Q&A Hero

Q: (p. 72) Explain the different kinds of psychological withdrawals.

Q: The severely debilitating belief that one has no control over one's environment is called self-efficacy.

Q: (p. 71-72) Vista Motors has issued a notice that it will not be giving bonuses and salary hikes to employees within the next quarter due to recession. How do you think employees will react to this sudden change of events? Support your answer with the exit-voice-loyalty-neglect framework and the four employee types of stars, citizens, lone wolves, and apathetics.

Q: Self-efficacy is functionally the same thing as self-esteem.

Q: (p. 71-72) Describe the four types of employees using the combination of two variables: organizational commitment and task performance.

Q: Low self-esteem can be raised more by having the person think of desirable characteristics possessed rather than of undesirable characteristics from which he or she is free.

Q: Global managers need to remember to deemphasize self-esteem when doing business in collectivist ("we") cultures.

Q: (p. 71) Describe the four general ways of responding to negative events at work.

Q: (p. 69) An organization can build an obligation-based sense of commitment by becoming a charitable organization. Explain.

Q: In individualistic cultures people are socialized to "fit into the community and to do their duty." Thus, how an individualist feels about him- or herself is less relevant to life-satisfaction.

Q: Since paid employment is a prime determinant of overall self-esteem, unemployment can have a devastating impact on an individual's self-esteem.

Q: (p. 68) Define embeddedness. Which type of commitment does it strengthen?

Q: Individuals with high self-esteem see themselves as worthwhile, capable, and acceptable.

Q: (p. 68) Describe the characteristics of continuance commitment.

Q: People with low self-esteem tend to have health problems and low-quality social relationships, as well as being vulnerable to depression.

Q: (p. 67) Differentiate between the erosion model and the social influence model.

Q: Self-esteem is usually unrelated to a person's level of education.

Q: (p. 63-64) Define organizational commitment. Briefly describe the three types of organizational commitment.

Q: Compare and contrast culture shock and reentry shock.

Q: (p. 80) "_____ contracts" are based on a broader set of open-ended and subjective obligations. A. Transactional B. Relational C. Normative D. Progression E. Psychological

Q: Explain the four cultural dimensions that Hofstede's cross-cultural comparison focused on.

Q: Many companies pay all or part of an employee's tuition for master's degree programs. This can increase the employee's level of ______ commitment. A. normative B. affective C. continuance D. psychological E. educational

Q: Briefly describe the nine cultural dimensions from the GLOBE project.

Q: (p. 79) EuroOne, a mutual fund company, is cutting its human resource in large numbers because of the recession. The employees who still have their jobs are angered and depressed by the happenings. They have lost the trust they had in the management and are not sure if their future is secure with EuroOne. The employees are facing the "_____ syndrome." A. outsourcing B. survivor C. decay D. erosion E. progression

Q: Explain the differences between a low-context culture and a high-context culture. Provide examples.

Q: (p. 79) _____ psychological contracts are based on a narrow set of specific monetary obligations. A. Normative B. Relational C. Transactional D. Psychological E. Progression

Q: Compare and contrast the concepts of societal culture and organizational culture. Societal culture and organizational culture influence each other in two ways. Employees bring their societal culture to work with them in the form of customs and language. Organizational culture is a by-product of societal culture and affects the individual's values/ethics, attitudes, assumptions, and expectations. Societal culture is shaped by environmental factors such as the economic/technical setting, political/legal setting, ethnic background, and religion. The individual is further influenced by the organization's culture. Together, the influence of both types of culture creates an interesting dynamic, especially in multinational companies. When managing people at work, the individual's societal culture, the organizational culture, and any interaction between the two need to be taken into consideration.

Q: (p. 79) "_____" contracts reflect employees' beliefs about what they owe the organization and what the organization owes them. A. Cultural B. Transactional C. Psychological D. Normative E. Relational

Q: Flavors Inc., an American multinational corporation hired Benito, an Italian citizen as a merchandising analyst, to work in the United States. At a particular stage, Benito was uncomfortable adjusting to the new culture and its norms. This emotional stage that Benito experienced is known as: A. honeymoon phase. B. culture shock. C. adjustment. D. recovery. E. settling in.

