Q&A Hero

Q: Vroom's expectancy theory would say that a worker with a higher expectation of performance will apply more effort to a job.

Q: Job ________ means assigning workers additional same-level activities. A) enrichment B) assignment C) enlargement D) rotation

Q: Vroom's expectancy theory sees a link between effort and performance, performance and reward, and rewards and individual goals as the keys to motivation.

Q: According to research, each of the following work behaviors is considered important in all jobs EXCEPT ________. A) attendance B) experience C) schedule flexibility D) industriousness

Q: Equity theory holds that employees who feel underpaid will decrease their level of effort and performance in response to feelings of inequity.

Q: When a sales job is being filled by an untrained individual, the job specifications list will most likely include ________ as a way to predict which candidate will perform the job well. A) age and gender B) past job performance C) relevant certification D) personality traits

Q: Equity theory has three referent categories to which workers compare themselves: persons, systems, and self.

Q: Janice, a department store manager, is in the process of writing job descriptions using O*NET. Janice has already reviewed the company's business plan, so what should be her next step? A) interview employees B) compose a list of job duties C) develop an organization chart D) observe employees performing their duties

Q: In the JCM, autonomy and feedback are not core dimensions for a job.

Q: Which of the following Web sites was developed by the U.S. Department of Labor and serves as a source for managers who need to write job descriptions? A) bls.gov B) opm.gov C) usajobs.gov D) onetcenter.org

Q: The job characteristics model, or JCM, holds that the three core job dimensions"skill variety, task identity, and task significance"combine to give work true meaning.

Q: According to the ADA, job duties that employees must be able to perform, with or without reasonable accommodation, are called ________. A) job requirements B) essential job functions C) work activities D) job specifications

Q: Goal-setting theory shows that feedback from a superior provides better motivation than self-generated feedback.

Q: An employer is required to make a "reasonable accommodation" for a disabled individual in which of the following situations? A) if a disabled person has the necessary skills, education, and experience to perform the job but is prevented by the job's current structure B) when an employer fails to provide a job description for a position that a disabled person would most likely be able to perform C) if making changes would present the employer with an undue hardship D) each time that a disabled individual applies for a position

Q: Goal-setting theory states that having specific goals improves performance.

Q: According to the ________, an individual must have the requisite skills, educational background, and experience to perform a job's essential functions. A) DOL B) ADA C) FCC D) SIC

Q: The Acme managers developed a program that allows the employees to have a large degree of freedom carrying out their jobs. Which core dimension are they providing? A) task significance B) autonomy C) task identity D) skill variety

Q: The ________ classifies all workers into one of 23 major groups of jobs that are subdivided into minor groups of jobs and detailed occupations. A) Department of Labor Procedure B) Position Analysis Questionnaire C) Standard Occupational Classification D) Dictionary of Occupational Titles

Q: Acme managers explained how important their product was to the world economy. Which core dimension in the job characteristics model is this? A) skill variety B) task identity C) task significance D) autonomy

Q: Which of the following is identified by the FLSA status section of a job description? A) whether the employer is a non-profit organization B) whether a job is exempt or nonexempt C) whether the employer is a private or public firm D) whether a job requires a college degree

Q: Most jobs at Acme were redesigned to allow the employees to complete a whole and identifiable piece of work. This fits ________, a core dimension of the job characteristics model. A) skill variety B) task identity C) task significance D) autonomy

Q: What type of information is contained in the job identification section of a job description? A) job title B) job summary C) major functions or activities D) standards of performance

Q: Acme Corporation (Scenario)Acme Corporation's management feels that employees could be more motivated by their jobs. The jobs were enriched earlier and some improvements were seen in motivation.To increase the motivation through enrichment, Acme decides to increase the meaningfulness of the work. This might be done by ________.A) increasing skill varietyB) increasing autonomy of workersC) giving workers more feedbackD) giving workers less feedback

Q: Which of the following is the primary source of information an employer uses to write a job specification? A) job summary B) job description C) performance standards D) personnel replacement charts

Q: The JCM is seen in the integrated model of motivation in that jobs that are designed around the five JCM dimensions ________.A) increase motivation because workers enjoy the work and autonomy they provideB) decrease motivation because the work is too easy to complete and the autonomy lacks structureC) increase motivation by applying pressure to employeesD) decrease motivation by giving employees too much autonomy

Q: Most job descriptions contain sections that cover all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) performance standards B) working conditions C) responsibilities D) required overtime

Q: In the integrated model for motivation as shown in the chapter reading, how do reinforcement theory and equity theory figure in? A) Appropriate rewards reinforce a high level of performance. B) Underrewarding results in "hungry" employees who will work harder. C) Overrewarding results in "satisfied" employees who will work harder. D) Reinforcement and equity theories do not influence motivation.

