Q&A Hero

Q: The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine does not apply to physical evidence. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is NOT a requirement of obtaining a warrant to arrest a suspect in his/her home? a. A neutral magistrate b. An affidavit c. The name of the person to be arrested d. The suspect's criminal history

Q: If the improper police conduct is a failure to give a Miranda warning, the courts always apply the poisonous tree doctrine and suppress evidence obtained. a. True b. False

Q: Whether Fourth Amendment seizures are stops or arrests depends on:a. duration, invasiveness, location, the officer's subjective intent. b. duration, invasiveness, and location.c. duration and invasiveness.d. invasiveness and the officer's subjective intent.

Q: The exclusionary rule can apply to evidence obtained in violation of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. a. True b. False

Q: When an official takes a person into custody and holds him for anywhere between a few hours to a few days to answer for a criminal charge, the official has conducted: a. a stop. b. a detention. c. a custodial arrest. d. imprisonment.

Q: The inevitable discovery rule was adopted in Nix v. Williams. a. True b. False

Q: Stops differ from arrests in that:a. they always lead to a frisk or more invasive search. b. they produce written records of the police action.c. they occur in public places and are shorter in duration. d. they are always shorter in duration.

Q: In Wong Sun v. U.S., the Supreme Court concluded that the taint had been dissipated over the period of several days and the confession was admissible. a. True b. False

Q: Evidence obtained illegally by wiretapping or electronic eavesdropping is not subject to the exclusionary rule. a. True b. False

Q: Why is it reasonable to remove a passenger from a stopped vehicle when there is no suspicion the passenger may be involved in a crime?

Q: When can profiles be used in building reasonable suspicion?

Q: In the Fahy v. Connecticut case, the court noted that there was no prejudicial effect of erroneously admitted evidence. a. True b. False

Q: Does an anonymous tip amount to reasonable suspicion? Explain.

Q: In Mapp v. Ohio, the U.S. Supreme Court made the federal exclusionary rule binding on the states. a. True b. False

Q: If the government can satisfy the attenuation of the taint doctrine, the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine does not apply. a. True b. False

Q: Does unprovoked flight + high-crime area = reasonable suspicion? Explain your response.

Q: Identify the three possible alternatives for applying the Fourth Amendment to stops and frisks, and explain why the U.S. Supreme Court adopted alternative three.

Q: If the police can show they would have found the evidence eventually by legal means, it may trigger the independent source exception to the exclusionary rule. a. True b. False

Q: The method of analysis that considers the Fourth Amendment's two clauses as being separate and addressing different problems is the ______ ______ _______

Q: There are no exceptions to the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine. a. True b. False

Q: Another name for the totality of circumstances test is the _________test.

Q: An example of the application of the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine is excluding a confession obtained after an illegal search and seizure. a. True b. False

Q: The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine is also referred to as the derivative evidence rule. a. True b. False

Q: When police learn facts not from their observation but from what other people tell them, this is called __________.

Q: Use of the exclusionary rule to exclude unreliable evidence could help protect innocent people from being convicted. a. True b. False

Q: The two elements to the scope of a reasonable stop are on the spot location of the investigation and __________.

Q: Evidence gathered from initial improper conduct is called "fruit of the poisonous tree". a. True b. False

Q: The patting down of a suspect's outer clothing to check for weapons is the type of search called a __________.

Q: The exclusionary rule exacts a social cost when it is used to exclude relevant, reliable evidence. a. True b. False

Q: Barricades set up for stopping vehicles and questioning the occupants are known as .

Q: The objective basis required for making a lawful stop is _____________.

Q: For most of U.S. history, there was no federal exclusionary rule. a. True b. False

Q: Case 9.3Police investigate an arson of a commercial structure. The day after the fire is extinguished, police investigators return to the property and retrieve evidence from the burned building. Police contact the security company that monitored the crime scene and obtained alarm system records that demonstrate that the system was shut down via the internal key pad just prior to the fire. Police also obtain surveillance videos from other commercial businesses adjacent to the crime scene. Through their investigation the owner of the building is identified as a prime suspect.Police ask the building owner to come down to headquarters to follow up on any potential suspects he may have. Once at police headquarters, the building owner is interviewed by detectives regarding the fire. What was a friendly discussion suddenly turns adversarial with the detectives accusing him of starting the fire to collect insurance. They both tell him to think about what he wants to say about the crime and leave him alone in a locked interview room. While in the interview room the building owner texts an accomplice to check if he properly disposed of incriminating evidence. The investigators come in and inform the defendant that no cell phones are allowed in the interview room. They take the cell phone out of the room and view the texts on the phone. The building owner ultimately confesses to the arson and is charged. Subsequent to the confession police obtain a search warrant for the cell phone texts and records.The Miranda rule does not provide safeguards before confessions or other incriminating statements have been obtaineda. Trueb. False

Q: Pat-downs of suspects to protect officers against the danger of concealed weapons are _________.

