Q&A Hero

Q: While some aspects of an employment relationship, such as pay and standard work hours, may be explicitly stated, while others are not. Name three aspects of an employment relationship that are not generally spelled out, but implied.

Q: What is the general concept behind exchange theory?

Q: In a random telephone survey of 1,000 working adults in the United States, almost half of respondents reported working for an abusive supervisor at one time or another. List five workplace behaviors that would have been considered abusive, intimidating, or threatening.

Q: What are the four components research into organizational justice?

Q: Assume that you feel you are being treated unfairly, compared to your coworkers. Identify four ways that you can restore a feeling or sense of equity.

Q: What is the basic assumption of Herzberg's model?

Q: Provide three examples of what would be considered hygiene factors within the two-factor approach to motivation.

Q: What needs are associated with Alderfer's ERG Theory?

Q: What are the basic assumptions regarding needs in Maslow's theory?

Q: Maslow identified five needs and arranged them into a hierarchy. Identify the needs.

Q: Applying Maslow's theory, why might an employee's unsatisfied need present a problem to management?

Q: The text presents four content theories of motivation. What are they?

Q: How are psychological and sociological deficiencies different? Provide an example of each.

Q: Needs refer to deficiencies an individual experiences at a particular time. List the three broad categories are typically used to characterize these deficiencies.

Q: Motivation is made up of all the following "components" except: A) Direction B) Intensity C) Opportunity D) Persistence

Q: Which of the following is considered a content theory? A) Maslow: five-level need hierarchy B) Vroom: an expectancy theory of choices C) Locke: goal-setting theory that conscious goals and intentions are the determinants of behavior D) All of the choices are based on content theory.

Q: ____________ theory emphasizes the cognitive processes and the role of intentional behavior in motivation. A) Cognitive B) Equity C) Goal-setting D) Intentional

Q: _______________ is/are individual-oriented, in that they place primary emphasis on the characteristics of people. A) Content theories B) Expectancy theory C) Equity theory D) Goal-setting theory

Q: Looking at motivation from a content theory approach, the psychological contract suggests that, in return for time, effort, and other considerations, individuals want to receive: A) Need gratification B) Information equity C) Motivation D) Job satisfaction

Q: The ________________ is an unwritten agreement between the individual and the organization that specifies what each expects to give to and receive from the other. A) exchange contract B) psychological contract C) psychological equation D) relationship covenant

Q: In a very general sense, ____________ theory suggests that members of an organization engage in reasonably predictable give-and-take relationships (exchanges) with each other the organization. A) equity B) exchange C) distribution D) relationship

Q: Mike is putting forth an extreme effort to accomplish a goal. Based upon this statement we can say Mike has _______. A) high goal commitment B) high goal intensity C) high goal drive D) high goal-esteem

Q: All of the following are suggested ways to promote high levels of informational justice during turbulent times except: A) Informal "chats" by top managers, whether in person or via e-mail or videoconference B) Sugarcoating bad news C) Establishing a human resources hotline that employees can call for updates D) Creating a Web page that is updated on a daily basis

Q: Locke's goal theory highlights all of the following except: A) Goal specificity B) Goal intensity C) Goal equity D) Goal difficulty

Q: ______________ justice focuses on whether employees perceive that decisions and other communication from authorities are explained in a fair manner. A) Cognitive B) Distributive C) Informational D) Communications

Q: _________ justice refers to judgments made by employees about whether they feel fairly treated by their supervisors and other authorities in the organization. A) Interpersonal B) Organizational C) Distributive D) Reward

Q: Employees who experienced bullying and incivility at work were more likely to experience all of the following except: A) Lower life satisfaction B) Increased desire for informational justice C) Lower organizational commitment D) Conflict between work and family

Q: There are ____ components of organizational justice. A) two B) three C) four D) five

Q: _________ justice is the degree to which individuals feel fairly treated in the workplace. A) Perceived B) Organizational C) Distributive D) Reward

Q: _________ justice refers to the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed throughout an organization. A) Perceived B) Organizational C) Procedural D) Distributive

Q: People are more inclined to interpret decisions as fair when: A) They have a voice in the decision B) There is consistency is decision making C) The processes and procedures conform to ethical and moral values D) All of the choices are correct.

Q: Procedural justice has a positive effect on all of the following except: A) Organizational commitment B) Getting along with others C) Trust in superiors D) Work effort

Q: _______________ refers to the perceived equity or fairness of the organizational processes and procedures used to make resource and allocation decisions. A) Distributive justice B) Organizational justice C) Inequity D) Procedural justice

Q: Most research on equity theory has focused on _______________ as the basic outcome. A) job titles B) pay C) satisfaction D) motivation

Q: The essence of ________ theory is that employees compare their job inputs and outputs with those of others in similar work situations. A) ratio B) equity C) input D) comparison

Q: _______________ refers to an individual's belief regarding the likelihood that a particular behavior will be followed by a particular outcome. A) Instrumentality B) Valence C) Expectancy D) Equity

Q: _______________ refers to the strength of a person's belief that attainment of an outcome. A) Instrumentality B) Valence C) Expectancy D) Equity

Q: In Vroom's view, most behaviors are considered to be _______ the employee and consequently __________. A) under the voluntary control of; need no motivation B) forced on; are motivated C) under the voluntary control of; are motivated D) forced on; need no motivation

Q: Vroom defines _______________ as a process governing choices among alternative forms of voluntary activity. A) motivation B) recognition C) achievement D) relatedness

Q: The process theories of motivation are concerned with answering the question of how individual behavior is _______________. A) maintained B) stopped C) directed D) All of the choices are correct.

