Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following types of marketing techniques involve deceiving consumers about the involvement of marketers in a communication? a. Communal marketing b. Affinity marketing c. Cause marketing d. Ambush marketing e. Stealth marketing

Q: Using online technologies to facilitate word-of-mouth by having consumers spread marketing messages through their online connections is known as _____ marketing. a. affinity b. stealth c. viral d. multi-level e. ambush

Q: Marketing of a product using unconventional means is called _____ marketing. a. guerrilla b. affinity c. ambush d. communal e. cloud

Q: Marketing efforts that focus on generating excitement that is spread among market segments is known as _____ marketing a. buzz b. affinity c. multi-level d. relationship e. ambush

Q: Mom & Baby Inc., a firm specializing in mother and child care products, gives away free samples of their latest products to new mothers. They also encourage mothers to provide feedback on their product samples in a blog for new mothers. The company's goal is to stimulate positive word-of-mouth communications about their products. This is an example of _____ word-of-mouth. a. primary b. natural c. organic d. amplified e. scripted

Q: _____ word-of-mouth (WOM) occurs when marketers attempt to accelerate WOM in existing customer circles, or when they develop entirely new WOM forums. a. Primary b. Random c. Organic d. Scripted e. Amplified

Q: Beth had been searching for the right foundation for her skin type. She had tried a few brands before, however, none of them suited her sensitive skin. When Beth finally found what she was looking for, she made it a point to tell all her close friends about how good the product was for her skin. This is an example of _____ word-of-mouth. a. primary b. natural c. organic d. unscripted e. amplified

Q: _____ word-of-mouth occurs naturally when consumers truly enjoy a product or service and they want to share their experiences with others. a. Primary b. Organic c. Natural d. Amplified e. Secondary

Q: Barbara is an active member of her church. She is the choir director and the head of youth activities. Barbara can best be associated with the _____ self-schema. a. connected b. idealized c. dissociated d. actualized e. separated

Q: Stan is a member of the Association for Consumer Research, but when he attends the conferences, he doesn"t identify with the group. Even though his research is received favorably, he often feels detached and perceives himself as different from the other members. Stan can best be described as having a(n) _____ self-schema with respect to this group. a. idealized b. separated c. actualized d. connected e. ambiguous

Q: Describe balance theory and how it can be used to explain the effectiveness of celebrity endorsers in changing consumers' attitudes.

Q: Using the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), illustrate how attitudes are changed based on differing levels of consumer involvement.

Q: Explain how the behavioral intentions model differs from the attitude-toward-the-object (ATO) model.

Q: Explain the formula for predicting attitudes using the attitude-toward-the-object approach.

Q: What is the hierarchy of effects? Briefly describe the different hierarchies.

Q: Name and describe the four functions of attitudes.

Q: Define attitude and describe the ABC approach to attitudes. For each component of this approach, give an example that illustrates that component of your attitude regarding a product or activity.

Q: AUTOMOBILE SCENARIOConsider a consumer who is contemplating a new automobile purchase. She has narrowed her decision down to two brands, Honda Accord and Ford Taurus. She has identified gas mileage, price, warranty, and styling to be important attributes to consider in her decision. Her evaluative ratings (e) for each attribute and her beliefs of how each brand performs on a given attribute (b) are given below:Honda AccordFord TaurusAttributeebbMileage264Low Price322Warranty-113Design1105Refer to the Automobile Scenario. The consumer comes across an advertisement that shows Honda stating that Accord is being offered as an environment-friendly hybrid model. According to the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), this consumer is most likely to be influenced by the _____ route to persuasion.a. centralb. peripheralc. secondaryd. sentimente. unit

Q: AUTOMOBILE SCENARIOConsider a consumer who is contemplating a new automobile purchase. She has narrowed her decision down to two brands, Honda Accord and Ford Taurus. She has identified gas mileage, price, warranty, and styling to be important attributes to consider in her decision. Her evaluative ratings (e) for each attribute and her beliefs of how each brand performs on a given attribute (b) are given below:Honda AccordFord TaurusAttributeebbMileage264Low Price322Warranty-113Design1105Refer to the Automobile Scenario. According to the attitude-toward-the-object approach to attitude change, if Honda publicized the fact that Accord is also being offered as a hybrid with more environment-friendly features, by which of the following methods is Honda attempting to change this consumer's attitude toward its brand?a. Changing beliefsb. Adding beliefs about new attributesc. Changing evaluationsd. Changing schema-based affecte. Adding a social norm

