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Q:
Describe how the mother's immune system may exert prenatal effects on sexual orientation.
Q:
Briefly describe the role of the sex hormone oxytocin.
Q:
Describe the steps in the normal prenatal development of the male reproductive structures.
Q:
How does the development of external genitalia differ from the development of the internal reproductive structures?
Q:
Describe the steps in the normal prenatal development of the female reproductive structures.
Q:
Some researchers found that the ____ was slightly larger in heterosexual than homosexual men.a. amount of testosterone in the blood.b. amount of estradiol in the blood.c. size of one nucleus of the hypothalamus.d. size of one nucleus of the medulla.
Q:
LeVay's studies indicate a correlation between a man's sexual orientation (homosexuality vs. heterosexuality) and the:
a. amount of testosterone in the blood.
b. amount of estradiol in the blood.
c. size of one nucleus of the hypothalamus.
d. size of one nucleus of the medulla.
Q:
Data gathered by studies such as the LeVay study suggest that:
a. the hypothalamus determines sexual orientation.
b. the suprachiasmatic nucleus determines sexual orientation.
c. on average, differences in the hypothalamus can be found between individuals of different sexual orientations.
d. there is only a small probability that the brain has anything to do with sexual orientation.
Q:
When Simon LeVay examined interstitial nucleus 3 in 41 people who had died, he found that it was:
a. the same size in male heterosexuals, female heterosexuals, and male homosexuals.
b. larger in female heterosexuals than either male heterosexuals or male homosexuals.
c. larger in male homosexuals than either male heterosexuals or female heterosexuals.
d. larger in male heterosexuals than either female heterosexuals or male homosexuals.
Q:
When Simon LeVay examined interstitial nucleus 3 in 41 people who had died, he found that in the homosexual males in his sample, this nucleus was:
a. larger, but only in those who had died of AIDS.
b. comparable in size to the heterosexual males who had died of AIDS.
c. comparable in size to the whole group of heterosexual males.
d. comparable in size to the heterosexual females.
Q:
A more recent study on differences in the INAH3 suggests that compared to heterosexual men, homosexual men have:
a. a larger INAH3.
b. smaller INAH3 neurons, but a comparable number.
c. fewer INAH3 neurons, but they are larger in size.
d. a comparable number and size of INAH3 neurons.
Q:
The interstitial nucleus 3 of the anterior hypothalamus is known to be more than:
a. twice as large in heterosexual women as in men.
b. three times as large in heterosexual women as in men.
c. twice as large in heterosexual men as in women.
d. twice as large in homosexual men as in heterosexual men.
Q:
On average, the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are of nearly equal size in ____females, whereas the right hemisphere is a few percent larger in _____ males.
a. homosexual, heterosexual
b. hetereosexual, homosexual
c. homosexual, homosexual
d. hetereosexual, hetereosexual
Q:
What measurable differences are apparently related to homosexual versus heterosexual orientation in adult men?
a. their testosterone levels
b. their estrogen levels
c. the size of certain parts of their hypothalamus
d. the pattern of dendritic branching in their cerebral cortex
Q:
The anterior commissure, on the average, is:
a. smaller in heterosexual women than heterosexual men.
b. larger in heterosexual women than heterosexual men.
c. smaller in homosexual men than heterosexual men.
d. larger in heterosexual men than homosexual men.
Q:
What has been found in studies that relate male homosexuality in humans to prenatal stressors?
a. Prenatal stress is consistently related to homosexuality in men.
b. There has been no evidence linking prenatal stress to homosexuality in men.
c. Stress during delivery is weakly related to homosexuality in men.
d. The findings are inconclusive.
Q:
Exposure of a female rat to highly stressful experiences late in pregnancy has what effect on the development of her male offspring?
a. They develop a female anatomy, although their behavior is the same as other males.
b. They respond sexually to male partners, although their anatomy is the same as other males.
c. Their sexual anatomy and behavior are typically male, but their nonsexual behaviors resemble females.
d. They resemble females in all regards, including anatomy, sexual and nonsexual behaviors.
Q:
If a female rat is exposed to highly stressful experiences late in pregnancy, what happens to the sexual development of her offspring?
a. The genetic males become responsive to male partners.
b. The genetic females become responsive to female partners.
c. Both male and female offspring become unresponsive to all sexual partners.
d. Both male and female offspring become highly aggressive in their sexual behaviors.
