Q&A Hero

Q: Which of John Marshall's values influenced many of his court decisions? a. economic equality for all American citizens b. the need to balance state and federal powers c. the protection of individual liberty d. the supremacy of the judicial branch e. a belief in the strict interpretation of the Constitution

Q: Which of the following best characterizes the primary message of Jonathan Edwards in his preaching? a. A combination of good deeds and steadfast faith can bring salvation. b. Salvation will come through repentance only. c. The eternal fate of individuals is determined at birth. d. Old Light spokesmen are the only true possessors of truth. e. People can redeem themselves by performing good works.

Q: In Vietnam, American military strategists counted heavily on __________. a. enthusiasm for the war which would generate recruits b. superior American firepower, especially airstrikes c. superior American counterinsurgency tactics d. the overwhelming number of American troops e. the overwhelming support from the Vietnamese people

Q: The __________ symbolized the flowering of African American culture in the 1920s. a. growth of the NAACP b. flapper era c. Harlem Renaissance d. expatriate community e. "Garveyites"

Q: Which president entered the White House after the heavily disputed election of 1876? a. Grover Cleveland b. William McKinley c. Rutherford B. Hayes d. Benjamin Harrison e. William Jennings Bryan

Q: How did the acquisition of Texas, New Mexico, and California cause conflict in the United States? a. The Constitution did not establish the status of slavery in future states, so whether or not those territories would allow slavery was hotly debated. b. The new territories were all north of the Missouri Compromise line, which threatened to disrupt the balance between slave and free states. c. The Missouri Compromise mandated that those territories should be free, but the economies of the territories were already completely dependent on slavery. d. Mexico kept claiming the territories even after they had been annexed to the United States. e. Citizens in those territories refused to pay taxes to a federal government that they did not support.

Q: How did the Missouri Compromise impact the future of North-South relations in the United States? a. It put off major conflict to a future time. b. It resolved major North-South conflicts about slavery. c. It increased North-South conflict about slavery. d. It changed North-South conflict from diplomatic to violent conflict. e. It changed the source of North-South conflict from economics to slavery.

Q: Why did the balance of trade between England and the colonies turn dramatically in England's favor by the mid-eighteenth century? a. Trade between the colonies and the West Indies had declined. b. There was enormous demand in the colonies for British finished products. c. Industrialization was taking place in the colonies. d. Enforcement of the Navigation Acts had become more strict. e. There was enormous demand in the colonies for raw materials from England.

Q: In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson sent American soldiers to __________ in order to prevent a communist takeover there. a. Cuba b. Argentina c. the Dominican Republic d. Lebanon e. Madagascar

Q: Sports flourished in the 1920s because __________. a. city dwellers attempted to escape the violence in the streets b. it was part of the youthful revolt of teenagers c. new sports were more interesting to women d. the wealthy sought ways to relieve boredom e. people had more leisure time

Q: Until the 1890s, __________. a. the presidency was weaker than Congress b. the presidency was able to assert its power c. Congress had little interest in national affairs d. few presidents seemed committed to national affairs e. power was equally divided between the president and Congress

Q: Northern evangelicalism focused on __________, while southern evangelicalism focused on __________. a. self-discipline and social reform, personal piety b. personal piety, philanthropy c. the virtues of the family unit, helping the poor d. philanthropy, self-discipline e. conversion of the poor, personal piety

Q: How did the Missouri Compromise impact slavery? a. It put a final time limit on the institution in the South. b. It demonstrated that the federal government did not care about slavery. c. It ensured that slavery would remain in the South indefinitely. d. It put a final end to the slave trade, if not the institution of slavery in the United States. e. It reduced the number of states where slavery was legal.

Q: What happened as a result of the growth of the eighteenth-century colonial economy? a. The population grew even faster and per capita income declined. b. Enforcement of the Navigation Acts sowed the seeds of a lingering bitterness against Britain. c. The colonies developed a strong industrial base. d. British consumers stimulated production of American sugar and tobacco. e. American exports increasingly found new markets in Asia and Africa.

