Q&A Hero

Q: Describe the types of value conflict that are related to an individual's attitudes, job satisfaction, turnover, performance, and counterproductive behavior.

Q: Oliver stole three laptops from his workplace and sold them through an online buying and selling website. Oliver's stealing action is classified as a(n): A. normative commitment behavior. B. instrumental work behavior. C. affective commitment behavior. D. continuance commitment behavior. E. counterproductive behavior.

Q: (p. 137-138) Do people cope with stressors differently? Explain the four broad categories of coping.

Q: Types of behavior that harm employees and the organization as a whole are called _____. A. instrumental work behaviors B. counterproductive work behaviors C. affective commitment behaviors D. collectivistic work behaviors E. normative commitment behaviors

Q: (p. 141,143) Tina is a highly ambitious graphic designer. She has a constant sense of urgency, and tends to be impatient with persons who do not live upto her sense of perfection. Her general activity level is very high, and she sets high standards for herself work-wise. She puts in much more effort into her work than other people do. What type of behavior pattern does she have? How would this influence her work? Are there any risks associated with her behavior pattern?

Q: Which of the following is a replacement cost? A. Severance pay B. Outplacement fees C. Litigation cost D. Sourcing expense E. Exit interview costs

Q: (p. 138, 139,141) Christopher works as a financial analyst in an investment firm. Because several of his colleagues resigned from the firm, he had to take over extra responsibilities. His manager notices that Christopher has started smoking heavily and often gets irritable with his co-workers. What kind of strain is Christopher experiencing? If you were his manager, what kind coping mechanism would you prefer that he uses to cope with the stress?

Q: Which of the following is a separation cost? A. Sourcing expense B. Travel expense C. Severance pay D. Orientation cost E. Relocation expense

Q: (p. 133-137) Explain the difference between hindrance stressors and challenge stressors. What are the four types of stressors? Provide an example of a stressor for each type.

Q: When calculating turnover costs, severance pay, costs associated with an exit interview, and outplacement fees are classified as _____ costs. A. separation B. withdrawal C. equity D. replacement E. expectancy

Q: (p. 131-132) Write a note on the transactional theory of stress.

Q: Kim lives and works in a small town, even though she prefers life in a bigger city. She is quite dissatisfied with her current job and is thinking of leaving the organization. She is worried, however, about her ability to find other employment that pays as well as her current job. Additionally, she is concerned about finding another organization that offers medical benefits. Based on this information, Kim is experiencing _____. A. inequity B. withdrawal cognitions C. emotional detachment D. affective dissonance E. unmet expectations

Q: (p. 130-131) Define the terms stress, stressor, and strains.

Q: Veronica is feeling over-stressed and has asked her manager if there are any supportive practices available to help her. Her manager suggests that since Veronica is interested in environmental issues, she should take advantage of a program that would enable her to take six months away from the company to work on the local "reclaim the bay" initiative. Veronica's manager is offering her _____. A. a sabbatical B. a vacation C. flextime D. a compressed work week E. a stress challenge

Q: _____ represent an individual's overall thoughts and feelings about quitting his or her job. A. Turnover rate B. Inequity perception C. Withdrawal cognitions D. Affective dissonance E. Emotional detachment

Q: (p. 150) Which of these techniques attempt to help people appraise and cope with stressors in a more rational manner? A. Self-hypnosis techniques B. Relaxation techniques C. Catharsis D. Cognitive-behavioral techniques E. Free association

Q: _____ consists of employee behaviors that are beyond the call of duty and exceed work-role expectations. A. Fulfilled needs B. Met expectations C. Withdrawal cognitions D. Continuance commitment E. Organizational citizenship behaviors

Q: (p. 150) As an alternative to managing stressors, many organizations teach employees to use _____ to counteract the effects of stressors by engaging in activities that slow the heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. A. heuristics B. relaxation techniques C. emotional suppression D. primary performance appraisal E. transactional analysis

Q: (p. 149) All of these are examples of supportive practices used by organizations that help employees manage and balance the demands that exist for them in their jobs EXCEPT: A. compressed workweek. B. full-time telecommuting. C. on-site child care. D. primary appraisal. E. flextime.

