Q&A Hero

Q: Counting the number of responses to questions in a survey by hand is called _____. a. index analysis b. tallying c. elaboration analysis d. moderator analysis

Q: Arranging data into a table is called _____. a. tabulation b. frequency c. analysis d. interpretation

Q: Which of the following is a graphical way of showing the frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category? a. perceptual map b. histogram c. contingency table d. frequency chart

Q: The researcher examining descriptive statistics for any particular variable is using which type of statistics? a. multivariate b. interval c. nominal d. univariate

Q: All of the following are examples of descriptive statistics EXCEPT _____. a. p-value b. average c. range d. standard deviation

Q: The transformation of raw data into a form that makes the data easier to understand and to interpret is called _____. a. descriptive analysis b. outlier analysis c. computer mapping d. creating a box and whisker plot

Q: Coding that assigns numbers to categories in an arbitrary way merely as a means of identifying some characteristic is called _____. a. nominal coding b. descriptive coding c. labeling d. class coding

Q: Which of the following is an alternative to dummy coding using the values of -1 and +1 to represent two categories of responses? a. reverse coding b. inverse coding c. effects coding d. verified coding

Q: A survey question asked respondent how much of the Super Bowl they watched by asking them to check one of the four following choices: "all of it," "most of it," "some of it," or "none of it." How many dummy variables would a researcher need to dummy code this question? a. one b. two c. three d. four

Q: Assigning a "1" or "0" code where each number represents an alternate response such as "yes" or "no," is an example of _____. a. editing b. dummy coding c. reverse coding d. plugging

Q: Codes are rules for ______ data. a. interpreting b. classifying c. recording d. all of these choices

Q: Assigning males the value of zero and females the value of one in a database to record the gender of the respondents is an example of _____. a. coding b. test tabulation c. editing d. verification

Q: The assignment of numbers to edited data is known as _____. a. editing b. adjusting with a plug value c. coding d. all of the above

Q: The t-test is most appropriate for small samples (e.g., smaller than 30).

Q: A Type I error occurs when a condition that is true in the population is rejected based on statistical observations.

Q: The researcher using sampling runs the risk of committing two types of errors: primary errors and secondary errors.

Q: The termp-valuestands for power-value.

Q: A significance level is a critical probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test that indicates how likely it is that an inference supporting a difference between an observed value and some statistical expectation is true.

Q: A statistical test's significance level or p-value becomes a key indicator of whether or not a hypothesis can be supported.

Q: Multivariate statistic analyses require five or more variables.

Q: Monovariate statistical analysis tests hypotheses involving only one variable.

Q: Index numbers allow researchers to track a variable's value over time and compare a variable with other variables.

Q: When a data set is bimodal, a median split of the data will lead to error.

Q: A category split means respondents below the observed median go into one category and respondents above the median go into another.

Q: Combining the data from adjacent categories of a Likert-scale item is a common form of data transformation.

Q: The process of changing data from their original form to a format that more closely fits the research objectives of the research study is called data transformation.

Q: When a third variable inserted into the analysis changes the results when two other variables were studied previously, this third variable is called a moderator variable.

Q: A common form of elaboration analysis is to do cross-tabulation of data within subgroups of the sample under study.

Q: The reference base is the number of respondents or observations (in a row or column) used as a basis for computing percentages in a cross-tabulation.

Q: A 3 x 4 tablerepresents a contingency table with twelve variables.

Q: Researchers usually are most interested in the marginals in a contingency table.

Q: The row and column totals in a contingency table are called subtotals because they are less than the total.

Q: A contingency table is a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of possible responses to multiple variables.

Q: Cross-tabulation allows the inspection and comparison of differences among groups based on interval or ratio measures.

Q: A simple tabulation of a variable's frequency distribution is sometimes called a marginal tabulation.

Q: Tabulation refers to the orderly arrangement of data in a table or other summary format.

Q: A planogram is a graphical way of showing the frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category.

Q: All statistics that are appropriate to use for higher-order scales (ratio scales are the highest) are also appropriate to use with lower-order scales (nominal scales are the lowest).

Q: The type of measurement scale used in the research study determines the possible statistical tests that can be used appropriately with the resulting data.

Q: The researcher examining descriptive statistics for any particular variable is using univariate statistics.

Q: Coding using the rule that a male appearing in an advertisement is coded as "1," a female is "2," a child is "3," and an animal is "4," is an example of class coding.

Q: Discrete coding can be used for dichotomous responses like "yes "or "no."

Q: Coding is the process of assigning a numerical score or other character symbol to previously edited data.

Q: Discuss the three factors required to specify sample size.

