their ____ levels increase temporarily.
a. estradiol
b. estrogen
c. testosterone
d. oxytocin
Q:
The relationship between ____ and sexual interest may go in both directions.
a. Estrogen
b. Oxytocin
c. Testosterone
d. Estradiol
Q:
Decreases in ____ levels generally decrease male sexual activity.
a. estrogen
b. oxytocin
c. testosterone
d. estradiol
Q:
Drugs that, in some cases, have reduced the frequency of sexual offenders work by:
a. reducing testosterone levels.
b. increasing estrogen levels.
c. inducing high but equal levels of testosterone and estrogen.
d. mimicking the effects of alpha-fetoprotein.
Q:
A means of controlling sex offenders has involved reducing:
a. testosterone levels.
b. estrogen levels.
c. prolactin.
d. the alpha-fetoprotein level in their blood.
Q:
Viagra facilitates sexual arousal in males by:
a. increasing sexual fantasies.
b. blocking dopamine receptors.
c. prolonging the effects of nitric oxide.
d. increasing testosterone levels.
Q:
Sildenafil (Viagra) works by:
a. increasing sensitivity to female's pheromones.
b. increasing release of nitric oxide in the hypothalamus and penis.
c. decreasing dopamine release in the hypothalamus.
d. blocking pain receptors in the spinal cord.
Q:
What hormone more than triples in concentration in the blood of human males during orgasm, and has been tentatively linked to sexual pleasure?
a. insulin
b. aldosterone
c. melatonin
d. oxytocin
Q:
Estrogens directly stimulate parts of the prefrontal cortex that are important for:
a. sexual behavior
b. working memory
c. blood circulation
d. critical thinking
Q:
A female rat is more likely to develop a preference for a cage where sexual activity with a male rat occurs if:
a. the male is castrated.
b. pheromones are present.
c. she is given testosterone.
d. she can control the timing of sexual activity.
Q:
By blocking dopamine release, some antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin levels also:
a. increase sexual activity.
b. decrease sexual activity.
c. cause permanent organizational defects.
d. shrink the SDN.
Q:
Female rats find sex reinforcing only if they:
a. are submissive
b. get to decide when it occurs
c. let the male take the lead
d. are placed in a controlled setting
Q:
Whereas dopamine stimulates sexual activity, the neurotransmitter ___ inhibits it, in part by blocking dopamine release.
a. testosterone
b. estrogen
c. serotonin
d. estradiol
Q:
Both sexual arousal and orgasm depend on the release of which neurotransmitter from the medial preoptic area neurons?
A GABA
B Serotonin
C Acetylcholine
D Dopamine
Q:
Sexual behavior is most likely to occur when sex hormones (testosterone and estradiol) prime the neurons in the hypothalamus to release the neurotransmitter:
a. serotonin.
b. norepinephrine.
c. dopamine.
d. acetylcholine.
Q:
Dopamine stimulation of D2 receptors facilitates:
a. arousal.
b. orgasm.
c. erection of the penis.
d. sexually receptive postures in the female.
Q:
In normal female rats, release of dopamine in the medial preoptic area activity is primed by:
a. serotonin.
b. testosterone.
c. a combination of testosterone and estrogen.
d. estradiol.
Q:
In castrated male rats, the medial preoptic area:
a. does not have as much dopamine as other rats.
b. has normal levels of dopamine released in the presence of a receptive female.
c. has as much dopamine as normal rats, but the presence of a receptive female does not evoke much release of it.
d. releases the same level of dopamine, but not testosterone, as a normal rat.
Q:
Damage to the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus in rats would most likely result in:
a. decreased sexual activity.
b. increased sexual activity.
c. a change in partner preference.
d. excessive testosterone levels.
Q:
In normal male rats, the medial preoptic area neurons strongly release which of the following during sexual activity?
a. dopamine
b. testosterone
c. glutamate
d. estradiol
Q:
Neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus release ____,which impacts male sexual behavior.
a. testosterone
b. dopamine
c. estrogen
d. luteinizing hormone
Q:
Male sexual behavior depends heavily on neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus releasing which substance?
a. testosterone
b. dopamine
c. estrogen
d. luteinizing hormone
Q:
One way that estrogen increases sexual responsiveness is by:
a. synchronizing activity between the hypothalamus of the left and right hemispheres.
b. suppressing the release of competing hormones such as testosterone.
c. decreasing the rate of overall body activity.
d. increasing the sensitivity of nerves in the pubic area.
Q:
The most effective way to stimulate sexual behavior in a female rodent is to inject her with:
a. prolactin followed by estradiol.
b. progesterone following by parathyroid hormone.
c. alpha fetoprotein followed by cholecystokinin.
d. a combination of estradiol and progesterone.
Q:
An injection of testosterone in a castrated male rat:
a. has no effect.
b. elicits typical female sexual behavior.
c. restores male sexual behavior.
d. diminishes male sexual behavior.
