Q&A Hero

Q: if the diet contains precursor vitamin a, which of the following tissues can use it to form vitamin a? a.eyes b.kidneys c.adipose cells d.intestinal cells

Q: which of the following is a property of the fat-soluble vitamins? a.most of them are synthesized by intestinal bacteria b.intestinal transport occurs by way of the portal circulation c.deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet d.toxicity risk is higher for vitamins e and k than for other fat-soluble vitamins

Q: what is the major carrier of the fat-soluble vitamins from the intestinal epithelial cell to the circulation? a.albumin b.cholesterol c.chylomicrons d.liposoluble binding proteins

Q: which of the following is not among the features of the fat-soluble vitamins? a.require bile for absorption b.found in the fat and oily parts of foods c.transported permanently to the liver and adipose tissue d.pose a greater risk for developing a toxicity than water-soluble vitamins

Q: explain the major provisions of the dietary supplement health and education act of 1994.

Q: what type of testing is done by the u.s. pharmacopeia to assure the quality and safety of certain vitamin and mineral supplements?

Q: list population groups that have a physiological need for vitamin/mineral supplements.

Q: list several arguments for and against the regular use of vitamin supplements.

Q: choose 4 water-soluble vitamins and list their chief functions, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and major food sources.

Q: what is meant by false positive and false negative medical test results? how might these tests be influenced by vitamin supplements?

Q: list common foods that are good sources of vitamin c and foods that are unusually poor sources of the vitamin.

Q: describe the potential hazards of excessive vitamin c intake.

Q: under what conditions and for what reasons would intakes of vitamin c above the rda be desirable?

Q: in what ways have vitamin c supplements been shown to affect nasal congestion from a cold?

Q: explain the modes of action of vitamin c.

Q: under what circumstances can water-soluble vitamins be toxic? cite several examples.

Q: discuss similarities in the deficiency symptoms of the b vitamins.

Q: discuss how b-vitamin deficiencies rarely present as single-vitamin deficiencies.

Q: diagram the metabolic pathways that involve participation of b vitamins.

Q: discuss the roles of the b vitamins in energy metabolism.

Q: discuss the essentiality of choline, including chief functions and major food sources.

Q: discuss the association between marginal vitamin b12 deficiency and cognitive function.

Q: what is meant by the following: folate cures the blood symptoms of a vitamin b12 deficiency, but cannot stop the nerve symptoms from progressing.

Q: why might vegans develop a vitamin b12 deficiency? why might they have a normal vitamin b12 status? why are the amounts of b12 listed on labels of certain plant and yeast food products inaccurate and misleading?

Q: define intrinsic factor and discuss its relationship to vitamin b12 absorption. what other factors are associated with vitamin b12 absorption? what is the most common cause of vitamin b12 deficiency, and how is vitamin b12 deficiency treated in those with this condition?

Q: discuss the interrelationships of folate and vitamin b12 in the diagnosis and treatment of large-cell type anemia.

Q: provide explanations for the development of a primary and a secondary deficiency of folate.

Q: explain the association between folate deficiency and homocysteine metabolism. what are observations from the folate fortification program regarding risk for cardiovascular disease and death?

Q: what are the associations between folate intake and development and progression of certain cancers?

Q: discuss the expected benefits of folate fortification of grain products. what are the possible adverse effects of this practice?

Q: discuss through the use of examples the importance of folate in development of the neural tube during the early weeks of pregnancy.

Q: explain the role of folate in red blood cell synthesis and maintenance of cells lining the gi tract.

Q: why is the bioavailability of folate from food almost always lower than from the synthetic form?

Q: explain the absorption mechanisms for folate from foods. how does the body dispose of excess folate?

Q: what factors are associated with vitamin b12 inadequacy other than low intake?

Q: a.what is the effect of excess alcohol intake on vitamin b6 metabolism? b.describe the toxic effects of excess vitamin b6 supplements.

Q: explain how vitamin b6 and isoniazid interact to affect the vitamins metabolism.

Q: discuss the essentiality, deficiency symptoms, and major food sources of biotin and pantothenic acid.

