Q&A Hero

Q: CHRISTMAS SHOPPING SCENARIOMany consumers wait until the weekend before Christmas to do their gift shopping, and Lanny is one of those consumers. She did not want to go to a crowded mall as she only had a Saturday to do all of her shopping. She saw an advertisement that morning in the newspaper for a new store that claims to be the "right destination for all kinds of Christmas shopping." She decided to go there instead of the mall in order to avoid the crowd in the mall. While she was in the new store, she was trying to keep a track of her purchases in her head in an attempt to avoid going overboard and winding up with a huge credit card bill next month. In just two hours, Lanny was able to purchase all the gifts she needed and even found a cute bracelet for herself though the bracelet was not a part of the shopping list that she had made earlier. Refer to Christmas Shopping Scenario. Lanny was trying to keep a track in her head of how much she was spending in an attempt to avoid going overboard and winding up with a huge credit card bill next month. This is an example of _____ budgeting.a. formalb. programmedc. mentald. performance-basede. participatory

Q: CHRISTMAS SHOPPING SCENARIOMany consumers wait until the weekend before Christmas to do their gift shopping, and Lanny is one of those consumers. She did not want to go to a crowded mall as she only had a Saturday to do all of her shopping. She saw an advertisement that morning in the newspaper for a new store that claims to be the "right destination for all kinds of Christmas shopping." She decided to go there instead of the mall in order to avoid the crowd in the mall. While she was in the new store, she was trying to keep a track of her purchases in her head in an attempt to avoid going overboard and winding up with a huge credit card bill next month. In just two hours, Lanny was able to purchase all the gifts she needed and even found a cute bracelet for herself though the bracelet was not a part of the shopping list that she had made earlier. Refer to Christmas Shopping Scenario. Lanny bought a cute bracelet for herself, though it was not a part of the shopping list she had made earlier. This spontaneous purchase is best described as _____ shopping.a. epistemicb. impulsivec. utilitariand. affectivee. adaptive

Q: CHRISTMAS SHOPPING SCENARIOMany consumers wait until the weekend before Christmas to do their gift shopping, and Lanny is one of those consumers. She did not want to go to a crowded mall as she only had a Saturday to do all of her shopping. She saw an advertisement that morning in the newspaper for a new store that claims to be the "right destination for all kinds of Christmas shopping." She decided to go there instead of the mall in order to avoid the crowd in the mall. While she was in the new store, she was trying to keep a track of her purchases in her head in an attempt to avoid going overboard and winding up with a huge credit card bill next month. In just two hours, Lanny was able to purchase all the gifts she needed and even found a cute bracelet for herself though the bracelet was not a part of the shopping list that she had made earlier. Refer to Christmas Shopping Scenario. Lanny's shopping was focused on one thinggetting done with Christmas shopping on a single day. This is an example of _____ shopping.a. impulsiveb. hedonicc. epistemicd. acquisitionale. experiential

Q: CHRISTMAS SHOPPING SCENARIOMany consumers wait until the weekend before Christmas to do their gift shopping, and Lanny is one of those consumers. She did not want to go to a crowded mall as she only had a Saturday to do all of her shopping. She saw an advertisement that morning in the newspaper for a new store that claims to be the "right destination for all kinds of Christmas shopping." She decided to go there instead of the mall in order to avoid the crowd in the mall. While she was in the new store, she was trying to keep a track of her purchases in her head in an attempt to avoid going overboard and winding up with a huge credit card bill next month. In just two hours, Lanny was able to purchase all the gifts she needed and even found a cute bracelet for herself though the bracelet was not a part of the shopping list that she had made earlier. Refer to Christmas Shopping Scenario. Lanny saw an advertisement in the morning for a new store that claimed to be the "right destination for all kinds of Christmas shopping," located in her little downtown area. She decided to go there instead of the mall to avoid the crowd in the mall. This is an example of a commercial that is based on the concept of _____.a. cool huntingb. meta-advertisingc. conquestingd. advertiminge. shockvertising