Q: AUTOMOBILE SCENARIOConsider a consumer who is contemplating a new automobile purchase. She has narrowed her decision down to two brands, Honda Accord and Ford Taurus. She has identified gas mileage, price, warranty, and styling to be important attributes to consider in her decision. Her evaluative ratings (e) for each attribute and her beliefs of how each brand performs on a given attribute (b) are given below:Honda AccordFord TaurusAttributeebbMileage264Low Price322Warranty-113Design1105 Refer to the Automobile Scenario. Which of the following is true of the customer's overall attitude following the implementation of the attitude-toward-the-object model?a. The customer has a more favorable attitude toward Ford Taurus.b. The customer has a negative attitude toward Honda Accord.c. The customer has no significant attitude toward any model.d. The customer has a more favorable attitude toward Honda Accord.e. The customer has the same overall attitude toward both Ford Taurus and Honda Accord.

Q: AUTOMOBILE SCENARIOConsider a consumer who is contemplating a new automobile purchase. She has narrowed her decision down to two brands, Honda Accord and Ford Taurus. She has identified gas mileage, price, warranty, and styling to be important attributes to consider in her decision. Her evaluative ratings (e) for each attribute and her beliefs of how each brand performs on a given attribute (b) are given below:Honda AccordFord TaurusAttributeebbMileage264Low Price322Warranty-113Design1105 Refer to the Automobile Scenario. Based on the attitude-toward-the-object model, what is the consumer's overall attitude () toward Ford Taurus?a. 23b. 16c. 17d. 11e. 27

Q: AUTOMOBILE SCENARIOConsider a consumer who is contemplating a new automobile purchase. She has narrowed her decision down to two brands, Honda Accord and Ford Taurus. She has identified gas mileage, price, warranty, and styling to be important attributes to consider in her decision. Her evaluative ratings (e) for each attribute and her beliefs of how each brand performs on a given attribute (b) are given below:Honda AccordFord TaurusAttributeebbMileage264Low Price322Warranty-113Design1105 Refer to the Automobile Scenario. Based on the attitude-toward-the-object model, what is the consumer's overall attitude () toward Honda Accord?a. 23b. 12c. 27d. 16e. 19

Q: Refer to the Attitude Scenario. Serena sees an advertisement for Philips Model A which states that it has the least energy consumption compared to the other models. According to the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), she is most likely to be influenced by the _____ route to persuasion.a. centralb. peripheralc. secondaryd. sentimente. unit

Q: Refer to the Attitude Scenario. According to the attitude-toward-the-object approach, if Braun introduced extra styling features like straightening and curling, which of the following methods is Braun using to change consumer attitude toward its brand? a. Changing beliefs b. Adding beliefs about new attributes c. Changing evaluations d. Changing schema-based affect e. Adding a social norm

Q: Refer to the Attitude Scenario. Serena sees an advertisement for Philips Model A which states that it has the least energy consumption compared to the other models. According to the social judgment theory, which of the following is most likely to happen when she sees this message? a. Her central route to persuasion will be activated. b. Assimilation will occur. c. She will place the message in the latitude of rejection. d. Her ego-defensive function of attitude will be activated. e. She will change her evaluations about Philips Model A.

Q: ATTITUDE SCENARIOSerena wants to buy a new hair dryer. She surfs the Internet and finally considers buying either a model from Philips or Braun. She rates them on their price, energy consumption, and design. Her evaluative ratings (e) for each attribute and her beliefs of how each brand performs on a given attribute (b) are given below:Philips Model ABraun Model BAttributeebbLow Price388Energy Consumption256Design289 Refer to the Attitude Scenario. Which of the following is true about Serena's overall attitude following the implementation of the attitude-toward-the-object model?a. Serena has a more favorable attitude toward Philips Model A.b. Serena has a negative attitude toward Braun Model B.c. Serena has no significant attitude toward any model.d. Serena has a more favorable attitude toward Braun Model B.e. Serena has the same overall attitude toward Philips Model A and Braun Model B.

