Q&A Hero

Q: (p. 177) Cognitive distortion allows you to restore balance mentally by altering your behavior in certain ways.

Q: (p. 176) Equity theory argues that you compare your ratio of outcomes and inputs to the ratio of some comparison other'.

Q: Which of the following statements about sex-role stereotypes is true?A. Women are stereotypically viewed as more quantitatively oriented, autocratic, and directive than men.B. Females usually receive significantly more favorable promotion decisions than males.C. Men are stereotypically viewed as more patient and creative than women.D. Men and women usually receive similar performance ratings for the same level of task performance.E. Males receive significantly more favorable hiring recommendations than females.

Q: (p. 176) When your ratio of outcomes to inputs is greater than your comparison other's ratio, equity distress is experienced, and the tension likely creates negative emotions such as anger or envy.

Q: Caroline's mother asks her about her new math teacher. Caroline feels that the teacher is good, but not as good as Caroline's favorite teacher, Mrs. Stinson. So, she tells her mother that the new teacher is good, but not great. Which of the perceptual errors is affecting Caroline's judgment?A. HaloB. LeniencyC. Recency effectD. Contrast effectE. Central tendency

Q: (p. 176) The extrinsic theory acknowledges that motivation does not just depend on your own beliefs and circumstances but also on what happens to other people.

Q: _____ is a perceptual error that represents the tendency to evaluate people or objects by comparing them with characteristics of recently observed people or objects.A. Contrast effectB. Recency effectC. Central tendencyD. LeniencyE. Halo

Q: (p. 174) Task strategy reflects how complicated the information and actions involved in a task are, as well as how much the task changes.

Q: Stewart has been a good and hard-working employee throughout the year. But two days before his performance review, his boss finds him taking a nap during work hours. As a result, he gets a poor job performance rating. Which of the following perceptual errors has Stewart's boss committed?A. Contrast effectB. Recency effectC. Central tendencyD. LeniencyE. Halo fallacy

Q: (p. 174) When goal commitment is high, assigning specific and difficult goals will have significant benefits for task performance.

Q: Samantha has been asked to rate the two students who have joined her class recently. One of them is extremely diligent, submits her assignments on time and makes very clear presentations, while the other one puts in just enough efforts to get a passing grade, and is often not prepared for the presentations. Samantha, who avoids extreme judgments, rates both of them as near-average students. Which of the following perceptual errors is Samantha making in her rating?A. Contrast effectB. Recency effectC. HaloD. LeniencyE. Central tendency

Q: (p. 174) In the absence of a goal, it is difficult to rely on trial and error to figure out how best to do a task.

Q: _____ is a perceptual error that represents the tendency to avoid all extreme judgments and rate people and objects as average or neutral.A. Contrast effectB. Recency effectC. Central tendencyD. LeniencyE. Halo

Q: (p. 172) As goals move from moderate to difficult, the intensity and persistence of effort are minimized.

Q: Susan believes that Mr. Ryan, who supervises her employees, definitely has room for improvement in the way he communicates with the employees. However, she feels uncomfortable saying anything bad about anybody, so she rates Mr. Ryan's performance higher than his performance actually deserves. Which type of perceptual error is Susan communicating?A. HaloB. LeniencyC. Central tendencyD. Recency effectsE. Contrast effects

Q: (p. 172) A difficult goal is one that stretches an employee to perform at his/her maximum level while still staying within the boundaries of his/her ability.

Q: _____ is a perceptual error that refers to a personal characteristic that leads a person to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion.A. Contrast effectB. Recency effectC. Central tendencyD. LeniencyE. Halo

Q: (p. 168) Pay, bonuses, and promotions are some of the positive valenced outcomes considered in studies of motivation.