Q: Which of the following statements best reflects McClelland's theory? A) A person who is continually frustrated in satisfying one level of need will regress to the next lowest level need B) Two sets of factors affect motivation: motivators and hygiene factors C) Some individuals have a high need for achievement D) People attempt to satisfy basic needs before trying to satisfying higher-level needs

Q: Which of the following statements best reflects Herzberg's theory? A) The need hierarchy is comprised of existence, relatedness, and growth B) A person who is continually frustrated in satisfying one level of need will regress to the next lowest level need C) Some individuals have a high need for achievement D) Two sets of factors affect motivation: motivators and hygiene factors

Q: The content theories presented in the text focus mainly on the needs and incentives that energizes or triggers _______________. A) behavior B) motivation C) leadership D) satisfaction

Q: Which of the following statements best reflects Maslow's theory? A) People attempt to satisfy basic needs before trying to satisfying higher-level needs B) The need hierarchy is comprised of existence, relatedness, and growth C) A person who is continually frustrated in satisfying one level of need will regress to the next lowest level need D) All of the choices are correct.

Q: A high need for _______________ can be traced to a history of receiving rewards for sociable, dominant, or inspirational behavior. A) affiliation B) recognition C) power D) both affiliation and power

Q: McClelland's learned needs theory is based on three needs: the need for achievement, the need for affiliation, and the need for _______________. A) identification B) resolution C) power D) wealth

Q: Herzberg's model basically assumes that job satisfaction is _______________ concept. A) an abstract B) a five-level C) not a unidimensional D) effectively what he calls a "sportsmanship"

Q: Procedural justice has been shown to have a positive impact on _______________. A) organizational commitment B) work effort C) organizational citizenship D) All of the choices are correct.

Q: Although Herzberg's motivation theory is popular, it has been criticized for all of the following reasons except: A) It over-simplifies the nature of job satisfaction B) No self-reports of performance were used C) It requires people to look at themselves retrospectively D) The motivational and performance consequences of the theory are untested

Q: Job _______________ is defined as the process of building personal achievement, recognition, challenge, responsibility, and growth opportunities into a person's job. A) enrichment B) enlargement C) creation D) opportunity

Q: According to Herzberg, which of the following is a motivator? A) Working conditions B) Achievement C) Salary D) Quality of technical supervision

Q: Alderfer's ERG theory suggests that, in addition to the satisfaction-progression process that Maslow proposed, a _______________ process is also at work. A) frustration-regression B) frustration-anger C) progression-regression D) progression-growth

Q: The sets of needs proposed by Alderfer's ERG theory include all of the following except: A) Ego B) Existence C) Relatedness D) Growth

Q: Porter, when testing Maslow's hierarchy, assumed that physiological needs were being adequately satisfied for managers, so he substituted a higher-order need called __________. A) autonomy B) achievement C) intellectual satisfaction D) spirituality

Q: Which of the following is an example of Maslow's esteem? A) Developing and mentoring others B) Starting a charity that helps children C) Receiving regular salary increases D) Receiving a high-level promotion

Q: Which of the following is an example of Maslow's self-actualization? A) Developing and mentoring others B) Receiving a high-level promotion C) Having a supportive supervisor D) Receiving regular salary increases

Q: What basic assumption about people did Maslow make that caused him to believe that they would constantly move up the needs hierarchy? A) People are natural leaders B) People will always have obligations to meet C) People believe in things that are more important than themselves D) People have a need to grow and develop

Q: The "growth" need within Alderfer's ERG theory is similar to Maslow's __________ category. A) esteem B) self-esteem C) self-fulfillment D) physiological

Q: Which of the following is highest on Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A) Safety and security B) Esteem C) Physiological needs D) Self-actualization

Q: A study of 4,000 employees found three main areas affect employee motivation. These areas include all of the following except: A) Organizational issues B) Interpersonal issues C) Leader issues D) Job issues

Q: Joining the bowling team to make friends is a _______________ need. A) physiological B) psychological C) sociological D) Maslowian

Q: _______________ is the founder of the theory that states that conscious goals and intentions are the determinants of behavior. A) Maslow B) Alderfer C) Locke D) McClelland

Q: Taking a lunch break and getting a drink of water are examples of a _______________ need. A) physiological B) psychological C) sociological D) Maslowian

Q: The _______________ component of motivation refers to the strength of the response once the choice is made. A) direction B) intensity C) opportunity D) persistence

Q: Should organizations manage the psychological contract?

Q: Is there a psychological contract between the students enrolled in this course and the instructor? What are some of the specifics of this contract? How was the contract determined?

Q: What role does perception play in determining whether an employee is receiving equitable treatment?

Q: Relate Herzberg's theory to organizational design. In your explanation connect the theory to the components motivation.

Q: Why do Salancik and Pfeffer believe that need models, such as Maslow's and Alderfer's, have become so popular?

Q: Would you advise organizations to focus on extrinsic or intrinsic motivation? Explain.

Q: How do Alderfer's ERG theory and Maslow's need hierarchy differ?

Q: If you were an organizational consultant, which content theories would you use to explain motivation?

Q: What are the components of motivation and which is most important?

Q: Motivation is just one of several factors that influence productivity. What other factors were discussed in the text? What is the relationship between these factors and motivation?

Q: Attributions made by management frequently different than those made by employees. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Hiring managers can help limit issues such as the "halo effect" by using unstructured interviews. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Employees may attempt to create a bad impression as an expression of power. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Organizations that interact heavily with the public always engage in impression management. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: When one is using the IM tactic of ingratiation, they seek to be viewed positively by flattering others or offering to do favors for them. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Attribution theory views the process by which individuals interpret events around them as being caused by (attributed to) a relatively dynamic portion of their environment. ⊚ true ⊚ false