Q:
Of the various hypotheses based on hormone levels, which is the most plausible explanation for male homosexuality?
a. adult testosterone levels are low
b. adult estrogen levels are high
c. prenatal testosterone levels were low during some sensitive period
d. prenatal estrogen levels were high during some sensitive period
Q:
Some studies have linked male homosexuality to having a greater number of:
a. older sisters.
b. younger sisters.
c. older brothers.
d. younger brothers.
Q:
Most homosexual men, as compared to heterosexual men, have:
a. lower levels of testosterone.
b. testosterone levels within the same range.
c. higher levels of testosterone.
d. higher levels of estrogen.
Q:
Which hypothesis is LEAST plausible as a biological explanation for why some men have a homosexual orientation and others have a heterosexual orientation?
a. Genetics
b. effects of prenatal hormones or stress
c. different structures within the hypothalamus
d. different levels of sex hormones in adulthood
Q:
Sexual orientation has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT:
a. prenatal stress.
b. mother's immune system.
c. genetics.
d. adult hormone levels.
Q:
When examining the data on sexual orientation of twins and other siblings, what seems to be the most reasonable conclusion?
a. Genetic factors completely determine sexual orientation.
b. Genetic factors play no role in sexual orientation.
c. Sexual orientation is determined by genetics as well as other factors.
d. Genetic factors determine sexual orientation in men, but do not seem to play a role for women.
Q:
The frequency of homosexuality in men is highest if:
a. a sister is homosexual.
b. an adopted brother is homosexual.
c. a dizygotic twin brother is homosexual.
d. a monozygotic twin brother is homosexual.
Q:
On the average, homosexual and heterosexual people:
a. do not differ anatomically.
b. differ anatomically in many subtle ways.
c. differ anatomically in many drastic ways.
d. differ very little anatomically.
Q:
The result of the sex reassignment in the case of the infant whose penis was accidentally removed was that:
a. he developed a normal female gender identity.
b. he developed a neutral gender identity with no sexual interest.
c. he only experienced difficulties during adulthood.
d. he decided to adopt a male gender identity during adolescence.
Q:
Genetic males whose penis is damaged or removed shortly after birth and are then reared as females:
a. are happily reared as females.
b. often ask to be reassigned as males.
c. randomly develop a clear gender identity.
d. are often able to regrow a penis.
Q:
What conclusion can be drawn from the unusual gender identity cases from the Dominican Republic?
a. The environment has no affect on gender identity.
b. If given the necessary hormones at puberty, any girl can become a boy.
c. Early child-rearing experiences are not the sole determinant of gender identity.
d. Chromosomes are the determining factor in gender identity.
Q:
Certain genetic males in the Dominican Republic were born with low levels of the enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. This resulted in:
a. breast development.
b. lack of pubic hair.
c. minimal penis growth early in life.
d. extreme shortness until the age of 30 or so.
Q:
In the Dominican Republic, certain genetic males who were regarded in early childhood as girls have developed into boys at puberty. What happened to their gender identity?
a. Most adopted a clear male gender identity.
b. Most retained a clear female gender identity.
c. About half developed a clear male identity; the other half developed a clear female identity.
d. Most developed a confused gender identity.
Q:
When a newborn baby is found to be intersexed, how have most authorities over the past few decades recommended raising the child?
a. Raise the child according to whether the chromosomes are male or female.
b. Wait until later and let the child decide whether to be called male or female.
c. When in doubt, call the child male.
d. When in doubt, call the child female.
Q:
In what way are people with androgen insensitivity most like a normal male?
a. in appearance
b. genetically
c. in gender identity
d. in rearing
Q:
Someone with testicular feminization:
a. does not produce enough testosterone.
b. produces too much estrogen.
c. has cells which are insensitive to androgens.
d. looks like a male but is infertile.
Q:
A genetic male who has low levels of testosterone or low responsiveness to it:
a. will develop normally.
b. is predisposed to become a sex offender.
c. may develop characteristics that are intermediate between a female and a male.
d. will have a nonfunctional SRY gene.
Q:
Certain individuals with an XY chromosome pattern have the genital appearance of a female. This condition is known as:
a. androgen insensitivity.
b. cortisol insensitivity.
c. intersex.
d. adrenal hyperplasia.
Q:
Someone with androgen insensitivity is genetically:
a. female, but looks intermediate between male and female.
b. female, but fails to show any changes at puberty.
c. male, looks like a normal male, but behaves more like a female.
d. male, but develops looking more like a female.