Q: The _____ model implies that stable individual differences are just as important in explaining job satisfaction as are characteristics of the work environment. A. need fulfillment B. discrepancies C. value attainment D. equity E. dispositional/genetic component

Q: (p. 149) Organizations can provide _____, aimed at increasing job-related competencies and skills, that help employees to cope with stressful demands. A. primary appraisal B. role overloads C. training interventions D. supportive practices E. role ambiguity

Q: In the ____ model of job satisfaction, satisfaction results from one's perception that work outcomes, relative to inputs, compare favorably with a significant other's outcomes/inputs. A. need fulfillment B. discrepancies C. value attainment D. equity E. dispositional/Genetic component

Q: (p. 147) Two people sharing the responsibilities of a single job, as if the two people were a single performing unit is known as: A. job sharing. B. telecommuting. C. compressed working hours. D. contracting. E. term-time working.

Q: The idea underlying _____ is that satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual's important work values. A. need fulfillment B. discrepancies C. value attainment D. equity E. dispositional/Genetic component

Q: Jill recently joined a large accounting firm. During the interview process, she was informed that the first raise for new hires usually takes place about a year after their joining date. However, she has been with the firm for just six months and has already received her first raise. The work is even more challenging and enjoyable than what she expected it to be. Additionally, she has been pleasantly surprised at the support and friendliness shown to her by her colleagues. When asked by a researcher studying job satisfaction, Jill rated her level of job satisfaction as "very high." Which model of job satisfaction best explains Jill's level of satisfaction with her job? A. Dispositional/genetic B. Equity C. Value attainment D. Discrepancy E. Need fulfillment

Q: (p. 145) People who experience higher levels of challenge stressors tend to have higher levels of: A. job performance. B. burnout. C. withdrawal behavior. D. job dissatisfaction. E. conformist behavior.

Q: Discrepancy models of job satisfaction propose that job satisfaction increases as: A. the employee attains outcomes above expectations. B. needs are satisfied. C. all employees are treated fairly. D. jobs allow for greater value attainment. E. working conditions improve.

Q: Some highly motivated individuals come to work even though they are suffering from the physiological, psychological, or behavioral strain caused by stress. This phenomenon, known as _____. can result in reductions in productivity even greater than those resulting from employees who are avoid work due to the effects of stress. A. presenteeism B. self-management C. transference D. burnout E. burnthrough

Q: Gorgeous Inc., a cosmetics company asked employees to choose the aspects of their job that were very important to their job satisfaction. Their top four choices in decreasing order of importance were compensation, other monetary benefits, job security, and work-life balance. This implies that employees at Gorgeous Inc. get satisfied when: A. they attain outcomes above expectations. B. their working conditions improve. C. they are able to meet their basic needs. D. their jobs allow for greater value attainment. E. their job allows for fulfillment of their important work values.

Q: (p. 145) Which of the following statements is true about the effects of stressors? A. Hindrance stressors have a strong negative effect on job performance. B. Hindrance stressors have a moderate negative effect on organizational commitment. C. Challenge stressors have a strong negative relationship with job performance. D. Employees who experience higher levels of challenge stressors also tend to have lower levels of job performance. E. Challenge stressors have a moderate positive relationship with organizational commitment.

Q: Fulfilling one's needs, attaining important values, and being treated fairly at work are causes of _____. A. job satisfaction B. met expectations C. absenteeism D. employee turnover E. emotional intelligence

Q: (p. 145) Hindrance stressors have a _____ relationship with organizational commitment. A. weak positive B. strong negative C. strong positive D. moderately negative E. moderately positive

Q: (p. 144) Hindrance stressors have a _____ effect on job performance. A. high negative B. strong negative C. strong positive D. weak negative E. moderately positive

Q: _____ is an affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job. A. Organizational commitment B. Job satisfaction C. Job involvement D. Emotional labor E. Emotional dissonance

Q: (p. 143) Which of the following statements is true regarding social support? A. Social support refers to the support that occurs outside the stress-causing environment. B. Social support refers to the level of financial security that an individual receives from Government managed social work programs. C. Social support is classified into two types: emotional support and cognitive support. D. Most research on social support focuses on the ways that social support buffers the relationship between stressors and strains. E. Social support cannot directly influence the stress process.

