Q&A Hero

Q: Not all utilitarians accept the principle of utility as the standard for determining the rightness of an action.

Q: Utilitarianism focuses solely upon some inherent feature(s) of an action itself and is unconcerned with the consequences that an action produces.

Q: Annas and Grodin argue that if research will benefit a population in a developing nation then there is no need to secure the informed consent of the participants from that nation.

Q: David Resnik holds that research funding as it is currently practiced is unjust.

Q: A cosmopolitan view of distributive justice considers the distribution of resources to be a global issue.

Q: Cultural relativists seem committed to rejecting multiculturalism.

Q: The medical importance of an issue is reflected in its political importance.

Q: The medical importance of infectious diseases to global health is reflected in the pay scale of physicians who specialize in this area.

Q: The majority of healthcare resources are devoted to solving the problems of the developing word.

Q: Peter Singer believes that the only ethical responsibilities we have are those that we voluntarily accept.

Q: Peter Singer is a libertarian.

Q: Peter Singer believed that the example of the drowning baby shows that people have a moral obligation to persons outside their own countries.

Q: Some libertarians argue that moral responsibility does not extend beyond national borders, and so there is no moral obligation to aid people in the developing world.

Q: Climate change is having a significant impact on human health.

Q: There are ethical questions associated with the use of placebos.

Q: How the effectiveness of a drug in a clinical trial should be measured is always clear.

Q: The standards for clinical trials in the developing world are the same as for those in the developed world.

Q: There is evidence that sexual orientation has a genetic component.

Q: Gender differences are more like a spectrum than a binary system.

Q: Sex differences are more like a spectrum than a binary system.

Q: Race is a biological category.

Q: Race-based medicine has been defended as a step toward personalized medicine.

Q: Social categories of race are a poor proxy for genetic differences.

Q: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study secured the informed consent of its participants.

Q: African Americans can tolerate syphilis better than Caucasians.

Q: Precision medicine aims to tailor treatment to specific cohorts of people.

Q: Different cells in the same tissue are all genetically identical.

Q: Men and woman are biologically opposite to each other.

Q: Gender norms can affect health outcomes.

Q: Differential medical outcomes between men and women are solely the result of sex differences.

Q: Medical treatments for women are often based on a male model.

Q: Neglecting to take into account sex differences in medicine can have serious consequences for patients.

Q: Donald Light believes that universal access to health care should be supported by conservatives on the basis of the principle of personal integrity.

Q: Geyman believes that a single-payer system would be efficient.

Q: Geyman believes that the insurance industry should be more profit-driven as this would lead to a more efficient system.

Q: Conservatives value voluntarism.

Q: Avik Roy believes that market-based transactions are more efficient that Government mandates.

Q: Avik Roy believes that economic liberty is of great moral value.

Q: According to Norman Daniels, health care differs from ordinary commodities in such a way that its distribution should not be governed by the usual rules of buying and selling in the market economy.

Q: According to Kai Nielsen where the life of everyone matters equally, everyone should receive the same quality of medical treatment, regardless of the ability to pay.

Q: Under the terms of the Affordable Health Care Act, starting in 2014, almost everyone in the U.S. is required to have medical insurance. Those who fail to get insurance are penalized, and those who are unable to afford it are eligible for subsidized coverage.

Q: There is currently a legally recognized claim right to health care in American society.

Q: One cause of the increase in health care cost is the fact that Americans are typically unwilling to accept the explicit rationing of resources that would involve, for example, denying heart transplants to people in their seventies or mammograms to women in their thirties.

Q: The U.S. spends more on health care than any other country in the world.

Q: Having a large percentage of uninsured people in a population will lead to a less healthy population.

Q: The adverse selection problem in insurance occurs when an insurance company selects too many sick people to insure given the number of healthy people that it is insuring.

Q: The free rider problem is a problem for many types of insurance scheme.

Q: The market approach to organ allocation puts a high value on rights, according to Annas.

Q: Annas believes that, barring cases of immediate need, organs should be allocated on a first-come, first-serve basis.

Q: Emanuel and Wertheimer argue that, in a situation where there is only a limited amount of vaccine to prevent a loss of life, priority status for the vaccine should be given to those working to on producing and distributing the vaccine.

Q: Phadke and Anandh believe that the selling of organs for transplant should remain illegal.

Q: Radcliffe-Richards argues that the disgust that we may feel at the thought of selling kidneys is sufficient reason for us to deny people treatments they need.

Q: Cohen and Benjamin believe that it is feasible to require physicians to examine the moral character of all of their patients when deciding who is most eligible to receive a transplant organ.

Q: Appel argues that the life expectancy of a death row inmate should be considered relevant to a transplant decision and, thus, death row inmates should not be allowed to be candidates for kidney transplants.

Q: Kidneys are the only organs transplanted from living donors.

Q: Policies of presumed consent frequently solve the organ shortage in the countries in which they are enacted.

Q: In an organ market the rich would necessarily exploit the poor.

Q: Allowing organ sales would seem to be required by respect for bodily autonomy.

Q: In a required response state people have to declare if they wish to become organ donors when they renew their drivers licenses.

Q: The fact that transplant surgery is expensive is the only major problem that transplant surgery faces.

Q: Personal wealth can provide an advantage in the current system of organ allocation in the U.S.

Q: It is currently illegal in the U.S. to buy and sell solid human organs.

Q: Peter Singer believes that the utilitarian case for voluntary euthanasia is exceedingly weak.

Q: J. Gay-Williams argues that there are no good moral arguments for not allowing patient-requested euthanasia.

Q: James Rachels supports the opinion that there is a significant moral difference between active and passive euthanasia.

Q: James Rachels believes that when a patient is allowed to die (at the patients request), it is the patients disease that causes the death not the doctor who takes the patient off life support.

Q: Rachels believes that passive euthanasia is morally preferable to active euthanasia.

Q: Ross holds that we always have a strong prima facie duty not to kill any sentient being.

Q: A utilitarian will always support the view that euthanasia is morally acceptable.

Q: Well-being and health are the same concept.

Q: The oldest form of advance directive is a living will.

Q: On the Roman Catholic view there is a moral obligation to continue treatment when a person is medically hopeless.

Q: One advantage of the durable power of attorney over the living will is that the durable power of attorney allows a surrogate to exercise control over novel and unanticipated situations.

Q: Passive euthanasia is sometimes referred to as an act of commission.

Q: Active euthanasia is sometimes referred to as an act of omission.

Q: A persistent vegetative state is synonymous with brain death.

Q: In the 1970s and 1980s there were four basic views of what it is to be dead.

Q: Engelhardt opposes the passive euthanization of children.

Q: Engelhardt believes that there could be a duty not to treat an impaired infant.

Q: Engelhardt believes that children are not persons in the full sense.