Q: Case 9.3Police investigate an arson of a commercial structure. The day after the fire is extinguished, police investigators return to the property and retrieve evidence from the burned building. Police contact the security company that monitored the crime scene and obtained alarm system records that demonstrate that the system was shut down via the internal key pad just prior to the fire. Police also obtain surveillance videos from other commercial businesses adjacent to the crime scene. Through their investigation the owner of the building is identified as a prime suspect.Police ask the building owner to come down to headquarters to follow up on any potential suspects he may have. Once at police headquarters, the building owner is interviewed by detectives regarding the fire. What was a friendly discussion suddenly turns adversarial with the detectives accusing him of starting the fire to collect insurance. They both tell him to think about what he wants to say about the crime and leave him alone in a locked interview room. While in the interview room the building owner texts an accomplice to check if he properly disposed of incriminating evidence. The investigators come in and inform the defendant that no cell phones are allowed in the interview room. They take the cell phone out of the room and view the texts on the phone. The building owner ultimately confesses to the arson and is charged. Subsequent to the confession police obtain a search warrant for the cell phone texts and records.Police misconduct can result in the violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments' Clauses of due process.a. Trueb. False

Q: Case 9.3Police investigate an arson of a commercial structure. The day after the fire is extinguished, police investigators return to the property and retrieve evidence from the burned building. Police contact the security company that monitored the crime scene and obtained alarm system records that demonstrate that the system was shut down via the internal key pad just prior to the fire. Police also obtain surveillance videos from other commercial businesses adjacent to the crime scene. Through their investigation the owner of the building is identified as a prime suspect.Police ask the building owner to come down to headquarters to follow up on any potential suspects he may have. Once at police headquarters, the building owner is interviewed by detectives regarding the fire. What was a friendly discussion suddenly turns adversarial with the detectives accusing him of starting the fire to collect insurance. They both tell him to think about what he wants to say about the crime and leave him alone in a locked interview room. While in the interview room the building owner texts an accomplice to check if he properly disposed of incriminating evidence. The investigators come in and inform the defendant that no cell phones are allowed in the interview room. They take the cell phone out of the room and view the texts on the phone. The building owner ultimately confesses to the arson and is charged. Subsequent to the confession police obtain a search warrant for the cell phone texts and records.Although it is clear that business owner is not free to go and is being accused of a crime by detectives, they have not told him that he is under arrest. Which constitutional amendment governs the interrogation of the business owner at police headquarters?a. First Amendmentb. Second Amendmentc. Fifth Amendmentd. Fourth Amendment

Q: A brief detention that enables law enforcement officers to freeze a situation for the purpose of investigating suspicious persons is a/an ________.

Q: Stop and frisk law focuses on the application of the ________ Amendment to law enforcement practices.

Q: Reasonable suspicion can never be based on hearsay information. a. True b. False

Q: Case 9.3Police investigate an arson of a commercial structure. The day after the fire is extinguished, police investigators return to the property and retrieve evidence from the burned building. Police contact the security company that monitored the crime scene and obtained alarm system records that demonstrate that the system was shut down via the internal key pad just prior to the fire. Police also obtain surveillance videos from other commercial businesses adjacent to the crime scene. Through their investigation the owner of the building is identified as a prime suspect.Police ask the building owner to come down to headquarters to follow up on any potential suspects he may have. Once at police headquarters, the building owner is interviewed by detectives regarding the fire. What was a friendly discussion suddenly turns adversarial with the detectives accusing him of starting the fire to collect insurance. They both tell him to think about what he wants to say about the crime and leave him alone in a locked interview room. While in the interview room the building owner texts an accomplice to check if he properly disposed of incriminating evidence. The investigators come in and inform the defendant that no cell phones are allowed in the interview room. They take the cell phone out of the room and view the texts on the phone. The building owner ultimately confesses to the arson and is charged. Subsequent to the confession police obtain a search warrant for the cell phone texts and records.Which constitutional amendment would prohibit detectives from looking through cell phone texts without the owner's consent?a. First Amendmentb. Second Amendmentc. Fifth Amendmentd. Fourth Amendment