Q: Which of the following is a contextual characteristic that influences employee engagement? A. Conscientiousness B. PE fit C. Psychological safety D. Proactive personality E. Mindfulness

Q: (p. 143) Danny is an associate with the Valley Chartered Accounts, NY. Among various other work commitments, Danny has to file the tax returns of Emerald Builders, an important client. It is a job with heavy workload and a short turnaround deadline. Sam, Danny's colleague observed this stressful situation and volunteered to assist Danny in meeting the deadline. The support received by Danny can be best described as _____. A. marginal support B. physiological support C. emotional support D. adaptive support E. instrumental support

Q: Which of the following is a personal characteristic that influences employee engagement? A. Organizational culture B. PE fit C. Psychological safety D. Leader behavior E. Line of sight

Q: (p. 143) A supervisor appears understanding and empathizes with his subordinates when they experience work related stress. In the example, the supervisor provides: A. instrumental support. B. emotional support. C. tangible support. D. physiological support. E. cognitive support.

Q: ______ is defined as the degree to which one is cognitively preoccupied with, engaged in, and concerned with one's present job. A. Continuance commitment B. Job satisfaction C. Job involvement D. Organizational socialization E. Onboarding

Q: (p. 143) Which of these refers to the help people receive that addresses the stressful demand directly? A. Instrumental support B. Physiological support C. Emotional support D. Psychological support E. Internal support

Q: Offering a variety of progressive benefits and human resource programs to employees is a way to foster the _____ component of organizational commitment. A. affective commitment B. cognitive C. continuance commitment D. normative commitment E. reflective

Q: (p. 143) There are two major types of social support: A. physiological and behavioral. B. instrumental and emotional. C. physiological and psychological. D. internal and external. E. behavioral and cognitive.

Q: Wealthy Healthy Inc. applies an employee stock ownership plan. This is an attempt to: A. decrease continuance commitment. B. decrease job involvement. C. increase employee turnover. D. increase organizational commitment. E. increase counter-productive behavior.

Q: (p. 142-143) Which of the following is NOT true about Type A behavior pattern? A. It has a direct influence on the level of stressors that a person confronts. B. It refers to people who tend to be hard-driving and have a strong desire to achieve. C. It has been directly linked to the coronary heart disease. D. It promotes physiological but not psychological and behavioral strains. E. It refers to behavior patterns such as sense of time urgency.

Q: (p. 141) George is a stock broker in a leading brokerage firm. Recently he has been assigned several additional tasks. He begins to consume alcohol to cope with the increasing workload. George also becomes demanding and overly critical of his coworkers and his family. In this example, George is exhibiting _____. A. physiological strain B. psychological strain C. behavioral strain D. non work strain E. cognitive strain

Q: Janice creates advertising slogans for the advertising firm that she works with. She works with beliefs, perceptions, and informal obligations about what she is entitled to receive in return for what she provides to the organization. These beliefs of Janis represent a(n) _____. A. high level of emotional labor B. employment contract C. high normative commitment D. high affective commitment E. psychological contract

Q: Which of the following is influenced by psychological contracts? A. Emotional dissonance B. Affective commitment C. Continuance commitment D. Normative commitment E. Cognitive dissonance

Q: (p. 141) Depression, anxiety, and anger reflect _____. A. physiological strain B. psychological strain C. behavioral strain D. non work strain E. cognitive strain

Q: (p. 140-141) Due to time pressure and heavy workload, Dan has developed high blood pressure and started to show forgetfulness at work and home. These are examples of: A. physiological and behavioral strains. B. psychological and behavioral strains. C. physiological and psychological strains. D. internal and external strains. E. psychological and cognitive strains.