Q: CHRISTMAS SHOPPING SCENARIOMany consumers wait until the weekend before Christmas to do their gift shopping, and Lanny is one of those consumers. She did not want to go to a crowded mall as she only had a Saturday to do all of her shopping. She saw an advertisement that morning in the newspaper for a new store that claims to be the "right destination for all kinds of Christmas shopping." She decided to go there instead of the mall in order to avoid the crowd in the mall. While she was in the new store, she was trying to keep a track of her purchases in her head in an attempt to avoid going overboard and winding up with a huge credit card bill next month. In just two hours, Lanny was able to purchase all the gifts she needed and even found a cute bracelet for herself though the bracelet was not a part of the shopping list that she had made earlier.Refer to Christmas Shopping Scenario. Lanny did not want to go to a crowded mall as she only had a Saturday to do all of her shopping. According to this information, which of the following temporal factors had the greatest impact on Lanny's shopping experience?a. Time pressureb. Time constantc. Time reciprocityd. Time of the daye. Time simultaneity

Q: WEEKEND SHOPPING SCENARIOThe Smiths do their groceries every weekend. These are elaborately planned with Mrs. Smith making a list of requirements for the entire family over the week. She never forgets to replenish their stock of Caribbean coffee as her husband, a writer, generally feels groggy and sleepy after lunch in the afternoon. The coffee keeps him awake at such times. Fruits are a "must-buy" for the family. Everyone including their three children loves apples. However, Mrs. Smith refrains from buying apples when they are not in season as they tend to be more expensive. This weekend, she bought a new brand of pasta that her children insisted on buying as they were tempted by its commercial that comes on TV everyday at dinnertime. She also bought a packet of cocoa powder even though it was not on the list. She realized she needed it as she was attending chocolate-making classes. She has a weakness for milk chocolates and cannot resist the temptation to buy them. The Smiths don"t have a strict budget for these shopping trips. More often than not, Mrs. Smith relies on her memory to keep a tab on their expenditure. What matters most to them is that everyone in the family should get what they want. Refer to Weekend Shopping Scenario. The Smiths don"t have a strict budget for these shopping trips. More often than not, Mrs. Smith relies on her memory to keep a tab on their expenditure. This is an example of _____ budgeting.a. formalb. programmedc. mentald. performance-basede. participatory

Q: WEEKEND SHOPPING SCENARIOThe Smiths do their groceries every weekend. These are elaborately planned with Mrs. Smith making a list of requirements for the entire family over the week. She never forgets to replenish their stock of Caribbean coffee as her husband, a writer, generally feels groggy and sleepy after lunch in the afternoon. The coffee keeps him awake at such times. Fruits are a "must-buy" for the family. Everyone including their three children loves apples. However, Mrs. Smith refrains from buying apples when they are not in season as they tend to be more expensive. This weekend, she bought a new brand of pasta that her children insisted on buying as they were tempted by its commercial that comes on TV everyday at dinnertime. She also bought a packet of cocoa powder even though it was not on the list. She realized she needed it as she was attending chocolate-making classes. She has a weakness for milk chocolates and cannot resist the temptation to buy them. The Smiths don"t have a strict budget for these shopping trips. More often than not, Mrs. Smith relies on her memory to keep a tab on their expenditure. What matters most to them is that everyone in the family should get what they want. Refer to Weekend Shopping Scenario. Mrs. Smith bought a pound of cocoa powder even though it was not on the list. However, she realized she needed it when she saw them on display. This activity of purchasing an item that was not in the list is an example of _____ shopping.a. epistemicb. impulsivec. compulsived. decisivee. unplanned

Q: WEEKEND SHOPPING SCENARIOThe Smiths do their groceries every weekend. These are elaborately planned with Mrs. Smith making a list of requirements for the entire family over the week. She never forgets to replenish their stock of Caribbean coffee as her husband, a writer, generally feels groggy and sleepy after lunch in the afternoon. The coffee keeps him awake at such times. Fruits are a "must-buy" for the family. Everyone including their three children loves apples. However, Mrs. Smith refrains from buying apples when they are not in season as they tend to be more expensive. This weekend, she bought a new brand of pasta that her children insisted on buying as they were tempted by its commercial that comes on TV everyday at dinnertime. She also bought a packet of cocoa powder even though it was not on the list. She realized she needed it as she was attending chocolate-making classes. She has a weakness for milk chocolates and cannot resist the temptation to buy them. The Smiths don"t have a strict budget for these shopping trips. More often than not, Mrs. Smith relies on her memory to keep a tab on their expenditure. What matters most to them is that everyone in the family should get what they want. Refer to Weekend Shopping Scenario. Mrs. Smith bought a new brand of pasta that her children insisted on buying as they were tempted by its commercial that runs on TV everyday at dinnertime. This is an example of a commercial that is based on the concept of _____.a. cool huntingb. meta-advertisingc. conquestingd. advertiminge. shockvertising