Q: John is Harry's boss, and really likes the way Harry handles a number of people-related issues. John feels that Harry is an up-standing guy who really cares about other people, even though he is not very good at the technical aspects of his job. John uses this overall impression and gives Harry a really good rating in the performance evaluation. Which of the following perceptual errors explains John's behavior?A. Recency effectB. LeniencyC. HaloD. Contrast effectE. Central tendency

Q: Individuals who value money for the achievement, respect, and freedom it confers value the rational meaning of money.

Q: (p. 168) Motivation that is controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance is intrinsic motivation.

Q: _____ is a perceptual error that occurs when a rater forms an overall impression about an object and then uses that impression to bias ratings about the object.A. Contrast effectB. Recency effectC. Central tendencyD. LeniencyE. Halo

Q: Hannah has been asked to give the opening speech at her global company's annual sales convention. She has successfully given speeches in the past, and her friends have all told her she would be great at this. These have resulted in a high sense of self-efficacy, and she accepts the assignment.

Q: Which of the following statements about stereotyping is true? A. Stereotyping facilitates better hiring decisions. B. All stereotypes are positive. C. All stereotypes are negative. D. Stereotyping requires a great deal of cognitive effort. E. Stereotyping is a self-reinforcing process.

Q: If managers use _____, inaccurate evaluations of job applicants and employees may result. A. cognitive attributions B. cognitive categories C. valid stereotypes D. salient features E. faulty schemata

Q: (p. 168) Valence can be defined as cognitive groupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences.

Q: Sharon observes her co-worker Robert being rude to a newcomer. She has seen this behavior in Robert whenever the company hires new people. She decides that Robert is being a bully and asks him to stop. Which of the following stages of information processing has Sharon just undergone? A. Selective attention/comprehension B. Encoding and simplification C. Storage and retention D. Retrieval and response E. Implicit cognition

Q: Leticia has been assigned a task for which she does not have the necessary skills or knowledge. Although she knows she can't do the task, she really wants the bonus she can earn by completely the task. According to expectancy theory, Leticia's will be highly motivated to complete the task.

Q: Bill provides directions to his house to Mark. Mark listens carefully to make sure that he does not forget the directions and does not get lost on the way. Which stage of the information processing model is Mark currently undergoing? A. Selective attention/comprehension B. Encoding and simplification C. Storage and retention D. Retrieval and response E. Implicit cognition

Q: (p. 168) Valence can be positive, negative, or zero.

Q: _____ refers to general knowledge about the world. A. Encoding B. Semantic memory C. Schemata D. Event memory E. Information processing

Q: (p. 167) Instrumentality represents the belief that stressful performance will result in positive outcome(s).

Q: (p. 167) The belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success is known as self-actualization.

Q: _____ consists of three compartments containing categories of information about events, semantic materials, and people. A. Cognitive category B. Long-term memory C. Perception D. Short-term memory E. Cognition

Q: (p. 166) Expectancy represents the belief that low performance is the outcome of high efforts.

Q: A _____ represents a person's mental picture or summary of a particular event or type of stimulus. A. fundamental attribution bias B. causal attribution C. schema D. person memory E. self-serving bias

Q: (p. 164) Motivation is not one thing but rather a set of distinct forces.

Q: You are trying to concentrate during an examination but you get distracted by the sound of another student tapping her pencil on her desk. Which of the following stages of the information processing model are you in? A. Selective attention/comprehension B. Encoding and simplification C. Storage and retention D. Retrieval and response E. Recognition

Q: Motivation determines the direction, intensity, and outcome of effort.

Q: _____ involves interpreting and translating raw information into mental representations or categories. A. Storage and retention B. Retrieval and response C. Selective attention and comprehension D. Encoding and simplification E. Decoding and interpretation

Q: (p. 164) Motivation determines what employees do at a given momentthe direction in which their effort is channeled.

Q: Kelly found that she was the only woman in her advanced statistics course, which had 30 students. Which of the following best describes Kelly's situation? A. Her classmates will likely ignore her. B. She will be perceived as a salient stimulus by her classmates and thus receive their attention. C. Her classmates will store information about Kelly in the "event" compartment of long-term memory. D. Her classmates will store information about Kelly in the "semantic" compartment of long-term memory. E. Her instructor will likely commit the recency perceptual error when calculating Kelly's grade.