Q: Case 9.3Police investigate an arson of a commercial structure. The day after the fire is extinguished, police investigators return to the property and retrieve evidence from the burned building. Police contact the security company that monitored the crime scene and obtained alarm system records that demonstrate that the system was shut down via the internal key pad just prior to the fire. Police also obtain surveillance videos from other commercial businesses adjacent to the crime scene. Through their investigation the owner of the building is identified as a prime suspect.Police ask the building owner to come down to headquarters to follow up on any potential suspects he may have. Once at police headquarters, the building owner is interviewed by detectives regarding the fire. What was a friendly discussion suddenly turns adversarial with the detectives accusing him of starting the fire to collect insurance. They both tell him to think about what he wants to say about the crime and leave him alone in a locked interview room. While in the interview room the building owner texts an accomplice to check if he properly disposed of incriminating evidence. The investigators come in and inform the defendant that no cell phones are allowed in the interview room. They take the cell phone out of the room and view the texts on the phone. The building owner ultimately confesses to the arson and is charged. Subsequent to the confession police obtain a search warrant for the cell phone texts and records.At trial the defense moves to suppress the evidence removed from crime scene by investigators the day after the fire, because they failed to get a search warrant or consent. Under which rule would the defense make this motion?a. Mirandab. affirmative defensec. fruit of the poisonous treed. inevitable discovery

Q: The U.S. Supreme Court has held that fitting a drug courier profile is itself alone enough to furnish reasonable suspicion. a. True b. False

Q: An officer conducting a protective pat-down search can never seize any items other than weapons. a. True b. False

Q: Case 9.2Police respond to a third party 911 call and arrive at the scene of domestic violence homicide. Police find the victim underneath his pickup truck, apparently run over. On scene, the man's wife, blurts out that she could not take his physical abuse and drinking any more. She then says "I didn't mean to hurt him I just wanted to get away." The wife has multiple new and old bruises on her body which she claims were from the husband repeatedly beating her while threatening to kill her.Witnesses report that they heard the two fighting and witnessed the husband trying to grab the wife as she ran outside. They observed the wife get into the pickup truck and heard the husband screaming that he wouldn't let her go as he stood in front of the pickup. Witnesses report that the wife drove the truck over the husband and then backed up. They further state that the wife called someone the phone and said "it's done." Witnesses also tell police that the wife has been seeing another man on the side and that the other man had been with the wife just an hour before the husband/victim had gotten home.Police interview the wife, who claims that she dialed 911 but hung up the phone by accident, because she was in a panic. Police ask the wife to show them her phone but she refuses. Police check with the dispatch center and fine only one call and that was the one from the witness.Police arrest the wife for the murder of her husband and transport her to police headquarters for processing. She is searched incident to arrest and her phone is taken into evidence. Police also search the house for additional evidence. While being transported to headquarters the wife changes her story several times claiming that her husband was screaming that he was going to kill her. Her changing statements are recorded by the in car video system.The police search the defendant's phone is deemed illegal, but the conversation between the defendant and her lover was caught on a legal wiretap of the lover's phone as a result an independent investigation in his involvement in drug distribution case. Can the police still introduce the record of the phone conversation between the two on the day of the murder?a. No, under the Fruit of a Poisonous Tree Doctrine, the introduction of evidence from another investigation is prohibited.b. No, as the Derivative Evidence Rule applies solely to evidence obtained directly from independent sources.c. Yes, under the Independent Source Doctrine, if the evidence was obtained properly from a second and independent source.d. No, as the accused was not the subject of the wiretap warrant and therefore any evidence obtained should be excluded.