Q: explain the medicinal uses for niacin supplements. what conditions make people more susceptible to the side effects from niacin supplements?

Q: why was pellagra once believed to be caused by a pathogen instead of a vitamin deficiency?

Q: describe the type of diet associated with pellagra in the u.s. in the early 1900s.

Q: discuss riboflavin nutrition including functions, risk factors for deficiency, symptoms of deficiency, food sources, and stability.

Q: discuss thiamin nutrition including functions, risk factors for deficiency, symptoms of deficiency, food sources, and stability.

Q: compare and contrast the water-soluble vitamin group with the fat-soluble vitamin group with respect to absorption, transport, storage, excretion, toxicity, and requirements.

Q: discuss the meaning and significance of the tolerable upper intake

Q: provide examples of how the vitamins differ from the macronutrients in terms of structure, function, and food contents.

Q: what is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin? how is it determined?

Q: discuss the effects of heat and ultraviolet light on vitamin stability.

Q: what steps should be taken by consumers to minimize the loss of vitamins from foods?

Q: provide a brief definition of a vitamin. do all vitamins contain an amino group?

Q: matching 1>name of thiamin deficiency disease 2>a food unusually rich in thiamin 3>exposure to this leads to destruction of riboflavin 4>a food source that supplies a substantial amount of peoples riboflavin intake 5>deficiency of this vitamin leads to cracks and redness at corners of the mouth 6>used for synthesis of niacin 7>overconsumption of this food has resulted in pellagra 8>high doses are known to lower ldl cholesterol 9>deficiency of this vitamin is induced by feeding raw egg whites 10>this vitamin is a component of acetyl coa 11>toxicity from this vitamin is known to cause nerve damage and inability to walk 12>prevention of neural tube defects is related to increased intake of this substance by pregnant women 13>one of the first symptoms of folate deficiency 14>required to maintain nerve fiber sheath 15>required for absorption of vitamin b12 16>made in the body from methionine 17>the antiscorbutic factor 18>vitamin c is required for the synthesis of this substance 19>excess intake of vitamin c may aggravate this disorder 20>a concentrated source of vitamin c a.pork b.corn c.dairy d.folate e.biotin f.niacin g.choline h.anemia i.collagen j.beriberi k.broccoli l.riboflavin m.vitamin b6 n.vitamin b12 o.tryptophan p.iron overload q.ascorbic acid r.intrinsic factor s.ultraviolet light t.pantothenic acid

Q: if a dietary supplement poses a significant risk of illness to consumers, what agency must prove harm before removing the product from the market? a.fda b.cdc c.usda d.usphs

Q: nutrient supplements known as green pills often contain a.mostly food coloring b.high-potency vitamin c c.dehydrated alfalfa and parsley d.dried extracts of spoiled meats

Q: what nutrient is responsible for causing the most accidental ingestion deaths in children? a.iron b.calcium c.vitamin a d.vitamin d

Q: which of the following is a feature of nutrient intakes and supplement use in the united states? a.few people ingest the optimal amounts of all vitamins and minerals from foods b.the nih recommends that people use supplements to prevent chronic diseases c.the nih recommends that people not use supplements to prevent chronic diseases d.the fda recognizes that most nutrient supplements are associated with little, if any, harm

Q: why shouldnt vitamin e supplements be taken for at least one week before surgery? a.vitamin e interferes with barbiturate pain medications b.the antioxidant activity affects stability of most anesthetic agents c.vitamin e acts as a blood thinner and could lead to excessive bleeding d.the antioxidant activity interferes with synthesis of replacement erythrocytes

Q: which of the following is not among the common effects from ingesting a mild iron overdose? a.nausea b.gi distress c.black tongue d.black diarrhea

Q: those groups of people who are at risk for developing marginal nutrient deficiencies and may benefit from taking vitamin supplements include all of the following except a.vegans b.food faddists c.athletes who are engaged in intense competitive events d.people with low energy intakes, such as habitual dieters and the elderly

Q: a person who shuns dairy and spends most of her time indoors would likely benefit from a supplement of a.vitamin a b.vitamin b6 c.vitamin c d.vitamin d