Q: The most important consideration when developing an online job analysis is to ________. A) make questions and the process as clear as possible B) provide monetary rewards for timely completion C) limit the number of questions to less than twenty D) ask open-ended questions to ensure honest responses

Q: In the integrated model for motivation as shown in the chapter reading, high achievers circumvent the entire sequence of steps for motivation because ________. A) they are motivated by the organization's assessment of their performance B) they are internally motivated, not motivated by rewards C) they are motivated by rewards only, not by internal factors D) their only goal is domination

Q: What has been the most significant impact of modern technology on job analysis methods? A) Extensive use of the Internet by HR managers enables more people to telecommute from locations far from corporate headquarters. B) Corporate use of the Internet and intranet has enabled HR managers to distribute and collect job analysis surveys to employees in multiple geographic locations. C) Worker functions have changed as a result of modern technology, so the DOL procedure for data collection has been modified and categories have been altered. D) The ability to falsify information on Internet surveys has led to an increase in interviews and observations by HR managers to collect accurate job analysis information.

Q: The integrated model for motivation as shown in the chapter reading predicts strong motivation for an individual to perform when the reward is based on ________. A) seniority or years of service in the organization B) personal favorites of top managers C) performance above all factors D) likability of the worker

Q: The Department of Labor procedure uses a set of standard basic activities known as ________ to describe what a worker must do with respect to data, people, and things. A) worker functions B) employee duties C) job procedures D) job requirements

Q: What are the three main categories used in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles to rate, classify, and compare different jobs? A) reasoning, language, mathematics B) skills, communication, education C) data, people, things D) people, skills, reasoning

Q: The integrated model for motivation as shown in the chapter reading features the following basic sequence. A) effort → performance → rewards → individual goals B) effort → equity → goals → needs C) needs → factors → extrinsic factors → individual goals D) needs → goals → individual effort → organizational goals

Q: Experts at the ________ performed the earliest form of job analysis and published the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. A) EEOC B) DOL C) BLS D) DHS

Q: Which of the following theories of motivation is seen as the most comprehensive? A) JCM theory B) expectancy theory C) equity theory D) goal-setting theory

Q: Katie has just been asked to type up a report in two days using a software program she has never seen before. Katie wonders if she will be able to get her project accomplished on time and in the format wanted by her manager. This is an example of which variable in Vroom's expectancy theory? A) effort-performance linkage B) performance-reward linkage C) valence-reward linkage D) attractiveness

Q: A(n) ________ is used to collect quantifiable data concerning the duties and responsibilities of various jobs. A) electronic diary/log B) group interview C) position analysis questionnaire D) Internet-based survey

Q: What is the primary benefit of using a position analysis questionnaire to gather data for a job analysis? A) providing the opportunity for employees to vent job frustrations B) sorting information for government statistics and records C) classifying jobs for the purpose of assigning salaries D) uncovering important yet infrequent job tasks

Q: If salespeople in John's company meet their sales goals for the month, they are given an all-expense-paid trip to a Denver Broncos football game. Football is not one of John's favorite sports, and the Denver Broncos are definitely not John's favorite team. John's performance might be influenced by the ________ part of Vroom's expectancy theory. A) effort-performance linkage B) performance-reward linkage C) effort-reward linkage D) attractiveness

Q: Purrfect Pets is a local pet supply store with a following of loyal customers who appreciate the personal service the store's employees provide. After a very profitable year, Purrfect Pets is expanding by opening two more stores. Before hiring employees for the new stores, the manager is considering the idea of conducting a job analysis for each position. Which of the following, if true, undermines the argument that the Purrfect Pets manager should observe workers in order to gather job analysis information? A) Purrfect Pets lacks the technology to perform quantitative job assessments. B) Part-time and seasonal workers fill most of the positions at Purrfect Pets. C) The tasks of most Purrfect Pets employees vary widely from day to day. D) During the morning, business at Purrfect Pets typically slows down.