Q: (p. 79) The "_____ syndrome" is characterized by anger, depression, fear, distrust, and guilt that affects the employees who remain with an organization after a downsizing. A. employee B. survivor C. stress D. erosion E. decay

Q: _____ involves anxiety and doubt caused by an overload of unfamiliar expectations and social cues. A. Cultural sponsorship B. Cultural cringe C. Monochronism D. Ethnocentrism E. Culture shock

Q: ______ adjustment, the extent to which expatriates have difficulty socializing and interacting with member of the host culture, can affect the level of organizational commitment in global organizations. A. Interaction B. Cultural C. Work D. Psychological E. Relational

Q: Unrealistic expectations regarding foreign assignments can be avoided with ____. A. host-country sponsorship B. on-site training C. repatriating training D. home-country sponsorship E. realistic job previews

Q: (p. 75) Which model of withdrawal has received the most scientific support? A. Individualistic model B. Compensatory forms model C. Independent forms model D. Autonomous model E. Progression model

Q: Which of the following is true about North American women serving as expatriates? A. They have a very high rate of success on foreign assignments. B. They receive less cross-cultural training than their male counterparts do. C. Managements assume that women would be welcomed in foreign countries easily. D. They are viewed primarily as female, not as foreigners or organizational members, leading to greater prejudice in the host country. E. Prejudice in the foreign host country is the primary barrier for potential female expatriates.

Q: (p. 75) Which model of withdrawal argues that the various withdrawal behaviors are positively correlated. For example, the tendency to daydream or socialize leads to the tendency to come in late or take long breaks, which leads to the tendency to be absent or quit. A. independent forms B. compensatory forms C. progression D. normative E. nominal

Q: Expatriate refers to: A. anyone living and/or working outside their home country. B. a manager after he or she returns to his or her home country. C. a host country national managing a multinational's operations in his or her own country. D. a parent country national supervising operations in his or her own country. E. anyone who manages a subsidiary's operations in his or her home country.

Q: (p. 75) The _____ model of withdrawal argues that the various withdrawal behaviors negatively correlate with one anotherthat doing one means you're less likely to do another. The idea is that any form of withdrawal can compensate for, or neutralize, a sense of dissatisfaction, which makes the other forms unnecessary. A. independent forms B. compensatory forms C. progression D. normative E. nominal

Q: (p. 75) According to the _____ model of withdrawal, various withdrawal behaviors are uncorrelated with one another, occur for different reasons, and fulfill different needs on the part of employees. A. independent forms B. compensatory forms C. progression D. normative E. nominal

Q: According to the leadership lessons from the GLOBE project, _____ was a universally liked leader attribute.A. self-centerednessB. egocentricityC. trustworthinessD. willfulnessE. punctuality

Q: Based on Hofstede's research, _____ reflects how loosely or closely a person is socially bonded. A. power distance B. individualism-collectivism C. masculinity-femininity D. uncertainty avoidance E. long-term versus short-term orientation

Q: (p. 75) The most serious form of physical withdrawal is _____. A. absenteeism B. tardiness C. long breaks D. quitting E. missing meetings

Q: Based on Hofstede's research, _____ reflects the extent to which people prefer structured versus unstructured situations. A. power distance B. individualism-collectivism C. masculinity-femininity D. uncertainty avoidance E. long-term versus short-term orientation

Q: (p. 73) _____ reflects the tendency to arrive at work late, or leave work early. A. Daydreaming B. Tardiness C. Socializing D. Moonlighting E. Cyberloafing

Q: _____ explains the behavior of people in organizations around the world and shows people how to work in organizations with employee and client populations from many different cultures. A. Cross-cultural management B. Ethnocentrism C. Culture shock D. Cultural cringe E. Monochronism

Q: (p. 73) Missing meetings is a form of _____ withdrawal. A. psychological B. physical C. cultural D. community E. social

Q: _____ is the most important work-related value for those with no religious preference. A. Employer effectiveness B. Consideration C. Continuity D. Social responsibility E. Professional challenge