Q: Which of the following stimuli would be most salient? A. A twelve-year-old student in an MBA class. B. A 250-pound man at a meeting of the National Football league Players' Association. C. A Mobil gas station sign when you have a full tank of gas. D. A McDonald's restaurant sign right after you've eaten breakfast. E. An 85-pound girl at a gymnastic class.

Q: (p. 133) Elis, Phoebe, and Jason work at United Insurance, a medium-sized insurance company with 240 branches in 8 states. Elis works as a teller. Phoebe works as one of five regional supervisors, who are each expected to supervise a team of tellers. Elis recently received instructions from her supervisor that all tellers will be evaluated on the number of people they assist at their window per day. Serving more customers means higher performance effectiveness. However, Elis is also expected to follow the bank's number one goal of customer satisfaction. Phoebe on the other hand is facing a difficult situation. Two of the regional supervisors left the bank for other opportunities resulting in significant increase in the work responsibility and time pressure for Phoebe and the remaining two supervisors. The bank hired Jason as a trainee for the supervisor position. Two days into his new job, he was asked to take up all the responsibilities of a regional supervisor. Jason was given very few instructions or guidelines about how things are supposed to be done. He was expected to learn on the job. Elis, unable to meet both types of expectations associated with her role, is facing _____. A. role complexity B. role conflict C. role ambiguity D. work responsibility E. work enrichment

Q: _____ is necessary because people do not have the mental capacity to fully comprehend all the physical and social stimuli bombarding them from the environment. A. A salient stimulus B. Conscious retrieval C. Selective attention D. Environmental assessment E. Semantic memory

Q: (p. 133) Elis and Phoebe work at United Insurance, a medium-sized insurance company with 240 branches in 8 states. Elis works as a teller. Phoebe works as one of five regional supervisors, who are each expected to supervise a team of tellers. Elis recently received instructions from her supervisor that all tellers will be evaluated on the number of people they assist at their window per day. Serving more customers means higher performance effectiveness. However, Elis is also expected to follow the bank's number one goal of customer satisfaction. Phoebe on the other hand is facing a difficult situation. Two of the regional supervisors left the bank for other opportunities resulting in significant increase in the work responsibility and time pressure for Phoebe and the remaining two supervisors. The bank hired Jason as a trainee for the supervisor position. Two days into his new job, he was asked to take up all the responsibilities of a regional supervisor. Jason was given very few instructions or guidelines about how things are supposed to be done. He was expected to learn on the job. Elis is facing which type of stressor? A. Work enlargement B. Work hindrance C. Work enrichment D. Work challenge E. Work complexity

Q: The study of how people perceive one another is called _____. A. interpersonal theory B. social cognition C. attribution theory D. the fundamental attribution bias E. perceptual information processing

Q: (p. 133) Tim is working as the marketing head at Blue Chip Investments. His work requires him to travel extensively and meet clients in various countries. However, his role also requires him to mentor several marketing representatives who work under him and keep track of their progress. Since Tim stays away from his office most of the time, he finds it difficult to manage both types of work responsibilities. Tim faces which of the following challenges? A. Role complexities B. Role conflict C. Role penetration D. Role ambiguity E. Role enrichment

Q: _____ is a cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings. A. The self-fulfilling prophecy B. A salient stimulus C. The fundamental attribution error D. Stereotypes E. Perception

Q: (p. 133) _____ refers to a work hindrance stressor that occurs when the number of demanding roles a person holds is so high that the person simply cannot perform some or all of the roles very effectively. A. Time pressure B. Daily hassle C. Role overload D. Role ambiguity E. Role conflict

Q: Employees can usually be taught to attribute their failures to a lack of effort rather than to a lack of ability.