Q: Explain the central-limit theorem and discuss why it is useful to marketing researchers.

Q: List the characteristics of the standardized normal distribution and explain why it is a useful distribution in inferential statistics.

Q: Describe the measures of dispersion and explain why standard deviation is used most often.

Q: Describe the measures of central tendency and calculate each for the following salary data: $25,000, $35,000, $35,000, $40,000, $50,000, $70,000, and $350,000. Which is the best measure of central tendency for this data?

Q: Compare and contrast describe statistics and inferential statistics. Which one is most appropriate for causal research?

Q: Three factors in determining sample size for questions involving means are: (1) the variance, or heterogeneity, of the population; (2) the magnitude of acceptable error; and (3) the _____.

Q: Traditionally, market researchers have used the ______ percent confidence level in research studies.

Q: A specified range of numbers within which a population mean is expected to lie is known as the ______ estimate.

Q: An estimate of the population mean in the form of a single value is called a(n) _____.

Q: The idea that as sample size increases, the distribution of sample means of samples of size n, when randomly selected, approaches a normal distribution is known as the ______.

Q: The standard deviation of the sampling distribution is called the ______ of the mean.

Q: A frequency distribution of the population elements is called a(n) _____ distribution.

Q: The _____ distribution is bell shaped.

Q: The simplest measure of the dispersion of a set of scores is the ______ .

Q: The middle score in the rank order of scores is called the ______ score.

Q: When you add up a set of scores and divide the result by the number of scores, you have determined the ______ of the distribution, which is a measure of central tendency.

Q: The percentage of elements that meet some criterion is referred to as the _____.

Q: A frequency distribution organized into a table or graph that summarizes percentage values associated with particular values of a variable is called a(n) _____.

Q: When a data set is summarized by counting the number of times each value for a variable occurs in the sample, this is known as a(n) ______.

Q: Variables in a sample or measures computed from sample data are called _____.

Q: If 35 percent of TV viewers recalled seeing an ad for a Toyota Prius on a particular television program based on a sample of 800 viewers, the 95 percent confidence interval for this study would be between approximately _____. a. 30 percent and 40 percent b. 32 percent and 38 percent c. 28 percent and 42 percent d. 20 percent and 30 percent

Q: The confidence interval for a proportion uses which of the following formulas? a. p ZSp b. Sp ZP c. ZSs d. none of these choices

Q: The formula below is used to calculate the ______ . (ZS/E)2 a. sample standard deviation b. population standard deviation c. sample size d. sample variance

Q: Which of the following is a step in determining sample size? a. estimate the standard deviation of the population b. make a judgment about the allowable magnitude of error c. determine a confidence level d. all of these choices

Q: In statistical terms, ______ the sample size ______ the width of the confidence interval about the mean at a given confidence level. a. increasing; decreases b. increasing; increases c. decreasing; decreases d. none of these choices

Q: If the sample standard deviation is 10.5 and the sample mean is 48 based on a study with a sample size of 120, the 95 percent confidence interval about the mean is between approximately _____. a. 44.37 and 51.63 b. 46.12 and 49.88 c. 47.88 and 48.12 d. 40.0 and 50.0

Q: An estimate of the population mean in the form of a single value, usually the sample mean, is called a _____. a. confidence interval estimate b. standard deviation c. point estimate d. variant

Q: Which theory states that as sample size increases, the distribution of sample means of size n, randomly selected, approaches a normal distribution? a. prospect theory b. central-limit theorem c. dispersion theory d. entropy

Q: Which of the following represents the standard deviation of the sampling distribution? a. range b. standard median c. dispersion d. standard error of the mean

Q: A frequency distribution of a sample is called a(n) _____. a. sample distribution b. inferred distribution c. secondary distribution d. standard distribution

Q: A frequency distribution of the population elements is called a _____. a. normal distribution b. sample statistic c. population distribution d. standard error

Q: If the population mean is assumed to be 20 and the sample standard deviation is 5, a score of 15 would have a Z-value of _____. a. +1.00 b. -7.00 c. -1.00 d. +5.00

Q: All of the following are characteristics of the standardized normal distribution EXCEPT _____. a. symmetrical about its mean b. has an infinite number of cases c. mean identifies the normal curve's highest point (the mode) d. has a mean of 1 and a standard deviation of 0

Q: One of the most common probability distributions in statistics is the _____ distribution. a. normal b. bell c. central d. confidence interval

Q: The _____ distribution is a symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution that describes the expected probability distribution of many chance occurrences. a. bell-weather b. common c. normal d. unique

Q: Which of the following is the symbol for the population standard deviation? a. S b. s c. m d. S2