Q: _____ reflects a feeling of obligation to continue employment. A. Normative commitment B. Affective commitment C. Continuance commitment D. Emotional dissonance E. Cognitive dissonance

Q: (p. 141) The emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion that results from having to cope with stressful demands on an ongoing basis is called: A. burnout. B. type A behavior pattern. C. type B behavior pattern. D. stressor. E. a benign job demand.

Q: Which of the following tends to result in increased continuance commitment? A. Corporate leaders demonstrate increasing trust in employees. B. The company helps employees learn more about the organization through departmental visits and special seminars on company products. C. Employees receive low interest loans and other incentives from their employer that make it costly for them to quit. D. The company introduces self-managerial techniques and creative systems for employees to identify with the organization. E. The company allows opportunities for learning new skills to employees.

Q: (p. 138) Martha owns an event management firm. During the holiday season, especially during Christmas, she finds herself overloaded with work which often makes her feel irritable and anxious. To calm herself, she often takes time out to go swimming. In this example, the coping strategy that Martha uses can be classified as: A. primary appraisal. B. cognitive coping. C. emotion-focused coping. D. Type A coping behavior. E. Type B coping behavior.

Q: Which of the following occurs when organizations give financial incentives to prevent dissatisfied employees from quitting? A. Employees' level of affective commitment increases. B. Employees' level of continuance commitment increases. C. Employees' level of emotional dissonance increases. D. Employees' level of emotional intelligence decreases. E. Employees' level of continuance commitment decreases.

Q: (p. 138) Looking for the positive in the negative; and avoiding, distancing, and ignoring are examples of: A. problem-focused cognitive coping strategies. B. problem-focused behavior coping strategies. C. emotion-focused cognitive coping strategies. D. primary cognitive coping strategies. E. primary behavior coping strategies.

Q: _____ refers to an awareness of the costs associated with leaving the organization. A. Normative commitment B. Affective commitment C. Continuance commitment D. Emotional dissonance E. Cognitive dissonance

Q: (p. 138) Eliza and Samantha work at the Snack Time factory. The company is short staffed and the employees are finding it difficult to meet the daily production requirements. Both Eliza and Samantha indicated that they were facing time pressures in their respective departments. Eliza decided to work longer hours to meet the deadline, whereas Samantha tries to distance herself from her problems at work by thinking about the positive things in her life. Which of these coping strategies is utilized by Samantha? A. Social support B. Problem-focused behavior coping C. Emotion-focused cognitive coping D. Instrumental support E. Behavior coping

Q: Employees' identification with a particular organization tends to increase their: A. calculative commitment. B. cognitive dissonance. C. continuance commitment. D. affective commitment. E. normative commitment.

Q: (p. 137) Eliza and Samantha work at the Snack Time factory. The company is short staffed and the employees are finding it difficult to meet the daily production requirements. Both Eliza and Samantha indicated that they were facing time pressures in their respective departments. Eliza decided to work longer hours to meet the deadline, whereas Samantha tries to distance herself from her problems at work by thinking about the positive things in her life. Which of these coping strategies is utilized by Eliza? A. Emotion-focused behavior coping B. Problem-focused behavior coping C. Emotion-focused cognitive coping D. Problem-focused cognitive coping E. Primary cognitive coping

Q: (p. 137) Seeking support and venting anger are examples of which of the following coping strategies? A. Emotion-focused behavior coping B. Problem-focused behavior coping C. Stress-focused cognitive coping D. Fear-avoidance cognitive coping E. Problem-focused cognitive coping

Q: _____ refers to the employee's emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in an organization. A. Normative commitment B. Affective commitment C. Continuance commitment D. Emotional dissonance E. Cognitive dissonance

Q: (p. 137) All of these are examples of emotion-focused coping strategies EXCEPT: A. venting anger. B. self-motivation. C. engaging in alternative activities. D. seeking support. E. reappraising.