Q: which of the following statements is representative of vitamin supplementation practices? a.most people who take supplements consume a poor diet b.most people should take supplements daily because of the great difficulty in obtaining the needed amounts from food c.people who have low energy intakes or are pregnant are at risk for developing deficiencies and may benefit from supplementation d.people should take supplements daily because nutrition surveys in the u.s. and canada have detected deficiencies in some population groups

Q: the known dangers of taking vitamin supplements include all of the following except a.vitamin toxicity b.the taker may ignore warning signs of a disease c.the taker may feel a false sense of security and consume a poor diet d.pathogenic bacterial overgrowth of the large intestines leading to increased risk of infection

Q: approximately what percentage of the u.s. population takes a dietary supplement regularly? a.5 b.33 c.50 d.80

Q: a vitamin supplement labeled as high potency contains an amount that is a.50% of the daily value b.equal to the ul c.up to 200% of the daily value d.100% or more of the daily value

Q: which of the following would be the poorest dietary source of vitamin c? a.liver b.potatoes c.whole grains d.cruciferous vegetables

Q: what food makes a significant contribution to vitamin c intakes in the u.s. population despite its modest vitamin c concentration? a.potatoes b.organ meats c.breaded fish d.whole-grain cereals

Q: moderate intakes of which of the following would provide sufficient amounts of vitamin c? a.potatoes b.brown rice c.low-fat milk d.whole-wheat bread

Q: all of the following are consequences of ingesting excess vitamin c supplements except a.they frequently cause diarrhea b.they appear safe at levels up to 2000 mg/day c.they enhance the action of anticlotting medications d.they interfere with laboratory urine tests for the diagnosis of diabetes

Q: which of the following would be a very good source of vitamin c for the lacto-ovo-vegetarian? a.milk b.eggs c.broccoli d.whole-grain bread

Q: which of these meals is lowest in vitamin c? a.roast beef, carrots, noodles, and tea b.hot dog, cabbage, french fries, and milk c.roast beef, broccoli, noodles, and coffee d.spaghetti with tomato sauce, meatball, garlic bread, and red wine

Q: which of the following foods provides ample amounts of vitamin c? a.tofu b.yogurt c.legumes d.broccoli

Q: john is looking to increase his dietary sources of vitamin c. however, he expresses a strong dislike for all citrus fruits. which of the following shopping lists would you recommend? a.liver, yogurt, milk b.brussels sprouts, broccoli, strawberries c.banana, peanut butter, canned tuna fish d.whole grains, pork, fortified corn flakes

Q: what term describes the outcome of a diagnostic test that apparently indicates that you do not have an infection when in reality you do? a.true positive b.true negative c.false positive d.false negative

Q: what term is used to describe the outcome of a diagnostic test that apparently shows that you have mononucleosis when in reality you do not? a.true positive b.true negative c.false positive d.false negative

Q: which of the following food groups is a rich source of vitamin c? a.milk group b.meat group c.fruit group d.grains group

Q: which of the following is not among the characteristics of vitamin c? a.easily degraded by heat b.easily degraded by oxygen c.with moderate intake it acts chiefly as a prooxidant d.adequate amounts are contained in breast milk but not cows milk

Q: which of the following is a feature of vitamin c in the body? a.severe deficiency is irreversible b.low levels are found in people who chew tobacco c.extremes of physical stress impair mobilization of vitamin c d.severe deficiency signs become apparent when blood levels fall by about 20%

Q: people with the condition known as iron overload may be adversely affected from taking supplements of a.niacin b.retinol c.cobalamin d.ascorbic acid

Q: which of the following symptoms is indicative of a deficiency of vitamin c? a.hair loss b.muscle spasms c.bilateral symmetrical dermatitis d.subcutaneous pinpoint hemorrhages

Q: people who smoke require additional vitamin c in the amount of a.5 mg b.35 mg c.100 mg d.200 mg

Q: in the united states, what is the adult rda for vitamin c? a.10-20 mg b.50-60 mg c.75-90 mg d.100-135 mg