Q: WEEKEND SHOPPING SCENARIOThe Smiths do their groceries every weekend. These are elaborately planned with Mrs. Smith making a list of requirements for the entire family over the week. She never forgets to replenish their stock of Caribbean coffee as her husband, a writer, generally feels groggy and sleepy after lunch in the afternoon. The coffee keeps him awake at such times. Fruits are a "must-buy" for the family. Everyone including their three children loves apples. However, Mrs. Smith refrains from buying apples when they are not in season as they tend to be more expensive. This weekend, she bought a new brand of pasta that her children insisted on buying as they were tempted by its commercial that comes on TV everyday at dinnertime. She also bought a packet of cocoa powder even though it was not on the list. She realized she needed it as she was attending chocolate-making classes. She has a weakness for milk chocolates and cannot resist the temptation to buy them. The Smiths don"t have a strict budget for these shopping trips. More often than not, Mrs. Smith relies on her memory to keep a tab on their expenditure. What matters most to them is that everyone in the family should get what they want. Refer to Weekend Shopping Scenario. Mrs. Smith refrains from buying apples when they are not in season as they tend to be more expensive. Which of the following temporal factors most likely prevents Mrs. Smith from buying apples?a. Time pressureb. Time constantc. Time reciprocityd. Time of the daye. Time of the year

Q: WEEKEND SHOPPING SCENARIOThe Smiths do their groceries every weekend. These are elaborately planned with Mrs. Smith making a list of requirements for the entire family over the week. She never forgets to replenish their stock of Caribbean coffee as her husband, a writer, generally feels groggy and sleepy after lunch in the afternoon. The coffee keeps him awake at such times. Fruits are a "must-buy" for the family. Everyone including their three children loves apples. However, Mrs. Smith refrains from buying apples when they are not in season as they tend to be more expensive. This weekend, she bought a new brand of pasta that her children insisted on buying as they were tempted by its commercial that comes on TV everyday at dinnertime. She also bought a packet of cocoa powder even though it was not on the list. She realized she needed it as she was attending chocolate-making classes. She has a weakness for milk chocolates and cannot resist the temptation to buy them. The Smiths don"t have a strict budget for these shopping trips. More often than not, Mrs. Smith relies on her memory to keep a tab on their expenditure. What matters most to them is that everyone in the family should get what they want.Refer to Weekend Shopping Scenario. Mrs. Smith never forgets to replenish their stock of Caribbean coffee as her husband, a writer, generally feels groggy and sleepy after lunch in the afternoon. The coffee keeps him awake at such times. Which of the following temporal factors most likely accounts for Mrs. Smith's coffee purchase?a. Time pressureb. Time constantc. Time reciprocityd. Time of the daye. Time of the year

Q: Contrary to recommendations by consumer credit counselors, most consumers don"t keep written track of their purchases, relying instead on their memories to keep track of the expenditures. This is an example of _____ budgeting.a. performance-basedb. formalc. programmedd. participatorye. mental

Q: John is generally thrifty and believes in spending wisely. However, after a bad day at work, John went shopping and ended up buying and spending much more than he usually does. Which of the following antecedent conditions is most likely accountable for John's increased volume of purchase and spending? a. Consumer's buying power b. Consumer budgeting c. Consumer's mood d. Consumer's orientation e. Consumer's perception of security

Q: Diane loves to splurge on clothes. However, when she was out shopping the other day, Diane bought much less than she usually does as she had left her credit card at home. Which of the following antecedent conditions is most likely accountable for Diane's reduced volume of purchase? a. Consumer's buying power b. Consumer budgeting c. Consumer's orientation d. Consumer's mood e. Consumer's perception of security

Q: Situational characteristics that a consumer brings to a particular information processing, purchase, or consumption environment are called _____ conditions. a. coalescent b. descendent c. impendent d. antecedent e. respondent

Q: Lori prefers to purchase cosmetics at self-service drug stores as saleswomen at cosmetic counters in department stores intimidate her. Lori thinks that they are prettier than her. This self-evaluation conducted by Lori is an example of _____. a. social intimidation b. social comparison c. social attribution d. social categorization e. social aspiration