Q: _____ reflects the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and works to achieve its goals. A. Organizational commitment B. Organizational psychology C. Onboarding D. Organizational socialization E. Organizational justice

Q: (p. 137) Self-motivation and changing priorities are examples of: A. fear-avoidance behavior coping strategies. B. emotion-focused behavior coping strategies. C. emotion-focused cognitive coping strategies. D. problem-focused cognitive coping strategies. E. primary coping strategies.

Q: According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, an individual's _____ is the best predictor of behavior. A. value B. subjective norm C. attitude D. intention E. ability

Q: (p. 137) Kristen attempts to address time pressure by working harder, and seeking assistance to devise a strategy for accomplishing the work more efficiently. In the example, Kristen uses: A. emotion-focused coping. B. primary coping devices. C. non work coping mechanisms. D. problem-focused coping. E. self-destructive mechanisms.

Q: According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, _____ is assumed to reflect past experience as well as anticipated impediments and obstacles. A. intention B. attitude toward the behavior C. subjective norm D. perceived behavioral control E. predictor

Q: (p. 137) Which of these is an example of problem-focused coping? A. Maintaining a positive outlook B. Talking to a friend to release pent-up emotions C. Taking time out to listen to some music D. Seeking the assistance of a supervisor E. Dwelling on less annoying aspects of the daily events

Q: According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, _____ refers to the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior. A. intention B. attitude toward the behavior C. subjective norm D. perceived behavioral control E. predictor

Q: Coping strategies can be viewed as either _______ or _______ focused. A. problem, emotion B. behavior, cognition C. positively, negatively D. work, non-work E. personally, organizationally

Q: In which of the following stages of life is a person least likely to change his or her general attitudes? A. Childhood B. Adolescence C. Early adulthood D. Middle adulthood E. Early adolescence

Q: (p. 137) Ariel is the assistant editor at the local newspaper - The Morning Mail. With the increased readership, the editorial committee had decided to reduce the deadline for article submissions to eight hours. This move was not welcomed by the junior writers and editors. Ariel though unhappy with the decision faced the problem head on and chose to cope by working faster and harder. This is an example of: A. emotion-focused behavior coping. B. problem-focused behavior coping. C. fear-focused cognitive coping. D. anxiety-focused cognitive coping. E. stress-focused behavior coping.

Q: According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, _____ refers to the degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation or appraisal of the behavior in question. A. intention B. attitude toward the behavior C. subjective norm D. perceived behavioral control E. predictor

Q: (p. 137) _____ refer(s) to the behaviors and thoughts that people use to manage both the stressful demands that they face and the emotions associated with those stressful demands. A. Coping B. Strains C. Type A behavior pattern D. Stressors E. Negative life events

Q: Jane hated the idea of child labor. She believed that children should not be employed in any type of job. She worked in a factory that claimed that it did not employ children. However, news reports accused the company of employing young children. The psychological discomfort that Jane experienced when she heard this news is known as: A. emotional dissonance. B. emotional labor. C. cognitive dissonance. D. behavioral intention. E. affective detachment.

Q: (p. 137) Activities including participation in formal education programs, music lessons, sports-related training, hobby-related self-education, and volunteer work are examples of: A. personal development. B. professional development. C. self-actualization. D. management development. E. change management.

Q: As a senior serving as the student representative on the Ethics Advisory Board of your university, you strongly feel that cheating on college examinations is unethical. You have never cheated on any exam in your academic career. However, this semester your best friend was desperate for your help, and you allowed him to take a quick "peek" on your answer sheet. Since then, you feel uncomfortable every time you think of the situation. Which of the following concepts best explains your psychological discomfort? A. Job detachment B. Cognitive dissonance C. Emotional labor D. Emotional dissonance E. Affective detachment

Q: (p. 137) Family time demands refer to which type of stressor? A. Non work challenge stressor B. Non work hindrance stressor C. Work challenge stressor D. Work hindrance stressor E. Emotional stressor

Q: _____ represents the psychological discomfort a person experiences when his or her attitudes or beliefs are incompatible with his or her behavior. A. emotional dissonance B. job dissatisfaction C. cognitive dissonance D. emotional labor E. affective detachment