Q: In his health care program, President Lyndon Johnson secured __________. a. free health care for all Americans b. the Medicare program for the elderly c. more rights for private insurance companies d. a restriction on health benefits for welfare recipients e. a free prescription drug program

Q: What impact did the Nineteenth Amendment have on women? a. It thrust women into the political arena. b. It fundamentally redefined the sex roles in society. c. It encouraged droves of middle class women to leave the home and enter the workforce. d. It had less impact on women than women had hoped for. e. It further unified women on national causes.

Q: In the South, a grandfather clause waived the literacy requirement for voters whose ancestors had __________. a. already passed a literacy test b. fought in the Civil War c. been white d. voted before 1867 e. correctly interpreted the Constitution

Q: Southerners reacted to Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860 by __________. a. celebrating the end of sectionalist tensions that plagued the nation b. feeling optimistic that Lincoln would preserve their interests c. redoubling their efforts to win the next congressional election d. resigning themselves to being permanent minorities in America e. launching a movement to secede from the Union

Q: How did the three branches of the federal government respond to the Era of Good Feeling? a. They had a time of little activity because the country was prospering so much. b. The three branches worked together to try to bring about an Era of Good Feeling in the United States like the one they observed in Europe. c. The Supreme Court took advantage of the executive and legislative branches' Era of Good Feeling to push through its own agenda. d. Monroe took advantage of the Era of Good Feeling between the three branches of government to pass expansionist and industrialization legislation. e. Congress dominated the Era of Good Feeling by approving Supreme Court justices and cabinet members who agreed with its expansionist agenda.

Q: As a product of the Enlightenment thinking, Benjamin Franklin __________.a. turned to organized religion for meaning in his lifeb. devoted his life to his own personal religious viewsc. rejected the practical pursuits of life in favor of contemplation, meditation, and intellectual inquiryd. pursued his curiosities until they yielded useful scientific ideas and ingenious material inventionse. sought to find true enlightenment by giving up most of his material possessions

Q: Lyndon Johnson's reform program was called the __________. a. Fair Deal b. New Frontier c. Great Society d. Great Future e. Morning in America

Q: Women in the 1920s __________. a. had mostly low-paying jobs b. increasingly became doctors rather than nurses c. earned nearly one-half of all graduate degrees d. made considerable gains as college professors, reaching almost 25 percent of the faculty e. made a substantial permanent gain in the overall number of working women

Q: Why were Americans fascinated by politics during the Gilded Age? a. Women and men were voting for the first time. b. African Americans were able to use their newly won suffrage. c. The quality of political candidates was excellent. d. Most Americans saw it as a form of entertainment. e. Cash incentives made people eager to vote.

Q: The Republicans were successful in the election of 1860 because __________. a. they compromised on the issue of slavery b. they were able to win decisively in the North c. they won significant southern support d. Abraham Lincoln offered the potential for sectional harmony e. the Democrats dropped out of the race

Q: Why did interest in national politics wane in the early nineteenth century? a. Many people began to believe that all politicians, especially those far-removed from their constituency, were corrupt. b. Most people were focused on state politics because of a rise in political parties and internal strife. c. Many people were distracted by the changes in the Supreme Court and paid less attention to national politics. d. Most people were satisfied by the geographical and economic growth of the country, so they were not concerned with national politics. e. Many people still distrusted a strong central government and therefore wanted to develop their state governments rather than the federal one.

Q: Which best summarizes the basic philosophy of the Enlightenment? a. Reason could help humans achieve perfection in this world. b. Knowledge was of little use when confined to speculation. c. Faith and tolerance could help humans achieve perfection in this world. d. Absolutist governments must be replaced by representative governments. e. People must give up most possessions to achieve true enlightenment.

Q: Lyndon Johnson's main theme in the presidential election of 1964 was __________. a. rolling back communist gains around the world b. further advances in civil rights c. decreasing the size of the federal government d. winning the cold war e. ending poverty in America

Q: The weakest area of the American economy in the 1920s was __________. a. automobiles b. agriculture c. banking d. exports e. manufacturing

Q: What does the following quotation mean: "The United States was born in the country and moved to the city"? a. The United States started out as a small country, but became extremely populated over time. b. Most Americans were uncomfortable with living in large cities until the nineteenth century. c. The size of the country grew exponentially larger once people started living in cities. d. Most Americans preferred living in rural areas, but were forced to move to cities because that is where most jobs were located. e. The United States was at first a rural country and then became much more urban over time.