Q: ATTITUDE SCENARIOSerena wants to buy a new hair dryer. She surfs the Internet and finally considers buying either a model from Philips or Braun. She rates them on their price, energy consumption, and design. Her evaluative ratings (e) for each attribute and her beliefs of how each brand performs on a given attribute (b) are given below:Philips Model ABraun Model BAttributeebbLow Price388Energy Consumption256Design289 Refer to the Attitude Scenario. Based on the attitude-toward-the-object model, what is Serena's overall attitude toward Philips Model A?a. 21b. 50c. 54d. 44e. 62

Q: ATTITUDE SCENARIOSerena wants to buy a new hair dryer. She surfs the Internet and finally considers buying either a model from Philips or Braun. She rates them on their price, energy consumption, and design. Her evaluative ratings (e) for each attribute and her beliefs of how each brand performs on a given attribute (b) are given below:Philips Model ABraun Model BAttributeebbLow Price388Energy Consumption256Design289 Refer to the Attitude Scenario. Based on the attitude-toward-the-object model, what is Serena's overall attitude () toward Braun Model B?a. 23b. 54c. 50d. 44e. 62

Q: Pearl Beauty Inc., a leading cosmetics firm, wants to introduce its new anti-aging cream in the market. Since its target audience comprises mostly of women in their mid-30s, Pearl Beauty decided to feature a well-known model in the advertisement who is also in her mid-30s. According to the _____, using a model who is in her mid-30s is likely to be far more effective than using someone much younger in the advertisement.a. congruency hypothesisb. elaboration likelihood modelc. matchup hypothesisd. resonance hypothesise. primacy effect

Q: Which of the following best describes the matchup hypothesis? a. It states that the more strongly held an attitude is, the more difficult it is to change. b. It states that a source feature is most effective when it is matched with relevant products. c. It illustrates how attitudes are changed based on differing levels of consumer involvement. d. It refers to a perception of the extent to which a spokesperson is presenting a message that he or she truly believes, with no reason to present false information. e. It states that human beings prefer consistency among their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.

Q: Which of the following is true about the effects of the source of a message on consumer attitudes? a. Source likeability affects persuasion more for consumers with high need for cognition than for those with a low degree of this trait. b. The credibility of sources has no impact on the certainty with which consumer attitudes are held. c. For consumers with low involvement, credible sources tend to be no more persuasive than less credible sources. d. Expertise and trustworthiness have no influence on persuasion. e. Source likeability affects persuasion more for consumers with low need for cognition than for those with a high degree of this trait.

Q: Which of the following types of effect is said to occur when material presented later in the message has the most impact? a. Primacy effect b. Contrast effect c. Recency effect d. Negative effect e. Peripheral effect

Q: When material presented early in a message is most influential, a _____ is said to occur. a. primacy effect b. contrast effect c. recency effect d. peripheral effect e. negative effect

Q: The placement of information in a specific message at the beginning, middle, or end of the message impacts the recall of the information and is a basic tenet of what is known as the _____ effect. a. contrast b. congruency c. linear progression d. serial position e. bandwagon

Q: Which of the following is true about message construction? a. Directly comparing one brand against specific competitors can be effective, especially when the brand being promoted is not already the market leader. b. Overly complex messages always lead to favorable reactions. c. Advertisements that allow consumers to arrive at their own conclusions tend to be more persuasive when the audience has a low level of involvement with the product. d. If marketers are attempting to reach a highly involved audience, important information should ideally be placed later in the message. e. Consumers with low involvement are more motivated to attend to a larger number of arguments than are highly motivated consumers.

Q: Which of the following is true about message appeals? a. Highly explicit content tends to direct attention toward the product. b. Humorous ads appear to be most effective when the consumer's attitudes are initially negative rather than positive. c. Fear appeals appear to be effective when advertisers show how difficult it is to implement the desired response. d. Humor appeals always increase the credibility of a message source. e. Elements of humor are often used in violent ads to lessen the degree to which the ad is disturbing.

Q: Which of the following statements is true regarding sex appeals in advertising? a. Consumers find sexually appealing ads to be largely ineffective. b. The use of nudity is ineffective for products that have intimate appeal. c. Males and females alike tend to react negatively to female nudity in advertising. d. Moderate levels of nudity are more preferred by consumers. e. Sex appeals in ads are effective regardless of the type of product being advertised.