Q: (p. 73) Which of the following is a form of physical withdrawal? A. Daydreaming B. Moonlighting C. Tardiness D. Socializing E. Cyberloafing

Q: Continuity is the most important work-related value for ____. A. Catholics B. Protestants C. Buddhists D. Muslims E. those with no religious preference

Q: (p. 72) Which of the following is a psychological withdrawal behavior? A. Tardiness B. Missing meetings C. Long breaks D. Moonlighting E. Absenteeism

Q: The most important work-related value for Catholics is: A. treating employees in a considerate fashion. B. desire to work for a company that is efficient, successful, and a technological leader. C. concern that the employer be a responsible part of society. D. continuity. E. professional challenge.

Q: (p. 72) The most widespread form of psychological withdrawal among white-collar employees is _____, using Internet, e-mail, and instant messaging access for their personal enjoyment rather than work duties. A. moonlighting B. cyberloafing C. satisficing D. socializing E. daydreaming

Q: _____ is the most important work-related value for Protestants. A. Employer effectiveness B. Consideration C. Continuity D. Social responsibility E. Professional challenge

Q: (p. 72) When employees engage in _____, they use work time and resources to complete something other than their job duties, such as assignments for another job. A. daydreaming B. moonlighting C. social loafing D. satisficing E. cyberloafing

Q: The most important work-related value for Buddhists is: A. consideration. B. employer effectiveness. C. social responsibility. D. continuity. E. professional challenge.

Q: (p. 72) "_____" indicates an intentional desire on the part of the employee to look like he/she is working, even when not performing work tasks. A. Looking busy B. Moonlighting C. Daydreaming D. Socializing E. Cyberloafing

Q: (p. 72) "_____" refers to the verbal chatting about nonwork topics that goes on in cubicles and offices or at the mailbox or vending machines. A. Satisficing B. Moonlighting C. Daydreaming D. Socializing E. Cyberloafing

Q: _____ is the study of cultural expectations about interpersonal space. A. Anthropology B. Theology C. Monochronics D. Polychronics E. Proxemics

Q: Helen plans for several activities simultaneously on a daily basis. Most often, it is impossible to execute them on time as she has so many activities. However, the impossibility factor does not affect her as she believes that time is flexible. This implies that Helen belongs to a _____ culture. A. low-context B. polychronic C. monochronic D. universalistic E. relativistic

Q: Jonas continually breaks off from his assigned tasks to check the football scores or check his friends' Facebook updates. He is engaging in ______, which is a type of ______. A. cyberloafing, psychological withdrawal B. psychological withdrawal, daydreaming C. cyberloafing, antisocial behavior D. socializing, psychological withdrawal E. psychological absenteeism, negative organizational behavior.

Q: Charlie had a meeting at his workplace at 2 p.m. He went out for a friend's birthday party at lunch time. He arrived late for the meeting as his friend's birthday party really mattered more to him than the meeting did. This implies that Charlie belonged to a _____ culture. A. low-context B. polychronic C. monochronic D. universalistic E. relativistic

Q: (p. 72) "_____" is a form of withdrawal in which employees appear to be working but are actually distracted by random thoughts or concerns. A. Moonlighting B. Cyberloafing C. Socializing D. Satisficing E. Daydreaming

Q: Low-context cultures tend to: A. have a relativistic approach to language. B. experience greater ethnocentrism. C. have a universalistic approach to language. D. prefer slow and ritualistic negotiations. E. run on monochronic time.