Q: John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry __________. a. increased southern fears of northern hostility b. was condemned by most northerners c. had little effect on sectional tensions d. united North and South in their condemnation of Brown e. has been exaggerated by historians

Q: The economic revolution in the United States between 1810 and 1840 was one of __________ rather than production. a. design b. technology c. hand work d. domestic work e. distribution

Q: How did early Spanish outposts in North America compare to early English settlements?a. There were fewer Native American groups in the Spanish outposts to threaten the new settlers.b. There were more natural resources in the Spanish outposts, which led to a greater success of the first settlements there.c. The Spanish outposts contained settlers who had migrated from many more places in Europe than the ones in the English settlements.d. The Spanish outposts grew more slowly due to the harsh environment and threats of Native Americans.e. Though they started later, the Spanish outposts eventually grew much larger at a faster rate.

Q: When Johnson became president after the assassination of Kennedy in 1963, what did he focus on first? a. ending the cold war b. passing JFK's tax cuts and civil rights bill c. escalating the war in Vietnam d. boosting the military e. bolstering international relationships

Q: The revolution in consumer goods __________. a. disguised the decline of many traditional industries b. epitomized the growth of all areas of the economy c. was a short-term factor in the American economy d. aided all other kinds of industry e. helped fuel growth in the railroad industry

Q: How did the role of children in society change in the late nineteenth century? a. Children were valued more as people who could contribute to the family, and not just as people to be left alone for many years. b. Children were viewed less as "little adults" who should contribute to the family as soon as possible, and viewed more as young people who needed years to grow up. c. People began to think of children as less in need of general education and more in need of specific education tailored to the jobs they would eventually get. d. Children were no longer thought of as "free help" and were instead paid for many of the chores they did at home. e. People began to understand the necessity for children to learn important skills as apprentices and not just at home with their families.

Q: In his debates with Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln __________. a. suggested a new balance between slave and free territories b. took a position similar to Douglas on the issue of slavery c. suggested that not opposing slavery was the same as endorsing it d. differed with the Republican platform by supporting slavery in new territories e. avoided discussing the issue of slavery altogether

Q: How did American industrialization around 1800 differ from that of Europe? a. America had not yet had an industrial revolution, whereas Europe had experienced one. b. America had experienced an industrial revolution; Europe had not. c. American industrialization was concentrated in the fossil fuels industry, whereas European industrialization was concentrated in textiles. d. Americans used water transportation and power to increase their industrial production; Europe used land transportation and fossil fuels. e. Americans invented textile industry machines, which Europeans then stole to have their own industrial revolution.

Q: Why did Spain initially have little interest in settling California?a. The region was full of Native American groups who fought any Europeans who tried to settle there.b. The region had so many French settlers that the Spanish did not want to fight over land with them.c. The region appeared to lack natural resources and was not easy to reach from Mexico City.d. The region was continually plagued by earthquakes, which frightened the settlers away.e. The region was too close to Mexico City and the Native American groups there.

Q: One of Lyndon Johnson's greatest assets in the White House was his __________. a. ability to persuade Congress b. acclaimed public speaking skills c. polish and sophistication d. excellent relationship with the media e. unassuming presence that caused others to underestimate him

Q: What characterized the American economy of the 1920s? a. a desire for foreign imports over domestic products b. a reduction in consumer spending c. advertising becoming a major industry d. a revival in small shops over larger department stores e. a boom in agriculture

Q: How did working-class families and middle-class families experience urbanization and industrialization differently? a. Working-class families tended to have strong family ties as a result of their urban lives and work, whereas women and children in middle-class families tended not to participate in the work that men did. b. Working-class families often did not spend much time together due to everyone working at different times, whereas middle-class women tended to spend more time with their children. c. In working-class families, only the men earned money, but in middle-class families, some women did work out of the home. d. In working-class families, more children lived with their parents into their twenties, whereas in middle-class families, children tended to leave home as soon as they got work. e. Working-class families tended to have fewer members of the household engaged in work, which is what kept them in a permanent state of poverty.