Q: Consumers expect personal trainers to be physically fit. The degree to which a trainer's appearance matches a consumer's prototype and elicits a favorable response from the consumer will be referred to as _____. a. source fit b. source congruity c. source attractiveness d. source comparison e. source control

Q: _____ refers to the density of people and objects within a given space. a. Invading b. Diffusing c. Crowding d. Infiltrating e. Shilling

Q: The management at Saga, a newly opened apparel store specializing in high-end designer wear for working women, intends to position its store as grand, opulent, and exclusive. Which of the following, when implemented, is most likely to reflect this intention to the consumers? a. Using fast-paced music as the background music in the store b. Using pop music as the background music in the store c. Using predominantly red and orange colors in the store's decor d. Using signage with large numerals to indicate product price e. Using predominantly blue in the store's decor and interiors

Q: Which of the following terms refers to humans' physical and psychological processing of smells? a. Auditory b. Gustatory c. Ocular d. Olfactory e. Kinesthetic

Q: In the context of the retail atmosphere elements, which of the following terms refers to how consistent the elements of an environment are with each other? a. Fit b. Base c. Functionality d. Congruity e. Reliability

Q: Which of the following elements is/are most likely to influence the affective quality of a shopping environment? a. Convenience of the environment b. Upbeat music c. Knowledgeable salespeople d. Low prices e. Availability of different brands

Q: Which of the following elements is/are most likely to influence the functional quality of a shopping environment? a. Low prices b. Crowds c. Upbeat music d. Cool colors e. Pleasant odors

Q: Which of the following represents the emotional meaning of an environment which results from the sum effect of all ambient attributes that influences the way one feels in that place? a. Functional quality b. Affective quality c. Adaptive quality d. Epistemic quality e. Sustainable quality

Q: In consumer behavior, the emotional nature of an environment or the feelings created by the total aura of physical attributes that comprise the physical environment is referred to as _____. a. metacentric b. telocentric c. atmospherics d. biometrics e. climacterics

Q: Janice often accompanies her friends' on shopping trips. On such occasions, Janice ends up buying more than her friends. She can hardly resist the temptation of buying the products on sale and ends up spending a lot more than she planned to. According to this information, Janice is a(n) _____ consumer. a. action-oriented b. state-oriented c. time-oriented d. mood-oriented e. object-oriented

Q: Consumers with a low capacity to self-regulate are referred to as _____. a. action-oriented b. state-oriented c. time-oriented d. mood-oriented e. object-oriented

Q: When Timothy goes to a store, he has one goal in mind and that is to buy what he came to buy and not let other things in the storesales, promotional events, tempting offersinterfere with his shopping intentions. This way he ensures that he never exceeds his budget. Based on this information, Timothy is a(n) _____ consumer. a. time-oriented b. action-oriented c. state-oriented d. mood-oriented e. affect-oriented

Q: Consumers with a high capacity to self-regulate their behavior are sometimes referred to as _____. a. action-oriented b. state-oriented c. time-oriented d. mood-oriented e. object-oriented

Q: _____ is a personality trait that represents how sensitive a consumer is to immediate rewards. a. Compulsivity b. Impulsivity c. Susceptibility d. Sensitivity e. Accountability

Q: Eva generally makes a list of things to be bought before going for grocery shopping on weekends. However, last weekend she picked up some items that were not there in her list as she realized that she needed these items when she saw them on display in the store. This activity of purchasing the items that were not in the list is an example of _____ shopping. a. impulsive b. unplanned c. compulsive d. decisive e. experiential

Q: Which of the following types of shopping behaviors is most likely to be characterized by both situational memory and utilitarian orientation? a. Impulsive shopping b. Compulsive shopping c. Unplanned shopping d. Experiential shopping e. Decisive shopping

Q: The way a retail store is defined in the mind of a shopper based on the combination of functional and affective qualities is known as retail _____. a. synchronicity b. utility c. functionality d. personality e. edge

Q: Kyra is a chain of retail stores targeted toward working women. It offers trendy clothing and housewares. The stores are designed differently from others to provide the perception that they are hip and unique, just like their target shoppers. The goal is to create an emotionally rewarding environment in an attempt to produce high hedonic shopping value. This is an example of a positioning based on the _____ quality. a. adaptive b. affective c. experiential d. epistemic e. functional