Q:
One function served by alpha-fetoprotein in the developing rat fetus is to:
a. prevent estradiol from entering cells.
b. help estradiol to cross the blood-brain barrier.
c. help testosterone to cross the blood-brain barrier.
d. prevent either testosterone or estradiol from being converted into aromatase.
Q:
If a female rat fetus developed without any alpha-fetoprotein, her hypothalamus would:
a. fail to develop beyond its early, immature state.
b. develop like that of a normal female.
c. develop in an exaggerated female manner.
d. develop in a partly masculinized manner.
Q:
During the early sensitive period, immature mammals have a protein called ____, which is not present in adults.
a. gamma-fetoprotein
b. delta-fetoprotein
c. beta-fetoprotein
d. alpha-fetoprotein
Q:
The estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it:
a. is chemically converted to testosterone.
b. is prevented from entering the developing cells.
c. is chemically unstable at the body temperature of a fetus.
d. would have no effect on cells even if it did enter them.
Q:
Estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it is:
a. chemically converted to testosterone.
b. bound to alpha-fetoprotein.
c. dissolved in the fat supplies of the fetus.
d. not effective on cells even if it did enter them.
Q:
Drugs which prevent testosterone from being aromatized to estradiol will:
a. increase the organizing effects of testosterone on sexual development of the brain.
b. block the organizing effects of testosterone on sexual development of the brain.
c. increase heart rate and blood pressure.
d. decrease heart rate and blood pressure.
Q:
Before testosterone can masculinize the development of the hypothalamus of an infant mammal, it must first be converted into:
a. estradiol.
b. epinephrine.
c. ACTH.
d. dopamine.
Q:
In rodent brain cells, ____ is aromatized into ____.
a. steroid; peptide
b. peptide; steroid
c. testosterone; estradiol
d. estradiol; testosterone
Q:
The following are true about drugs that prevent testosterone from being aromatized to estradiol EXCEPT that?
a. they block some of the organizing effects of testosterone.
b. they impair male sexual behavior.
c. they block some of the activating effects of testosterone.
d. they impair male fertility.
Q:
The process of ____ changes testosterone into estradiol.
a. aromatization
b. transmutation
c. methylation
d. alchemy
Q:
In rodents, testosterone is converted to ____ in the hypothalamus.
a. cortisol
b. androgen
c. progesterone
d. estradiol
Q:
According to rodent studies, testosterone exerts a major part of its effect on:
a. alpha-fetoprotein.
b. the sex region Y gene.
c. the thalamus.
d. the hypothalamus.
Q:
Because of the effects of hormones during early development, the female hypothalamus, UNLIKE the male hypothalamus, is capable of:
a. producing and releasing both leptin and insulin.
b. controlling cycles of release of hormones by the gonads.
c. suppressing the release of stress hormones by the adrenal glands.
d. increasing the release of melatonin by the pineal gland.
Q:
If you expose a female to testosterone early in life, it will cause her hypothalamus to:
a. decrease in size.
b. develop a cyclic pattern of hormone release.
c. develop more like a typical male hypothalamus (noncyclic).
d. become inactive.
Q:
Parts of the hypothalamus can generate a cyclic pattern of hormone release in:
a. females only.
b. males only.
c. females and males.
d. females during childhood and males during adolescence.
Q:
What anatomical difference, other than sex organs, is reliably seen between males and females, even at an early age?
a. complexity of the cerebral cortex
b. size of the pituitary
c. organization of the brain stem
d. size of parts of the hypothalamus
Q:
The difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is:
a. larger in males than in females.
b. larger in females than in males.
c. present in males, absent in females.
d. present in females, absent in males.
Q:
The sexually dimorphic nucleus is part of the:
a. thalamus.
b. Wolffian ducts.
c. anterior hypothalamus.
d. male brain, only.
Q:
The sexually dimorphic nucleus is located in the:
a. thalamus.
b. Wolffian ducts.
c. anterior hypothalamus.
d. male brain, only.
Q:
If you inject a male rat with estrogen shortly after birth, it will:
a. still develop into a male.
b. still develop into a male, but will act very much like a female.
c. develop into something intermediate between female and male.
d. develop into a female.
Q:
____ contributes to female development, including some aspects of brain differentiation.
a. Testosterone
b. Estradiol
c. Androgen
d. Estrogen
Q:
Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal's external anatomy:
a. male.
b. female.
c. intermediate between male and female.
d. fully both male and female.
Q:
The overall mechanism of early sexual differentiation has been described by saying that nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal:
a. male.
b. female.
c. intermediate between male and female.
d. fully both male and female.