Q: In the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision, the court ruled that __________. a. an African American could not be a citizen of the United States b. Congress had the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories c. the Missouri Compromise was constitutional d. the Democratic platform was unconstitutional e. African Americans could sue through the court system

Q: The development of profitable commercial agriculture resulted from __________. a. improvements in agricultural technology b. the population growth in the Midwestern states c. rising need for agricultural products in the New England area d. European demands for American agricultural products e. generous government subsidies to encourage increased production

Q: Why did increased trade with Europeans tend to erode the traditional leadership structure of Native American groups?a. Native Americans looked to the Europeans as their new leaders, which made the Native American leaders lose much of their power.b. Native Americans who traded with Europeans tended not to belong to traditional communities, but rather leaderless societies.c. Native American leaders no longer wanted to rule over other members of their groups who traded with Europeans.d. Native American leaders spent so much time in conflict with European traders that they had no time for leadership, causing their roles to weaken.e. Native Americans no longer consulted leaders when they bargained with European traders, which weakened the leaders' roles.

Q: Who put the most pressure on Kennedy to openly support racial justice? a. Philip Randolph b. Thurgood Marshall c. Martin Luther King, Jr. d. Malcolm X e. Stokely Carmichael

Q: Crucial to the growth of the automobile industry in the 1920s was __________.a. new buyer financing techniquesb. new and increased marketingc. the long life of the new automobiled. the new method of financing the industrye. greater disposable income

Q: Why did some immigrants resist the settlement house movement? a. They did not trust organizations that were headed by women. b. They felt that settlement houses kept them segregated from the rest of society. c. They did not want their children educated by Americans. d. They did not want other people to tell them how to live and act. e. They believed that living in a settlement house would never get them out of poverty.

Q: Why did Uncle Tom's Cabin have such an emotional impact Americans in the 1850s? a. It portrayed southerners as greedy, immoral barbarians. b. It portrayed northern abolitionists as heroic defenders of morality. c. It showed that slaves were just as evil as the slave owners. d. It portrayed slavery as a necessary evil that needed to be preserved. e. It portrayed slavery as a threat to the family and the Cult of Domesticity.

Q: Why did America experience rapid economic development in the early nineteenth century? a. high level of federal support b. establishment of transcontinental railroad c. great national transportation system created by the nation's river network d. absence of international economic competition e. development of web presses for printing money

Q: Which statement best characterizes Native Americans of the "middle ground"? a. They maintained a strong, independent role in commercial exchange with Europeans. b. They sought to isolate themselves completely from European contact. c. They sought economic competition between tribes rather than military confrontation. d. They continued to war against each other rather than to establish intertribal confederacies. e. They wanted to strengthen their ties to each other in order to fight the European settlers.

Q: What was the 1961 freedom ride? a. a march on Washington in which participants rode bicycles b. a sit-in during which thousands of college students experimented with LSD c. a protest in which thousands of college students blocked the routes of segregated buses and trains d. a protest in which thousands of people crossed the United States on motorcycles e. a protest in which a biracial group tested the desegregation laws on public transportation

Q: What was the key to the new affluence of the 1920s? a. new methods of business organization b. the discovery of new sources of raw materials c. better methods of financing business d. a more skilled workforce e. new technology

Q: Why were many women part of the settlement house reform movement? a. They believed that poverty was the worst problem in society and must be prevented. b. Men were not interested in urban poverty, and women were the only ones left to tackle the problem. c. The women who helped start settlement houses could bring their children there, which made it easier for them. d. It was one of the few places in American society to which they could bring their talents. e. Women believed that education was the only way to eradicate poverty in the United States.

Q: What was the intended message of southern literature during the 1840s and 1850s? a. Genteel southern civilization is superior to greedy northern culture. b. Southerners should reevaluate their dependency on slavery. c. Southerners should try to change their culture to be more like northerners. d. Southerners should maintain slavery but dismantle the plantation system. e. Southern morals should be more strictly based on the Protestant ethic.

Q: How did transportation affect industry and agriculture in the early nineteenth century? a. Improved land and water transportation changed the United States from an agricultural to an industrial society. b. Improved land and water transportation allowed the United States to develop more industry and create a cash crop agricultural system. c. Developments in land and water transportation were slow, so the United States remained an agricultural society with virtually no industry. d. Because land transportation was so poor, water transportation caused industry and agriculture to be confined to the East coast. e. Because water transportation was cheaper than land transportation, industry soon replaced agriculture in the United States.