Q: From a traditional advertising perspective, the basic communication model is referred to as a _____ approach. a. "one-to-one" b. "many-to-one" c. "one-to-many" d. "many-to-many" e. "one-way-street"

Q: Stella is surfing the Internet to look for affordable apartments in New York City. Every time she clicks on a link to a website, she gets interrupted by random pop-up ads. She doesn"t know how to disable these pop-ups and finds them extremely irritating. In the basic communications model, these pop-up ads are classified as _____. a. stimulants b. noise c. encrypted data d. mediators e. moderators

Q: _____ refer to the characteristics of the person or character delivering a message that influence persuasion. a. Primary effects b. Message effects c. Peripheral effects d. Central effects e. Source effects

Q: _____ is a term that is used to describe how the appeal of a message and its construction affect persuasion. a. Message effects b. Source effects c. Structural effects d. Central effects e. Peripheral effects

Q: Which of the following is true about social judgment theory? a. When an incoming message falls within the latitude of acceptance, contrast effect occurs. b. When the original attitude is weak, the latitude of rejection is large. c. When an incoming message falls within the latitude of acceptance, the attitude of the consumer is likely to change in the direction opposite to the message. d. When a message is perceived as being opposed to the original attitude position, it will fall within the latitude of rejection. e. When an incoming message falls within the latitude of rejection, assimilation occurs.

Q: Tom strongly believes that raising tax rates for the rich is the only way to steer the economy out of a recession because it is likely to generate greater tax revenue for the government. Even when his friend Sam pointed at factual information illustrating that the government indeed receives greater tax revenues when tax rates are uniformly low for all Americans, Tom refused to accept Sam's input and change his attitude. Interestingly, the input provided by Sam further strengthened Tom's initial attitude. In this instance, _____ can be said to have occurred. a. assimilation b. attitude tracking c. a recency effect d. a contrast effect e. a change in belief

Q: According to the social judgment theory, when an incoming message falls within the latitude of acceptance, _____ occurs. a. attitude tracking b. contrast effect c. assimilation d. anchoring e. bandwagon effect

Q: According to the social judgment theory, in which of the following instances does assimilation occur? a. When the consumer is not involved with the message b. When an incoming message is perceived as falling within the latitude of rejection c. When material presented early in a message is most influential d. When material presented later in the message has the most impact e. When an incoming message falls within the latitude of acceptance

Q: According to the social judgment theory, a message that is perceived as being opposed to the original attitude position will fall within the _____. a. latitude of acceptance b. central route c. latitude of indifference d. latitude of rejection e. high-involvement hierarchy

Q: Which of the following concepts are used in social judgment theory to explain attitude change? a. Central route and peripheral route b. Latitudes of acceptance and latitudes of rejection c. Utilitarian function and hedonic function d. Sentiment relations and unit relations e. High involvement and low involvement

Q: Which of the following theories proposes that consumers compare incoming information to their existing attitudes about a particular object or issue? a. Elaboration likelihood theory b. Social judgment theory c. Self-congruency theory d. Balance theory e. Behavioral influence theory

Q: In the balance theory, the object-person relation is referred to as a(n) _____ relation. a. sentiment b. unit c. primary d. secondary e. central

Q: In the balance theory, the system (composed of observer, person, and object) is referred to as a _____. a. unit b. sentiment c. network d. cue e. triad

Q: According to the balance theory, the relations between the elements of observer, person, and object are referred to as _____. a. primacy relations b. sentiment relations c. central relations d. peripheral relations e. affective relations

Q: Balance theory is based on the _____, which states that human beings prefer consistency among their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. a. reality principle b. pleasure principle c. congruency principle d. consistency principle e. hedonic principle

Q: The basic premise of _____ is that consumers are motivated to maintain perceived consistency in the relations found in mental systems. a. balance theory b. changing schema-based affect c. behavioral influence theory d. social judgment theory e. elaboration likelihood model

Q: The attractiveness of the person delivering the message, the number of arguments presented, the expertise of the spokesperson, and the imagery or music presented along with the message are examples of _____. a. central cues b. primary cues c. physical cues d. peripheral cues e. relational cues

Q: In the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), nonproduct related information presented in a message is referred to as a(n) _____. a. central cue b. peripheral cue c. relational cue d. inconsistent cue e. abstract cue

Q: According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, if a consumer is not involved with a message or lacks either the motivation or ability to process information, the _____ route to persuasion will be followed. a. central b. peripheral c. primary d. relational e. abstract

Q: Percy Gray, a professional nature photographer, is planning to buy a camera. Recently, when he came across a Nikon ad on a magazine, he carefully considered and evaluated the various attributes of the cameras. He was keen on weighing the advantages against the price and also considered the usability of the products under inclement weather conditions. In this instance, Percy Gray can be said to focus on the _____. a. central cues b. relational cues c. abstract cues d. peripheral cues e. manual cues