Q: The key to expectancy theory is that an individual's goals ________. A) are not too high B) are not too high and not too low C) match the goals of fellow workers and superiors D) match the rewards provided by the organization

Q: A key element of expectancy theory might be summarized by saying ________. A) most people are motivated by money B) everyone is always motivated by fear of failure C) everyone is motivated by the same thing D) different rewards motivate people in different ways

Q: Purrfect Pets is a local pet supply store with a following of loyal customers who appreciate the personal service the store's employees provide. After a very profitable year, Purrfect Pets is expanding by opening two more stores. Before hiring employees for the new stores, the manager is considering the idea of conducting a job analysis for each position. Which of the following, if true, would best support the argument that the manager should use a position analysis questionnaire to collect job analysis information? A) Compliance with EEO laws requires businesses to compile quantitative data. B) Management wants to develop a pay scale for all employees at Purrfect Pets. C) Purrfect Pets managers are unfamiliar with the typical routines of most employees. D) Managers believe that some Purrfect Pets employees are overlooking important daily tasks.

Q: In expectancy theory, a person may have the ability to reach a certain goal but lack motivation because ________. A) the goal is too easy B) the goal is too hard C) the person's desire to reach the goal is too strong D) the person has no strong desire to reach the goal

Q: Purrfect Pets is a local pet supply store with a following of loyal customers who appreciate the personal service the store's employees provide. After a very profitable year, Purrfect Pets is expanding by opening two more stores. Before hiring employees for the new stores, the manager is considering the idea of conducting a job analysis for each position. Which of the following, if true, would best support the argument that the manager should conduct group interviews to gather job analysis information? A) Purrfect Pets is an excellent place to work because of the positive work environment. B) Most of the young employees of Purrfect Pets would feel awkward during a one-on-one interview. C) Employees at Purrfect Pets work well with their colleagues, and few staffing conflicts occur. D) Numerous employees at Purrfect Pets perform similar tasks during the work day.

Q: The third variable in expectancy theory requires the worker to ask him- or herself which question? A) How likely am I to attain this outcome? B) What do I need to do to attain this outcome? C) How important is this outcome to me? D) How important is this outcome to the organization I work for?

Q: Pocket dictating machines and pagers have replaced traditional diary/log methods in many firms. Which of the following problems have the modern methods most likely eliminated? A) work time required to fill out forms and surveys B) employee forgetfulness regarding daily activities C) costs associated with copying and filing paperwork D) employee frustration towards bureaucratic requirements

Q: The second variable in expectancy theory requires the worker to ask him- or herself: If I perform at a given level, how likely is it that I will ________? A) attain the reward or outcome I am looking for B) value a promotion if I get it C) be treated fairly D) be noticed by my superiors

Q: Joaquin records every activity in which he participates at work along with the time it takes him to complete each activity. Which of the following approaches to job analysis data collection is most likely being used at Joaquin's workplace? A) diaries B) interviews C) observations D) questionnaires

Q: The first variable in expectancy theory involves how much effort a person must exert to ________. A) receive a given reward B) attain a certain level of performance C) finish the job in the shortest period of time D) finish the job with the lowest possible standards

Q: Which of the following requires workers to make daily listings of the activities in which they engage as well as the amount of time each activity takes? A) flowchart B) agenda C) outline D) log

Q: Which data collection method is most frequently used in conjunction with direct observation? A) interview B) questionnaire C) electronic log D) survey

Q: In equity theory, an under-rewarded individual is likely to ________. A) have high motivation to show his or her value to the organization B) lack motivation because he or she does not receive enough reward for what he or she does C) have just the right motivation to get the job done D) have high motivation due to high self-esteem

Q: A ________ is the time it takes to complete a job. A) work cycle B) work week C) shift D) duty

Q: In equity theory, procedural justice is concerned with which of the following? A) determining how fair the system is B) determining how honest one's boss is C) comparing output-to-input ratios among individuals D) comparing fairness between different organizations

Q: One of the problems with direct observation is ________, which is when workers alter their normal activities because they are being watched. A) flexibility B) falsification C) reactivity D) diversion

Q: In equity theory, distributive justice is concerned with which of the following? A) comparing one individual to an entire system B) comparing output-to-input ratios among individuals C) comparing output-to-input ratios among large groups D) comparing fairness between different cultures