Q: What was the motivation for German Lutherans to come to the middle colonies in the 1700s? a. Their primary goal was to improve their lives with more material wealth. b. They wanted to escape the war that was going on between Germany and France. c. They were seeking political freedom. d. They were seeking religious freedom. e. Their primary goal was to convert more people to Lutheranism in the colonies.

Q: Which individual was an African American appointed to a prominent post in the federal government during the Kennedy administration? a. Philip Randolph b. Thurgood Marshall c. Martin Luther King, Jr. d. Malcolm X e. Stokely Carmichael

Q: The American economy in the 1920s saw explosive growth in __________. a. the consumer goods industries b. cotton mills c. the energy industry d. agriculture e. the steel industry

Q: What did Henry George propose as a solution to poverty in modern society? a. to let nature take its evolutionary course b. to replace all taxes with a "single tax" on land c. a socialist utopia in which the government owns the means of production d. to establish worker and farmer "cooperatives" to own the means of production e. to make churches the center of social reform instead of the government

Q: The growing division between North and South during the 1840s and 1850s __________. a. was primarily expressed in political terms b. was entirely expressed in legal, constitutional terms c. had little impact on the common man d. was increasingly seen in cultural and intellectual terms e. had reached an uneasy but peaceful stalemate by 1860

Q: When President James Madison talked about the need for "internal improvements," he was referring to __________. a. improved reservations for Native American tribes b. reconstruction of the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. c. construction of a reliable transportation system for the United States d. more efficient method of moving proposed legislation through Congress e. development of the land beyond the Appalachians

Q: What was the main motivation that brought so many Scots-Irish to America in the 1700s? a. They came to practice Catholicism freely, something they could not do in Ireland. b. They came in search of freedom and prosperity, two things they lacked in Ireland. c. They came to work as indentured servants in the New World. d. Their main goal was to form new Presbyterian congregations in America. e. They came to earn money in America and planned to return to Scotland.

Q: The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation that came very close to being a nuclear conflict between which two countries? a. Cuba and China b. Cuba and the Dominican Republic c. the United States and China d. the United States and Russia e. Russia and Cuba

Q: Some congressmen opposed the formation of the League of Nations because it __________. a. was an elitist group of nations that left out many poorer nations in the world b. was unconstitutional according to legal scholars c. was too expensive for the U.S. postwar economy d. violated many existing treaties with other countries e. was an international body that infringed upon American autonomy

Q: How did the federal government react to the spread of Jim Crow laws in the late nineteenth century? a. The federal government sent in additional troops to enforce the Reconstruction amendments. b. Congress passed legislation to prevent political discrimination, but allowed social discrimination to continue. c. The federal government did not interfere because it was a states' rights issue. d. The laissez-faire attitude of the Republican presidents of the era prevented any action. e. The Supreme Court rulings supported a reduction in civil rights for blacks.

Q: How was the election of James Buchanan in 1856 viewed by southerners? a. with a temporary sense of relief b. as a long-term victory for the southern cause c. as a victory for Free-Soil supporters d. with a strong sense of dismay e. as evidence of the strength of the North's threat

Q: What did Native Americans and African Americans have in common in the early nineteenth century? a. Both were enslaved by white Americans and used as cheap agricultural labor. b. Both successfully resisted white American dominance with peaceful protests and lobbying. c. Both successfully resisted white American dominance with violence, often joining together to do so. d. Both were denied their citizenship and freedom in most areas of the United States. e. Both successfully obtained their citizenship and freedom in most areas of the United States.

Q: Which identifies the strongest influence on eighteenth-century colonial Americans? a. They still confronted the "howling wilderness" that previous generations had encountered. b. They still lived in geographic isolation as in the seventeenth century. c. They could not escape the economic and cultural influence of Britain. d. They had completely escaped the economic and cultural influence of Britain. e. They gradually changed their religious beliefs during their lives in the colonies.