Q: Which type of cues refer specifically to information found in the message that pertains directly to the product, its attributes, its advantages, or the consequences of its use? a. Central cues b. Relational cues c. Peripheral cues d. Imperative cues e. Sentiment cues

Q: Mike has a passion for sports cars. He owns an envious array of sports sedans and supercars, and keeps himself updated about the latest models, their features, and so on. According to the elaboration likelihood model, which of the following is most likely to be activated when Mike comes across an advertisement for a new sports vehicle introduced in the market? a. Peripheral route to persuasion b. Contrast effect route to persuasion c. Central route to persuasion d. Latitude of rejection route to persuasion e. Low-involvement hierarchy route to persuasion

Q: Which of the following are the two routes to persuasion according to the elaboration likelihood model? a. Primary route and secondary route b. Belief-based route and affect-based route c. Central route and peripheral route d. Cognitive route and affective route e. Utilitarian route and hedonic route

Q: Which of the following is true of the elaboration likelihood model? a. The attractiveness of the person delivering the message, the number of arguments presented, the expertise of the spokesperson, and the imagery or music presented along with the message constitute the central cues. b. If a consumer is not involved with a message or lacks either the motivation or ability to process information, the central route to persuasion will be followed. c. In the peripheral route, the consumer is unlikely to develop cognitive responses to the message. d. If the consumer expends considerable effort in comprehending the message then the peripheral route to persuasion is activated. e. Peripheral cues refer specifically to information found in the message that pertains directly to the product, its attributes, its advantages, or the consequences of its use.

Q: The _____ illustrates how attitudes are changed based on differing levels of consumer involvement. a. elaboration likelihood model b. schema-based affect model c. attitude-toward-the-object approach d. behavioral influence approach e. balance theory

Q: According to the _____, behavior change can precede belief and attitude change. a. attitude-toward-the-object approach b. elaboration likelihood model c. balance theory d. schema-based affect approach e. behavioral influence approach

Q: Which of the following is true of the attitude-toward-the-object approach? a. Changing evaluations of an attribute is usually easier than changing the strength of a belief regarding that attribute. b. Changing belief involves convincing consumers that an attribute is not as positive or negative as they may think. c. New beliefs are always tied to new attributes. d. Adding beliefs about new attributes may require a physical change to the product itself. e. When a valued attribute that was not previously considered is added, the overall attitude toward the complex may be adversely affected.

Q: On finding out that customers were skeptical about the quality of food being currently served in her restaurant, Nina started promoting the fact that her restaurant sourced only the freshest vegetables, meat, and dairy products from the market. According to the attitude-toward-the-object approach, Nina is attempting to _____. a. change consumer involvement b. change evaluations of product attributes c. add beliefs about new attributes d. change beliefs e. change motivations to comply

Q: Salespeople are trained to assess a potential consumer's attitude toward their company's offerings and to attempt to change that attitude if it is not positive. There are several techniques that help salespeople accomplish this attitude change in potential consumers. Salespeople attempt to change consumer attitudes about their products through _____. a. persuasion b. segmentation c. positioning d. affect monitoring e. attitude tracking

Q: Which of the following terms refers to specific attempts to change attitudes? a. Segmentation b. Persuasion c. Positioning d. Monitoring e. Tracking

Q: Marketpro Inc., a marketing firm, has been asked to conduct a market research on consumers' attitudes toward online shopping websites. In order to achieve its research objectives, Marketpro has been actively monitoring consumers' attitude over time through information collected from several social networking sites and blog posts. This process is best described as _____. a. attitude tracking b. marketing audit c. affect monitoring d. situation analysis e. market segmentation

Q: _____ refers to the extent to which a company actively monitors its customers' attitudes over time. a. Marketing audit b. Affect monitoring c. Attitude tracking d. Planned monitoring e. Proactive assessment

Q: Which of the following expands upon the behavioral intentions model by including a perceived control component that assesses the difficulty involved in performing the behavior and the extent to which the consumer perceives that he or she is in control of the product selection? a. Theory of planned action b. Theory of self-efficacy c. Balance theory d. Elaboration likelihood theory e. Social judgment theory

Q: Which of the following is true about the attitude-behavior relationship? a. As the length of time between attitude measurement and overt behavior grows, the predictive ability of attitudinal models increases. b. The specificity with which attitudes are measured has an impact on accuracy. c. When consumers feel rushed, decision making is stalled. d. Strong environmental pressures have no effect on consumers while they perform intended behaviors. e. Attitude-behavior models tend to perform very well in impulse-buying situations.