Q: For which of the following jobs is direct observation NOT a recommended method for collecting job analysis data? A) assembly-line worker B) accounting clerk C) attorney D) nurse

Q: Over-rewarded inequity exists when one's own outcomes-to-input ratio ________ that of the referent. A) is greater than B) is less than C) is equal to D) is greater than or equal to

Q: Which of the following is the primary disadvantage of using questionnaires to gather job analysis information? A) Questionnaires are the most expensive method of collecting data. B) Supervisors are required to verify all collected questionnaire data. C) Questionnaires are too open-ended for statistical information. D) Developing and testing questionnaires is time-consuming.

Q: Under-rewarded inequity exists when one's own outcomes-to-input ratio ________ that of the referent. A) is greater than B) is less than C) is equal to D) is greater than or equal to

Q: In equity theory, an under-rewarded individual ________ the work he or she does. A) is paid too much for B) is paid too little for C) is paid fairly for D) does not complain about

Q: Job analysts collecting information through observations and interviews benefit from the use of a(n) ________ to guide the process and ensure consistency. A) structured list B) electronic diary C) job description D) organization chart

Q: Interviews for the purpose of collecting job analysis data will most likely address all of the following topics EXCEPT ________. A) hazardous conditions B) primary work duties C) required education D) personal hobbies

Q: Equity exists when one's own outcomes-to-input ratio ________ that of the referent. A) is greater than B) is less than C) is equal to D) is greater than or less than

Q: Inequity exists when one's own outcomes-to-input ratio ________ that of the referent. A) is greater than but not less than B) is less than but not greater than C) is equal to D) is greater than or less than

Q: Which of the following is the primary disadvantage of using interviews to collect job analysis data? A) Interviews are a complicated method for collecting information. B) Employees may exaggerate or minimize some information. C) Interviews provide only general information about a worker's duties. D) Interviews may require managers to reveal the job analysis function.

Q: In equity theory, a worker's "self" category refers to ________. A) the standards and expectations of other workers B) their comparisons to the highest paid worker they know C) their comparisons to the lowest paid worker they know D) the person's own inputs-outcomes ratios

Q: Jerome, a manager at an electronics company, needs to gather job analysis information from a large number of employees who perform similar work. Which of the following would be most appropriate for Jerome? A) observing all employees B) interviewing the HR manager C) holding a group interview with a supervisor D) conducting telephone surveys of all employees

Q: A referent in equity theory refers to which of the following? A) a theoretical worker B) other people and systems only C) oneself only D) other people, systems, or oneself

Q: Which method for collecting job analysis information is considered best for quantifying the relative worth of a job for compensation purposes? A) electronic log B) worker diary C) observation D) questionnaire

Q: Equity theory compares your own outcomes-to-input ratio to that of ________. A) your boss B) a referent C) the input-to-output ratio of another worker D) the input-to-output ratio of an idealized worker

Q: Which of the following guidelines is most likely recommended to managers conducting a job analysis? A) Use one tool for gathering information to maintain the validity of the final results. B) Rely on the human resource manager to complete questionnaires and verify data. C) Conduct group interviews without supervisors present to ensure accuracy. D) Ensure that the questions and the process are clarified to employees.

Q: Equity theory uses the ratio of output you get from your job to the amount of ________. A) input you put into your job B) output a referent gets from a job C) benefit you get from your job D) compensation you get from your job

Q: The primary drawback of performing a job analysis regards the ________. A) unverifiable data a job analysis typically provides B) certification required to conduct a job analysis C) amount of time a job analysis takes to complete D) redundant information gathered during a job analysis E) costs associated with the technology needed for a job analysis

Q: Equity theory recognizes that individuals are concerned with ________. A) making enough money to live on B) employers sharing profits C) comparing their rewards to those of others D) justice for all people who work

Q: Murray, Inc. emphasizes a desire for detail-oriented, motivated employees with strong social skills as indicated in the firm's job ________. A) specifications B) analysis C) reports D) descriptions

Q: What is the final step in conducting a job analysis? A) writing a job description and job specifications B) validating all of the collected job data C) collecting data on specific job activities D) reviewing relevant background information

Q: Equity theory is based primarily on ideas about which of the following? A) objectivity B) the importance of work C) fairness D) automation