Q: (p. 133) _____ is a work hindrance stressor that occurs from incompatible demands within a single role that a person may hold. A. Time pressure B. Daily hassles C. Role overload D. Role ambiguity E. Role conflict

Q: Managers tend to disproportionately attribute behavior to external causes.

Q: (p. 133) Which of these is a work hindrance stressor? A. Time pressure B. A positive life event C. Role overload D. A negative life event E. Work complexity

Q: A woman's promotional track generally resembles more of a labyrinth than a straight upward path.

Q: (p. 133) Stressful demands that are perceived as opportunities for learning, growth, and achievement are called: A. challenge stressors. B. daily hassles. C. role conflicts. D. hindrance stressors. E. work-family conflicts.

Q: Men typically believe that promotions are based on luck and connections whereas women typically believe that promotions are based more on hard work.

Q: (p. 133) Stressful demands that are perceived as hindering progress toward personal accomplishments or goal attainment are called: A. role stressors. B. time pressures. C. psychological stressors. D. hindrance stressors. E. work complexities.

Q: The self-serving bias is evident when students attribute their high grades to hard work and ability but attribute low grades to unfair tests, bad luck, or poor teaching.

Q: (p. 132) Job demands that tend not to be appraised as stressful are called: A. secondary job demands. B. positive demands. C. routine demands. D. non-competitive demands. E. benign job demands.

Q: The fundamental attribution bias represents one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure.

Q: (p. 132) _____ occurs as people evaluate the significance and the meaning of the stressors they are confronting. A. Primary appraisal B. Transactional analysis C. Cognitive appraisal D. Role conflict E. Problem-focused appraisal

Q: (p. 131-132) When people first encounter stressors, the process of _____ is triggered. A. behavioral appraisal B. problem-focused appraisal C. primary appraisal D. emotional venting E. critical thinking

Q: According to Kelley's model of attribution, the concept of consensus relates to other people while distinctiveness relates to other tasks.

Q: (p. 132) The transactional theory of stress deals with: A. motion-focused behavior coping. B. primary appraisal & secondary appraisal of stress C. Type A behavior. D. instrumental support. E. presenteeism.

Q: High consistency implies that a person performs a certain task better than others.

Q: According to Kelley's model of attribution, distinctiveness a comparison of an individual's behavior with that of his or her peers.

Q: (p. 131) The negative consequences that occur when demands tax or exceed one's capacity or resources are called: A. stressors. B. Type C patterns. C. strains. D. crises. E. Type B patterns.

Q: There is high consensus when one acts like the rest of the group and low consensus when one acts differently.

Q: First the copy machine broke down, then the person in the next office started arguing loudly with another coworker, now she can't find a pen that isn't out of ink. Hannah's head hurts, her shoulders are tense, and her back aches. The problems represent _____. The results are _____. A. stressors; strains B. strains; stressors C. daily hassles; work outcomes D. work hassles; daily outcomes E. primary effects; secondary outcomes

Q: According to Kelley, people make causal attributions after gathering information about three dimensions of behavior: consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.

Q: (p. 130-131) The particular demands that cause people to experience stress are called: A. stressors. B. Type C demands. C. strains. D. burnouts. E. Type B demands.

Q: Causal attributions are known causes of behaviors.

Q: (p. 130) Which of the following is defined as a psychological response to demands for which there is something at stake and coping with those demands taxes or exceeds a person's capacity or resources? A. Stressors B. Type A behavior C. Strains D. Stress E. Type B behavior

Q: Low managerial expectations will lead to enhanced employee performance.

Q: (p. 150) Normative-behavioral techniques attempt to help people appraise and cope with stressors in a more rational manner.

Q: The Golem effect is a loss in performance resulting from low leader expectations.

Q: (p. 150) One type of strain-reducing practice involves training in relaxation techniques.

Q: Galatea effect occurs when an individual's high self-expectations lead to high performance.

Q: Exercise programs are particularly successful because they reduce the types of stressors that employees encounter.