Q: Case 9.2Police respond to a third party 911 call and arrive at the scene of domestic violence homicide. Police find the victim underneath his pickup truck, apparently run over. On scene, the man's wife, blurts out that she could not take his physical abuse and drinking any more. She then says "I didn't mean to hurt him I just wanted to get away." The wife has multiple new and old bruises on her body which she claims were from the husband repeatedly beating her while threatening to kill her.Witnesses report that they heard the two fighting and witnessed the husband trying to grab the wife as she ran outside. They observed the wife get into the pickup truck and heard the husband screaming that he wouldn't let her go as he stood in front of the pickup. Witnesses report that the wife drove the truck over the husband and then backed up. They further state that the wife called someone the phone and said "it's done." Witnesses also tell police that the wife has been seeing another man on the side and that the other man had been with the wife just an hour before the husband/victim had gotten home.Police interview the wife, who claims that she dialed 911 but hung up the phone by accident, because she was in a panic. Police ask the wife to show them her phone but she refuses. Police check with the dispatch center and fine only one call and that was the one from the witness.Police arrest the wife for the murder of her husband and transport her to police headquarters for processing. She is searched incident to arrest and her phone is taken into evidence. Police also search the house for additional evidence. While being transported to headquarters the wife changes her story several times claiming that her husband was screaming that he was going to kill her. Her changing statements are recorded by the in car video system.If police initially search the defendant's phone without a search warrant can the police still introduce the record of the phone calls made from the phone on the day of the murder?a. Yes, as there is no expectation of privacy in ones cell phone, so the police would not need a warrant to review the contents or records.b. No, as the fourth amendment strictly prohibits warrantless search without exception.c. Under the Inevitable Discovery Rule, the evidence could be introduced at trial if the prosecution can show that the evidence would have ultimately been obtained anyway through other proper investigative procedures.d. No, as the police would have needed a wire-tap warrant to listen in on the conversation.

Q: A suspect's race alone cannot constitute reasonable suspicion for police action. a. True b. False

Q: Case 9.2Police respond to a third party 911 call and arrive at the scene of domestic violence homicide. Police find the victim underneath his pickup truck, apparently run over. On scene, the man's wife, blurts out that she could not take his physical abuse and drinking any more. She then says "I didn't mean to hurt him I just wanted to get away." The wife has multiple new and old bruises on her body which she claims were from the husband repeatedly beating her while threatening to kill her.Witnesses report that they heard the two fighting and witnessed the husband trying to grab the wife as she ran outside. They observed the wife get into the pickup truck and heard the husband screaming that he wouldn't let her go as he stood in front of the pickup. Witnesses report that the wife drove the truck over the husband and then backed up. They further state that the wife called someone the phone and said "it's done." Witnesses also tell police that the wife has been seeing another man on the side and that the other man had been with the wife just an hour before the husband/victim had gotten home.Police interview the wife, who claims that she dialed 911 but hung up the phone by accident, because she was in a panic. Police ask the wife to show them her phone but she refuses. Police check with the dispatch center and fine only one call and that was the one from the witness.Police arrest the wife for the murder of her husband and transport her to police headquarters for processing. She is searched incident to arrest and her phone is taken into evidence. Police also search the house for additional evidence. While being transported to headquarters the wife changes her story several times claiming that her husband was screaming that he was going to kill her. Her changing statements are recorded by the in car video system.At trial the defense attempts to suppress her initial on scene statements to police claiming she had not been advised of her rights. Under what would the defense apply for the motion to suppress those statements?a. Mirandab. a suppression hearingc. writ of habeas corpusd. inevitable discovery rule

Q: Case 9.1Police stop Bill Stoner, a known drug dealer, for operating a vehicle with no tail lights, after he is observed pulling away from a parking lot in a high crime area know for drug transactions. Bill appears extremely nervous as he speaks with the officers. The primary officer requests the registration and insurance card for the vehicle. As Sam opens the glove box to retrieve the paperwork, the cover officer spots a hollow point bullets in the glove box. She notifies her partner and Sam is immediately removed from the car and frisked for possible weapons. The officer finds a loaded handgun in Bill's waist band and he placed under arrest. As the cover officer is securing the bullets, she notices Bill's cell phone on the front seat buzzing. She opens the phone and views multiple texts from Donny Bosco warning Bill that "The cops are in the area get my bag of weed and coke out of your trunk." The officers secure Bill in the patrol car and search the trunk of Bill's car. In the trunk they find a large black duffle bag containing two pounds of marijuana and two kilograms of cocaine.Bill is transported back to headquarters and placed in an interrogation room. The arresting officer shows the duffle bag full of drugs to Bill and tells him "you're going away for a long time unless you talk". Bill is questioned about his association with Donny Bosco and his part in the distribution of drugs. Bill completes and signs a Miranda waiver form and then provides a videotaped confession in which he criminally implicates Donny Bosco as the drug distribution leader. In addition to the charges against Bill Stoner, Donny Bosco is indicted on several felony drug tracking charges.At trial, the defense seeks to have the drugs in the trunk suppressed, claiming that the warrantless search of the defendant's cell phone lead to the search of the trunk and discovery of the drugs. What options would the prosecution have to counter the suppression of the evidence?a. None as there are exceptions to the fruit of a poisonous tree doctrine.b. The prosecution could counter the defense's motion with the derivative evidence rule, claiming that the drugs would have ultimately been discovered when police conduct the impound inventory of the defendant's car.c. The prosecution could counter the defense's motion with the inevitable discovery rule, claiming that the drugs would have ultimately been discovered when police conduct the impound inventory of the defendant's car.d. The prosecution could counter the defense's motion with the signed Miranda waiver form.