Q: Kennedy's failed 1961 covert operation to overthrow Cuba's Fidel Castro is called __________. a. the Monroe Affair b. the Cuban Missile Crisis c. the Bay of Pigs d. Operation Castro e. the Havana Project

Q: How was Wilson's practice of foreign affairs similar to his evolution over social reforms? a. From the beginning of his presidency, he tried to follow his predecessors' policies and managed to do so throughout most of his presidency. b. At the beginning of his presidency, he tried to change his predecessors' policies and ended up following most of them in the end. c. From the beginning of his presidency, he tried to follow his predecessors' policies but failed to do so throughout most of his presidency. d. At the beginning of his presidency, he tried to change his predecessors' policies and managed to do so throughout most of his presidency. e. Throughout his presidency, he went back and forth between supporting and then changing his predecessors' policies.

Q: Why did many northerners lose interest in fighting for equal rights for blacks by the 1870s? a. They believed that blacks already had achieved equal rights in much of the country. b. They felt that their support was only hurting and not helping blacks gain rights. c. They were intimidated by blacks in the South and did not want to encourage rebellion. d. They felt that southern whites should be active in the cause instead. e. They had grown tired of the issue, and many believed in white superiority.

Q: The Republican Party's nominating convention for the presidential election revealed that it __________. a. received broad-based support throughout the nation b. was primarily a sectional party c. was a party of farmers and laborers d. was the party of southern planters e. struggled in its first years of existence

Q: Why was the "civilization" of Native Americans tragic?a. Some Native Americans refused to become civilized, so they were tragically murdered by white Americans.b. Many Native Americans tried to use civilized means like protests and boycotts to influence the U.S. government for their rights, but tragically failed.c. Few Native Americans wanted to become "civilized" because it meant tragically giving up their culture in exchange for land and citizenship.d. Most Native Americans were tragically unable to demonstrate aspects of civilization: literature, art, or organized society.e. Some Native Americans sacrificed their culture to try to assimilate into white society, and still they were not accepted or granted rights.

Q: What territorial change resulted from the Peace of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years' War? a. France retained Louisiana. b. Spain gained Florida. c. France retained Quebec in Canada. d. Spain gained Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean. e. Britain gained Canada.

Q: What did President Kennedy do to help South Vietnam in 1961? a. He praised the South Vietnamese government but took no action. b. He sent money and advisers. c. He sent combat troops. d. He threatened North Vietnam. e. He badgered European countries into sending combat troops.

Q: What trend did Roosevelt hope to break by passing the Roosevelt Corollary?a. the election of socialist governments by Latin American countries, such as Cuba and Venezuelab. the assertion of their own power over Latin American politics by local governments in Colombia and Venezuelac. the assertion of independence and new trade restrictions by Asian countries, such as Chinad. the default on European loans by Latin American countries, such as Venezuela and the Dominican Republice. an increase in military power and corresponding influence of Asian countries, such as Japan

Q: Why did W. E. B. Du Bois attack the Atlanta Compromise? a. He believed that blacks should not take such an aggressive strategy in attaining equal rights. b. He felt that it discouraged blacks from working hard in school and in their professions. c. He thought that the integration of schools would be disadvantageous for blacks. d. He believed that blacks should focus on economic gains, and not on political activism. e. He believed that blacks should actively fight for civil rights.

Q: Why did popular sovereignty fail in the 1854 Kansas elections? a. voter apathy b. illegal voting by Missouri residents c. lack of enthusiasm from voters d. lack of compelling candidates e. extremists destroying polling centers

Q: How did state politicians undermine Jefferson's promises to Native Americans?a. They passed the Adams-Ons Treaty to obtain Florida as U.S. land, but Jefferson had promised Florida to the Native Americans.b. They denied independent states to Native Americans, as promised by Jefferson.c. They authorized the occupation of Native American land, displacing Native Americans to whom Jefferson had promised land and citizenship.d. They attempted to relocate or exterminate the Native Americans from their land against the policies of President Jefferson.e. They would not allow Native Americans to own African slaves, and yet Jefferson himself and most southern politicians owned slaves.

Q: Which war between England and France had the greatest political and economic impact on colonial America? a. King William's War b. Queen Anne's War c. King George's War d. the Seven Years' War e. King Philip's War