Q: (p. 72) Tim is a new hire at The Journal, a weekly publication. He does not like his job and is not committed to the organization. He hardly exerts any effort that is required to keep his job. Tim is staying with The Journal because he does not want to be "unemployed." Tim is a(n) "______." A. star B. citizen C. lone wolf D. apathetic E. dog

Q: People in polychronic cultures view time as _____. A. linear B. standardized C. precise D. multidimensional E. inelastic

Q: (p. 72) Apathetics tend to respond to negative events with _____, because they are low performers who lack marketable skills, and who do not have a high enough level of organizational commitment needed to engage in acts of citizenship. A. loyalty B. exit C. influence D. voice E. neglect

Q: (p. 72) "_____" possess low levels of both organizational commitment and task performance. A. Stars B. Citizens C. Lone wolves D. Apathetics E. Dogs

Q: Arab cultures embrace a(n) _____ time perspective as they believe that time is flexible, multidimensional, and based on relationships and situations. A. proximal B. polychronic C. monochronic D. universalistic E. relativistic

Q: Shane always structures his daily events around a strict schedule. He plans for his day-to-day activities by calculating the number of days, months, hours, minutes, and even seconds required to complete them. This implies that Shane belongs to a _____ culture. A. high-context B. polychronic C. relativistic D. monochronic E. proximal

Q: (p. 72) A(n) _____ merely exerts the minimum level of effort needed to keep their jobs. A. apathetic B. citizen C. dog D. star E. lone wolf

Q: (p. 72) The talented employees who display high level of task performance but never seem to want to get involved in important decisions about the future of the company are most likely to be "_____." A. citizens B. dogs C. apathetic D. lone wolves E. stars

Q: Glen leads a very busy life by following many schedules. He has classes that start and end at certain times, work that starts and ends at a certain time, and even his favorite television shows that start and end at certain times. This implies that Glen belongs to a _____ society. A. high-context B. polychronic C. relativistic D. monochronic E. proximal

Q: (p. 72) "Lone wolves" is one of the four types of employees based on the degree of organizational commitment and task performance. "Lone wolves" are likely to respond to negative events with _____. A. loyalty B. exit C. neglect D. voice E. ignorance

Q: _____ time refers to the belief that time is limited, precisely segmented, and schedule driven. A. Polychronic B. Universalistic C. Monochronic D. Proximal E. Relativistic

Q: (p. 72) _____ possess low levels of organizational commitment but high levels of task performance and are motivated to achieve work goals for themselves, not necessarily for their company. A. Stars B. Citizens C. Dogs D. Apathetics E. Lone wolves

Q: Reese is torn between her desire to go on vacation and her organization's desire to have her at work. She decides to take her vacation. Most likely, Reese comes from a(n) _____ culture. A. organizational B. low-context C. high-context D. individualistic E. collectivistic

Q: Michelle, who is from the US, is on a foreign assignment in Mexico. She notices that her co-workers are willing to make personal sacrifices to further the organization's goals. She correctly surmises that her co-workers are from a(n) _____ culture. A. organizational B. low-context C. high-context D. individualistic E. collectivist

Q: (p. 72) Recently Seatm was added to the marketing team at Axon International. He will be starting at the company in two weeks. Sean has had the reputation of being an expert in ad campaigns and catching the nerve of the target audience. However, he also has the reputation of not getting along with anyone. He doesn't care much about where and for whom he works but is primarily motivated to achieve goals for himself and beat his own records. As soon as Amanda heard about Sean joining the team, she turned in her resignation. Ashton, another team member, called Sean and held a lunch meeting to express all the team members' concerns. He tried to reason with Sean to smooth things out before he formally joins the team. Sean can be described as a(n) _____. A. star B. lone wolf C. citizen D. apathetic E. dog

Q: (p. 71) Sean recently joined the marketing team at Axon International. He will be starting at the company in two weeks. Sean has had the reputation of being an expert in ad campaigns and catching the nerve of the target audience. However, he also has the reputation of not getting along with anyone. He doesn't care much about where and for whom he works but is primarily motivated to achieve goals for himself and beat his own records. As soon as Amanda heard about Sean joining the team, she turned in her resignation. Ashton, another team member, called Sean and held a lunch meeting to express all the team members' concerns. He tried to reason with Sean to smooth things out before he formally joins the team. Ashton's reaction can be described as _____. A. voice B. neglect C. loyalty D. exit E. ignorance

Q: People from _____ cultures tend to place greater emphasis on community goals and subordinate their own wishes and goals. A. monochronic B. relativist C. low-context D. heterogeneous E. collectivist