Q: According to the Supreme Court opinion in Illinois v. Wardlow, a person's mere presence in a high crime area can supply the objective basis needed for a stop.a. Trueb. False

Q: The purpose of a frisk is to protect officers or other people from death or injury. a. True b. False

Q: Case 9.1Police stop Bill Stoner, a known drug dealer, for operating a vehicle with no tail lights, after he is observed pulling away from a parking lot in a high crime area know for drug transactions. Bill appears extremely nervous as he speaks with the officers. The primary officer requests the registration and insurance card for the vehicle. As Sam opens the glove box to retrieve the paperwork, the cover officer spots a hollow point bullets in the glove box. She notifies her partner and Sam is immediately removed from the car and frisked for possible weapons. The officer finds a loaded handgun in Bill's waist band and he placed under arrest. As the cover officer is securing the bullets, she notices Bill's cell phone on the front seat buzzing. She opens the phone and views multiple texts from Donny Bosco warning Bill that "The cops are in the area get my bag of weed and coke out of your trunk." The officers secure Bill in the patrol car and search the trunk of Bill's car. In the trunk they find a large black duffle bag containing two pounds of marijuana and two kilograms of cocaine.Bill is transported back to headquarters and placed in an interrogation room. The arresting officer shows the duffle bag full of drugs to Bill and tells him "you're going away for a long time unless you talk". Bill is questioned about his association with Donny Bosco and his part in the distribution of drugs. Bill completes and signs a Miranda waiver form and then provides a videotaped confession in which he criminally implicates Donny Bosco as the drug distribution leader. In addition to the charges against Bill Stoner, Donny Bosco is indicted on several felony drug tracking charges.On what grounds could the defense seek to exclude Bill's videotaped confession?a. Mirandab. affirmative defensec. writ of habeas corpusd. inevitable discovery

Q: Police officers can automatically frisk all citizens whom they stop. a. True b. False

Q: Frisks are searches. a. True b. False

Q: Case 9.1Police stop Bill Stoner, a known drug dealer, for operating a vehicle with no tail lights, after he is observed pulling away from a parking lot in a high crime area know for drug transactions. Bill appears extremely nervous as he speaks with the officers. The primary officer requests the registration and insurance card for the vehicle. As Sam opens the glove box to retrieve the paperwork, the cover officer spots a hollow point bullets in the glove box. She notifies her partner and Sam is immediately removed from the car and frisked for possible weapons. The officer finds a loaded handgun in Bill's waist band and he placed under arrest. As the cover officer is securing the bullets, she notices Bill's cell phone on the front seat buzzing. She opens the phone and views multiple texts from Donny Bosco warning Bill that "The cops are in the area get my bag of weed and coke out of your trunk." The officers secure Bill in the patrol car and search the trunk of Bill's car. In the trunk they find a large black duffle bag containing two pounds of marijuana and two kilograms of cocaine.Bill is transported back to headquarters and placed in an interrogation room. The arresting officer shows the duffle bag full of drugs to Bill and tells him "you're going away for a long time unless you talk". Bill is questioned about his association with Donny Bosco and his part in the distribution of drugs. Bill completes and signs a Miranda waiver form and then provides a videotaped confession in which he criminally implicates Donny Bosco as the drug distribution leader. In addition to the charges against Bill Stoner, Donny Bosco is indicted on several felony drug tracking charges.At trial Bill Stoner's defense attorney attempts to have the initial motor vehicle stop suppressed. If the initial motor vehicle stop is found to be improper would the subsequent discovery of bullets and gun excluded?a. No, because motor vehicle stops are not covered by the Fourth Amendment or the exclusionary rule.b. No, based upon the independent source doctrine, the gun and bullets would have been discovered through independent simultaneous investigative actions.c. Yes, but only because the officers did not immediately Mirandize Bill.d. Yes, because motor vehicle stops are covered by the Fourth Amendment and the exclusionary rule.