Q: Retailers specializing in a unique environment, an impressive dcor, friendly employees, and pleasant emotions use a type of positioning which emphasizes the _____ quality of a retail store. a. affective b. epistemic c. functional d. experiential e. adaptive

Q: Retailers specializing in things like a wide selection of goods, low prices, guarantees, and knowledgeable employees use a type of positioning which emphasizes the _____ quality of a retail store. a. affective b. experiential c. epistemic d. adaptive e. functional

Q: Kate loves buying gifts for her friends. It gives her immense personal satisfaction. Which of the following types of shopping value is Kate most likely to receive from the activity of buying gifts? a. Affective shopping value b. Hedonic shopping value c. Impulsive shopping value d. Absolute shopping value e. Epistemic shopping value

Q: Which of the following represents the worth of an activity because the time spent doing the activity itself is personally gratifying? a. Utilitarian shopping value b. Acquisitional shopping value c. Absolute shopping value d. Hedonic shopping value e. Epistemic shopping value

Q: Betsy hates doing her groceries every Saturday. Therefore, when it is done, she feels glad that she won"t have to buy groceries for the rest of the week. Which of the following types of shopping values is most likely received by Betsy from the activity of buying groceries? a. Utilitarian shopping value b. Hedonic shopping value c. Epistemic shopping value d. Experiential shopping value e. Absolute shopping value

Q: Which of the following represents the worth obtained because some shopping task or job is completed successfully? a. Hedonic shopping value b. Absolute shopping value c. Epistemic shopping value d. Experiential shopping value e. Utilitarian shopping value

Q: The overall subjective worth of a shopping activity considering all associated costs and benefits is known as _____. a. experiential shopping value (ESV) b. reversal shopping value (RSV) c. epistemic shopping value (ESV) d. acquisitional shopping value (ASV) e. personal shopping value (PSV)

Q: Which of the following theory attempts to explain how environmental elements can lead to near 180 degree changes in shopping orientation? a. Reversal theory b. Trait theory c. Construct theory d. Organismic theory e. Phenomenal field theory

Q: Which of the following types of shopping is most likely to provide the greatest utilitarian shopping value? a. Acquisitional shopping b. Epistemic shopping c. Experiential shopping d. Impulsive shopping e. Unplanned shopping

Q: Which of the following types of shopping is most likely to provide the greatest hedonic shopping value? a. Acquisitional shopping b. Experiential shopping c. Epistemic shopping d. Impulsive shopping e. Planned shopping

Q: When Melanie went to a mall to buy a birthday gift for her brother, she ended up buying a new pair of designer eyewear for herself. She had no intention of buying them as she already owns a few pairs. However, she could not resist herself as they were on sale. This is an example of _____ shopping. a. epistemic b. impulsive c. utilitarian d. affective e. adaptive

Q: Which of the following types of shopping is characterized by spontaneous activities with a diminished regard for consequences, heightened emotional involvement, and a desire for immediate self-fulfillment? a. Acquisitional shopping b. Epistemic shopping c. Experiential shopping d. Impulsive shopping e. Adaptive shopping

Q: Janice spends her weekends window shopping at various malls. She acknowledges that her weekend shopping outing is driven by boredom rather than any intention of making a purchase. She finds these outings interesting and relaxing. This is an example of _____ shopping. a. acquisitional b. epistemic c. experiential d. impulsive e. adaptive

Q: Which of the following types of shopping is characterized by recreationally oriented activities designed to provide interest, excitement, relaxation, fun, social interaction, or some other desired feeling? a. Adaptive shopping b. Experiential shopping c. Epistemic shopping d. Impulsive shopping e. Acquisitional shopping

Q: Jim considers himself a cheese connoisseur. He spends his weekend visiting various cheese stores, trying out samples of different cheese and learning more about them. However, Jim hardly buys anything during these weekend outings. This is an example of _____ shopping. a. acquisitional b. epistemic c. adaptive d. impulsive e. utilitarian

Q: Marian is a working mother with two sons. On weekdays, Marian is hard pressed for time and squeezes just enough time to grab some groceries on her way back from work. This is an example of _____ shopping. a. acquisitional b. epistemic c. experiential d. impulsive e. hedonic

Q: Which type of shopping is characterized by activities oriented toward a specific, intended purchase or purchases? a. Experiential shopping b. Epistemic shopping c. Adaptive shopping d. Acquisitional shopping e. Impulsive shopping