Q:
Which of the following would cause a genetic male to develop a mostly feminine anatomy?
a. exposure to more than the usual amount of estrogen during an early sensitive period
b. exposure to more than the usual amount of testosterone during an early sensitive period
c. a condition that prevents androgens from exerting their effects
d. excessive levels of alpha-fetoprotein in his blood
Q:
Girls who were exposed to higher-than-average levels of testosterone during prenatal development tend to show the following difference as compared to other girls:
a. greater interest in playing with boys' toys.
b. lower performance on tests of spatial relationships.
c. greater interest in infants.
d. increased preference for spicy foods.
Q:
In comparison to other girls, girls who are exposed to higher than normal androgen levels during prenatal development tend to:
a. spend more time with boys' toys.
b. develop sex urges at an earlier age.
c. be more verbal.
d. develop lower than normal intelligence.
Q:
Girls who are exposed to higher than normal androgen levels during prenatal development tend to:
a. choose more typically masculine toys to play with.
b. be more aggressive.
c. be more verbal.
d. develop lower than normal intelligence.
Q:
A "true hermaphrodite" is someone who:
a. has both XX and XY chromosome patterns.
b. has one testis and one ovary.
c. is female, but has sexual interest only in other females.
d. dresses up as the opposite gender.
Q:
Congenital adrenal hypertrophy, the most common cause of the intersex condition, occurs when the adrenal gland releases ____ than average levels of the hormone cortisol, causing the hypothalamus and pituitary to release _____ than average levels of ACTH.
A more; more
B more; less
C less; more
D less; less
Q:
Which of the following would probably develop as an intersex?
a. a genetic female exposed to more testosterone than normal during early development
b. a genetic male exposed to more estradiol than normal during early development
c. a genetic female deprived of her normal amount of estradiol during early development
d. a genetic male exposed to a larger than normal amount of testosterone during early development
Q:
People whose sexual development is intermediate or ambiguous are called:
a. intersexes.
b. hermaphrodites.
c. hyperplasias.
d. hermasexses.
Q:
A hermaphrodite is an individual:
a. who dresses and lives as the opposite sex.
b. whose genitals do not match the usual development for their genetic sex.
c. with no sex drive.
d. with too much testosterone.
Q:
In congenital adrenal hypertrophy, the hypothalamus directs the pituitary to increase production of a hormone that in turn causes the adrenal gland to:
A decrease production of cortisol
B decrease production of insulin
C increase production of testosterone
D increase production of alpha feto-protein
Q:
Congenital adrenal hypertrophy is most likely to have which of these effects?
A Genetic male develops looking partly feminized.
B Genetic male develops a homosexual orientation.
C Genetic female develops looking partly masculinized.
D Genetic female develops excessive appetite.
Q:
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) occurs because the adrenal gland releases:
A too much cortisol
B too little cortisol
C too little estrogen
D too much insulin
Q:
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia would most likely have the greatest effect on the sexual appearance of:
a. young males.
b. adult males.
c. adult females.
d. newborn females.
Q:
What happens to a female human fetus exposed to excess testosterone during the sensitive period for genital development?
a. She is unaffected, since she has no receptors for testosterone.
b. She will often develop without any sexual organs.
c. She will often develop with genitals that have an intermediate appearance.
d. She will often develop a complete, functioning, set of male reproductive organs.
Q:
Some genetic males (XY) develop a female anatomy. Why?
A High levels of estrogens during prenatal development
B Lack of a receptor that enables testosterone to affect cells
C Low levels of alpha feto-protein in early development
D High levels of alpha feto-protein in early development
Q:
What would cause a genetic female to develop a partly masculinized anatomy?
a. excessive levels of alpha-fetoprotein in her blood
b. exposure of her mother to stressful experiences late in pregnancy
c. exposure to less than the usual amount of estrogen during an early sensitive period
d. exposure to more than the usual amount of testosterone during an early sensitive period
Q:
Some XY males have poorly developed genitals as a result of:
a. a mutation in the SRY gene.
b. low body temperature during prenatal development.
c. too much testosterone.
d. too much estrogen.
Q:
Some XX females have either an ovary and a testis, or two testes, or a mixture of testis and ovary tissue on each side as a result of:
a. a translocated SRY gene.
b. low body temperature during prenatal development.
c. too much testosterone.
d. too much estrogen.
Q:
Sex differences are to ____ as gender differences are to ____.
a. anatomy; behaviors
b. adults; children
c. excitation; inhibition
d. scientists; the public
Q:
Gender identity can be defined as:
a. the pattern of sex chromosomes one has.
b. the sex one identifies with and calls oneself.
c. sexual awareness present in almost all mammalian species.
d. the set of activities presumed to be common for one sex or another in a society.