Q: Profiles are neither direct observation nor hearsay. a. True b. False

Q: Knock-and talk sessions can become "_____", if the questioning changes from consensual to interrogation, and may result in constitutional violations. a. voluntary b. derogatory c. custodial d. situational

Q: Information received from anonymous informants is always considered equal in quality to that received from known informants in providing reasonable suspicion for a stop. a. True b. False

Q: If _____ statements are made or evidence discovered from consensual talks between police and citizens, the statements or evidence may be used in criminal prosecutions. a. inflammatory b. incriminating c. coerced d. alibi

Q: According to the Supreme Court, police can take no action against a citizen until they have probable cause. a. True b. False

Q: The Self-Incrimination Clause has only one, specific goal: to protect against compelled, self-incriminating statements, and thus falls under the _____ Amendment. a. Fourteenth b. Second c. Fourth d. Fifth

Q: Stops and frisks are more invasive than arrest. a. True b. False

Q: Improper police conduct must be deterred in order to accomplish the purpose of the _____ Amendment. a. Second b. Eighth c. First d. Fourth

Q: When a significant period of time goes by between the improper conduct and the new evidence, the U.S. Supreme Court has long held that the "_____" from the improper conduct can be dissipated. a. taint b. consequences c. repercussions d. impact

Q: Outer clothing pat-downs do not constitute Fourth Amendment searches. a. True b. False

Q: When the exclusionary rule applies, the evidence will be _____. a. truncated b. didacted c. assimilated d. excluded

Q: Since stops and frisks take place in public, they may shape the public view of police power more than more intrusive invasions such as arrest and searches that take place out of sight. a. True b. False

Q: The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine is also known as the _____ rule. a. attenuation of the taint b. inevitable discovery c. derivative evidence d. independent source

Q: Stop and frisks impact a greater number of people than those actually arrested. a. True b. False

Q: Among the arguments in favor of the exclusionary rule is that it _____. a. deters police misconduct and is the only practical means to enforce rights b. only keeps unreliable scientific evidence out of the courts c. may result in numerous innocent people being convicted d. makes it far more difficult for law enforcement to ensure convictions

Q: The Supreme Court has ruled that a state statute which permits police to require a suspect disclose his identity during a Terrystop or face prosecution for failing to answer is: a. unconstitutional because people are not obliged to respond to an officer's questions. b. unconstitutional because it violates the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. c. constitutional because it is rationally related to the purpose and practical demands of a Terrystop. d. constitutional only if the state supreme court has ruled that it is.

Q: Which of the following does notimplicate the Fourth Amendment? a. show of force with submission b. frisk c. briefly grabbing a suspect to check suspicion d. asking questions of potential witnesses at the scene of a robbery

Q: One of the costs (and criticisms) of the federal exclusionary rule is that it _____. a. is too simple to covers a variety of situations b. may result in innocent people being convicted c. may result in guilty people being acquitted d. has no exceptions

Q: Application of the fruit of the poisonous tree rule is more complicated where the improper police conduct is other than a _____ Amendment violation. a. Third b. Fourth c. Fifth d. Sixth

Q: Frisks: a. are the most invasive type of search. b. are not considered invasions of privacy. c. are always allowed following a stop. d. are the least invasive type of search.

Q: Which of the following are legitimate purposes for frisks? a. To protect officers b. To preserve evidence c. To find illegal drugs d. To convince suspects they should respond to an officer's questions

Q: The exclusionary rule applies to evidence obtained _____ police misconduct. a. only directly from b. as a natural consequence of c. in association with d. directly or indirectly from

Q: If the police can show that the evidence was discovered by two methods, one of which was lawful, it may trigger the _____ exception to the exclusionary rule. a. exigent circumstances b. inevitable discovery c. independent source d. attenuation of the taint

Q: The case of Michigan v. Sitz (1990) challenged the constitutionality of:a. Stop and friskb. Frisk without a warrant c. Courier profilesd. DUI checkpoints

Q: According to the Supreme Court in Michigan v. Sitz, involving sobriety checkpoints, detaining a car briefly at a sobriety checkpoint requires:a. reasonable suspicion to think that the driver is driving under the influence.b. probable cause to think that the driver is driving under the influence.c. clear and convincing evidence to think that the driver is driving under the influence.d. no individualized suspicion because of the importance of the State's interest in addressing the drunk driving problem.