Q:
Alcohol, marijuana, and haloperidol tend to have a(n) ____ effect on prenatal sexual development.
a. aromatic
b. defeminizing
c. masculinizing
d. demasculinizing
Q:
What would cause a mammal to develop the anatomy of a male, regardless of its chromosomes?
a. exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development
b. deprivation of estradiol during an early stage of development
c. exposure to neither testosterone nor estradiol during an early stage of development
d. an infusion of testosterone at puberty
Q:
What would cause a male mammal to develop an anatomy that looks like a female's?
a. a deficit of testosterone during puberty
b. a deficit of testosterone during an early stage of development
c. exposure to a high level of estradiol during puberty
d. exposure to a high level of estradiol during an early stage of development
Q:
What would cause a young mammal's external genitals to have an appearance intermediate between a male and a female?
a. normal levels of estrogen in a genetic female
b. high levels of both testosterone and estrogen in a genetic male
c. more testosterone than other females in a genetic female
d. extra estrogen production in a genetic male
Q:
Genetic males with testicular feminization (androgen insensitivity) develop looking and acting female. This condition develops because of a genetic mutation that has which effect?a. It decreases the production of cortisol.b. It prevents the production of testosterone.c. It causes a conversion of testosterone into estradiol within certain cells.d. It prevents testosterone from having its usual effects.
Q:
If a female rat is injected with testosterone during the last few days before being born or the first few days afterward, at maturity her:
a. pituitary and ovaries will not produce their hormones.
b. ovaries will no longer produce hormones, although her pituitary will.
c. pituitary and ovaries will produce steady levels of hormones instead of cyclic levels of hormones.
d. pituitary and ovaries will produce cyclic levels of hormones instead of steady levels.
Q:
During an early sensitive period, a mammal is exposed to high levels of both androgens (such as testosterone) and estrogens (such as estradiol). How will its external genital anatomy appear?
a. about like that of a normal male
b. intermediate between male and female
c. about like that of a normal female
d. either, depending on the presence or absence of a Y chromosome
Q:
During an early sensitive period, a mammal is exposed to only low levels of both androgens (such as testosterone) and estrogens (such as estradiol). How will its external genital anatomy appear?
a. about like that of a normal male
b. intermediate between male and female
c. about like that of a normal female
d. either, depending on the presence or absence of a Y chromosome
Q:
The sensitive period for human genital formation is approximately:
a. the first three weeks of gestation.
b. the third and fourth months of gestation.
c. the last trimester of gestation.
d. shortly after birth.
Q:
A sensitive period is:
a. any time in an organism's life when it is sensitive to hormones released by the sexually dimorphic nucleus.
b. an early period when a hormone has a long lasting effect.
c. an early period when a hormone has an intense, but brief, effect.
d. a period of time, usually once a month, when hormones are released.
Q:
How does the development of external genitalia differ from the development of the internal reproductive structures?
a. Reproductive structures are influenced by hormone levels; genitals are not.
b. Reproductive structures for males and females develop from a single unisex structure; genitals develop from separate Wolffian and Mllerian structures.
c. Genitals for males and females develop from a single unisex structure; reproductive structures develop from separate Wolffian and Mllerian structures.
d. Genital development is controlled by estrogen; the reproductive structures are controlled by androgen.
Q:
Why is it impossible for an individual to develop a complete, normal set of external female genitalia AND a complete, normal set of external male genitalia?
a. An individual has either estradiol or testosterone, but not both.
b. Both types of external genitalia develop from the same fetal structure.
c. Development of the external genitalia is not influenced by early hormonal levels.
d. The female genitals reach maturity earlier than the male genitals.
Q:
What would cause a genetic female mammal to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male's?
a. a lack of estradiol
b. moderate levels of estradiol during an early stage of development
c. a high level of testosterone during an early stage of development
d. a high level of testosterone during the late part of puberty
Q:
Genitals for males and females develop from ____; internal reproductive structures develop from ____.
a. a single unisex structure; separate structures
b. separate structures; a single unisex structure
c. a single unisex structure; a single unisex structure
d. separate structures; separate structures
Q:
The result of all the testosterone-induced changes during sexual differentiation is:
a. the bladder and urethra
b. peripheral nerves controlling the genitals
c. female reproductive structures
d. male reproductive structures
Q:
What develops from the Mllerian ducts?
a. the bladder and urethra
b. peripheral nerves controlling the genitals
c. female reproductive structures
d. male reproductive structures
Q:
What determines whether a mammal develops male or female external genitals?
a. the amount of testosterone during prenatal development
b. the amount of estrogens during prenatal development
c. the difference (subtraction) between testosterone and estrogen levels in prenatal development
d. the ratio (division) between testosterone and estrogen levels in prenatal development
Q:
What develops from the Wolffian ducts?
a. the bladder and urethra
b. peripheral nerves controlling the genitals
c. female reproductive structures
d. male reproductive structures
Q:
What causes the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures?
a. the X chromosome
b. the sex region Y (SRY) gene
c. the sexually dimorphic nucleus
d. Mllerian inhibiting hormone
Q:
The most simple and effective way to lose weight is to exercise more and eat less.
Q:
Some cases of obesity can be traced to a single gene that affects melanocortin receptors.
Q:
Damage to the lateral hypothalamus would increase feeding behavior.
Q:
Orexin inhibits appetite.
Q:
The paraventricular nucleus normally inhibits meal size.