Q:
What does a coral goby fish do if its mate dies after eggs have been laid?
a. A male will abandon the eggs and find a new mate.
b. A female will care for her young and then die.
c. Either sex will care for the eggs and, if necessary, change sex to form a new mating pair.
d. Either sex will abandon the eggs to find a new mate.
Q:
At this point, the conclusions of studies on the evolutionary interpretations of mating behavior suggest that these behaviors are:
a. primarily inherited.
b. primarily learned from cultural influence.
c. used to justify our behaviors.
d. lacking the scientific studies to allow us to draw a conclusion about them.
Q:
In real life situations, men are upset ____ women by emotional infidelity.
a. more than
b. less than
c. about the same as
Q:
In hypothetical situations, women are more upset than men by ____ infidelity.
a. genetic
b. cultural
c. emotional
d. sexual
Q:
Which of the following mate-selection preferences is stronger for men than for women?
a. acceptable odor
b. likelihood of being a good provider
c. youthfulness
d. intelligence
Q:
Which of the following tends to be more important for women than men in choosing a mate?
a. health
b. earning potential
c. physical attractiveness
d. Intelligence
Q:
One objection to the use of the one-mate strategy in women is that:
a. in some cases, having multiple sex partners can result in more offspring.
b. women are more jealous than men.
c. women can't be sure that their mate is the father.
d. there are no men who share this strategy.
Q:
Research suggests that ____ levels correlate with several aspects of motherly attention to an infant.
a. vasopressin
b. progesterone
c. oxytocin
d. estradiol
Q:
Pheromones of newborn rats:
a. inhibit maternal behavior.
b. stimulate maternal behaviors directly.
c. stimulate the release of hormones that affect maternal behaviors.
d. stimulate paternal behaviors, but not maternal behaviors.
Q:
The first few days of rat parental care are to ____ as later days are to ____.
a. experience; hormones
b. hormones; experience
c. females; males
d. males; females
Q:
Hormones are most essential to which aspect of mammalian parental behavior?
a. care for newborns during the first few days
b. continuation of care after the first few days
c. the parental care sometimes shown by males
d. all aspects equally
Q:
If a never pregnant female rat is left for 5-10 days with a litter of babies, she will:
a. most likely kill them.
b. initially ignore them, but eventually will become more attentive.
c. initially be attentive, but eventually will ignore them.
d. immediately respond to them as though she gave birth to them.
Q:
Male meadow voles can be genetically altered to remain with a female he mated with by increasing ____ levels.
a. vasopressin
b. renin
c. testosterone
d. estradiol
Q:
Unlike male prairie voles, male meadow voles show ____ preference to sitting near a female with which he has just mated.
a. increased
b. Decreased
c. No
d. Alternating
Q:
Many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden:
a. drop in testosterone levels.
b. surge of prolactin and oxytocin.
c. decrease of prolactin and increase of oxytocin.
d. increase of prolactin and decrease of oxytocin.
Q:
People typically experience a state of complete relaxation shortly after orgasm; this occurs due to the release of:
a. testosterone.
b. oxytocin.
c. prolactin.
d. progesterone.
Q:
In one study, women in the follicular phase, when the probability of becoming pregnant is greatest, preferred male faces that were:
a. more masculine in appearance.
b. somewhat feminine.
c. about halfway between feminized and masculinized.
d. larger than normal.
Q:
Which of the following time points would women most likely initiate sexual activity?
a. periovulatory period
b. luteal phase
c. menstruation
d. when they stop taking contraceptives
Q:
At what point in the menstrual cycle, if any, are women who are not on birth-control pills most likely to initiate sexual activity?
a. at any point in the menstrual cycle
b. just after the end of menstruation
c. about midway between two menstrual periods
d. just before the next menstrual period
Q:
Women are more likely to initiate sexual activity when:
a. testosterone levels are low.
b. estrogen levels are low.
c. estrogen levels are high.
d. estrogen levels are intermediate.
Q:
Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by:
a. increasing the release of estrogen.
b. increasing the release of FSH.
c. interfering with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary.
d. inactivating both ovaries.
Q:
The most widely used and most effective birth control pill is one that contains which hormone(s)?
a. luteinizing hormone
b. androgen, but not estrogen
c. both estrogen and androgen
d. both estrogen and progesterone
Q:
Pregnant women often experience nausea because of the heightened activity of the ____ receptor.
a. serotonin 3
b. progesterone
c. estradiol
d. dopamine 2