Q: Which of the following is the formula for the behavioral intentions model?a. B BI = b. B BI =c. B BI =d. B BI =e. B BI =

Q: Caroline wants to do her Bachelors in Medicine but is confused about which schools to apply to. She considers her family and friends' advice regarding the best schools to study medicine. They convince her that she must apply at the top-ranked medical schools. But she believes that her parents, both doctors, want her to study in the same school they had studied in, so she considers it as well. In addition to this, she also wishes to study in the same medical school as her best friend. In this scenario, Caroline's focus is on what other people think she should do in addition to her own attitude toward specific schools. Which of the following refers to a consumer attitude model that is best applicable in this instance? a. Attitude-toward-the-object model b. Changing schema-based affect c. Social judgment model d. Behavioral intentions model e. Elaboration likelihood model

Q: The _____, sometimes referred to as the theory of reasoned action, explicitly focuses on the consumer's attitude toward the behavior of buying rather than the attitude toward the object. a. ATO model b. hierarchical model c. balance theory model d. elaboration likelihood model e. behavioral intentions model

Q: The ATO approach is known as the _____, which indicates that attitudes are formed holistically across a number of attributes, with poor ratings on one attribute being compensated for by higher ratings on another attribute. a. holistic model b. single-attribute model c. compensatory model d. hierarchical model e. subjective model

Q: William is planning a vacation to Europe. He looks for travel packages that provide accommodation and travel facilities. He finds two packages that provide these criteria. He gives package 1 belief ratings of 8 and 7 respectively, and package 2 belief ratings of 9 and 5 respectively. Next, he gives these criteria evaluative ratings of 3 and 2 respectively. Finally, he calculates the overall attitude using the attitude-toward-object model and chooses package 1 over package 2 based on the score. Which of the following is the overall attitude score of package 1? a. 37 b. 75 c. 15 d. 14 e. 38

Q: Michelle wants to buy a new laptop. She wants it to be light weight and have a larger battery backup. She chooses five models on the Internet. The belief ratings for each of the models are as follows: Model A Model B Model C Model D Model E Light Weight 8 9 2 10 4 Large Battery Backup 7 6 3 5 10 She gives these criteria evaluative ratings of 3 and 2 respectively. Using the attitude-toward-the-object model, which of the following models would Michelle purchase based on the highest overall attitude score for the model? a. Model D b. Model A c. Model C d. Model E e. Model B

Q: Which of the following is the formula for predicting attitudes using the attitude-toward-the-object model? a. b. c. d. e.

Q: Justin wants to buy a new smartphone. He did a lot of research over the Internet and identified four attributes that he would rate his smartphone options on. He considered low price, sensitivity to touch, low weight, and compatibility with apps, as the attributes. He used a ten-point scale to rate how he thought each of his options would perform or how likely was it that the phones had those attributes. Next, he used a -3 to +3 scale to rate how he felt about these attributes. Finally, he opted for one particular model based on the highest overall attitude score. Which model did Justin implement? a. The balance model b. The elaboration likelihood model c. The behavioral intention model d. The changing schema-based affect model e. The attitude-toward-the-object model

Q: Which of the following instances refers to experiential hierarchy? a. Aaron wants to purchase a new car for his family. Since he wouldn"t be the only one driving it, he involves his family in the purchase decision. They discuss different brands, product features, maintenance issues, mileage, and so on. Finally, they decide on one particular model and Aaron places an order for that car. b. Eva is spending her weekend in New York City with her friends. They decide to explore the city and window-shop at some exclusive designer outlets. Even though Eva had no intentions to shop, she sees a beautiful designer bag on sale and instantly buys it as she finds it extremely hard to resist. c. Kylie has been asked by her mother to go buy groceries for the week. Kylie visits the supermarket and picks up the same items that her mother normally purchases. d. Jack is the owner of a cafe in Texas. His cafe has the ambience of the Wild West with pictures of horses and cowboys on the walls. The waiters are also dressed in cowboy outfits. Jack feels that people love hanging out in his cafe as they enjoy the unique ambience and service. e. Brian is the owner of an Italian restaurant in Ohio. His restaurant plays soft, soothing music in the background as he feels that such music makes people feel relaxed and order more drinks.