Q: Which of the following types of shopping is characterized by activities oriented toward acquiring knowledge about products? a. Epistemic shopping b. Acquisitional shopping c. Adaptive shopping d. Experiential shopping e. Impulsive shopping

Q: Running commercials for sleep medication during the middle of the night is an example of _____. a. shockvertising b. cool hunting c. advertiming d. conquesting e. meta-advertising

Q: The practice of running advertisements primarily at times when customers will be most receptive to the messages is known as _____. a. advertiming b. conquesting c. meta-advertising d. cool hunting e. shockvertising

Q: Everyday Jay gets tired at around two in the afternoon and takes a nap. Which of the following best explains Jay's energy level that fluctuates depending on the time of day? a. Circadian cycle b. Homeostatic cycle c. Biometric cycle d. Lunar cycle e. Tachycardia cycle

Q: Our bodies have a rhythm that varies with the time of day. This is referred to as a _____ cycle. a. homeostatic b. lunar c. tachycardia d. biometric e. circadian

Q: Fruits in their season cost less than when they are not in season. This is an example of a situational influence on value. Which of the following temporal factors best explains this price variation? a. Time simultaneity b. Time constant c. Time reciprocity d. Time of the day e. Time of the year

Q: Every year as soon as spring arrives, home improvement stores and nurseries start selling annuals for flower beds as people start working outside in their yards. Such purchases are most likely influenced by _____. a. synchronicity b. simultaneity c. perpetuity d. periodicity e. seasonality

Q: Which of the following refers to regularly occurring conditions that vary with the time of year? a. Periodicity b. Synchronicity c. Simultaneity d. Perpetuity e. Seasonality

Q: Which of the following is most likely to be true of consumers who experience time pressure while deciding on a purchasing activity? a. Consumers are more likely to process purchase related information at a deeper level. b. Consumers are more likely to rely on simple choice heuristics. c. Consumers' orientations are more likely to switch from utilitarian to hedonic. d. Consumers are less likely to buy brands positioned as relatively high quality. e. Consumers are more likely to shop with others rather than shopping alone.

Q: Which of the following represents an urgency to act based on some real or self-imposed deadline? a. Situational pressure b. Epistemic pressure c. Stagnation pressure d. Time pressure e. Dynamic pressure

Q: Situational characteristics related to time are known as _____ factors. a. temporal b. sequential c. atmospheric d. spatial e. epistemic

Q: Diane buys most of her everyday needs from the local retail shop. However, one day when she visited the shop, she found it very crowded. Diane hates crowded places and therefore she returned home without buying anything. This is an example of a _____ influence altering a consumer's perception of value. a. product b. situational c. cultural d. brand e. public

Q: Enduring characteristics of neither a particular consumer nor a product or brand are known as _____ influences. a. attitudinal b. tangential c. perceptual d. preferential e. situational

Q: A fearful consumer tends to buy less and enjoy the experience less.

Q: The mood that consumers bring to the shopping environment can exaggerate the actual experience.

Q: Consumers are more price sensitive when using card to pay for a purchase than when using cash.

Q: The economic resources a consumer brings to a particular purchase setting refer to the consumer's buying power.

Q: A high degree of crowding produces the most positive outcomes in terms of shopping affect, purchase behavior, consumer satisfaction, and shopping value.

Q: Crowding exerts a linear effecton consumers.

Q: Signs that emphasize price by using large numerals create the perception of an up-scale store.

Q: Compared to blue background, consumers who perceive a product in a predominantly red background tend to think the product is of higher quality.

Q: Congruent music lowers consumers' quality perceptions.

Q: The presence of background music enhances service quality perceptions relative to an environment with no background music.

Q: Pop music used in the background contributes to discount store perceptions.

Q: When shoppers process ambient citrus odors, they tend to feel higher levels of pleasant emotions while shopping and tend to be more receptive to product information.

Q: An environment with a favorable functional quality tends to be associated with some degree of positive affect.

Q: Congruity refers to how consistent the elements of an environment are with each other.

Q: Fit refers to how appropriate the elements of an environment are for a given environment.

Q: Retailers with a high proportion of action-oriented consumers in their target market are more likely to thrive on consumers' impulse purchases.

Q: State-oriented shoppers' purchasing and shopping value perceptions are unaffected by dominance.