Q&A Hero

Q: Maria and Manuel read a book to their child every night before they put him to bed. This is an example of a a. symbol. b. routine. c. rite of passage. d. conservation task.

Q: The influence of the social group varies according to several factors, including which of the following? a. Attraction to the group b. Acceptance by the group c. Type of group d. All of these

Q: Group pressure is sometimes used by ethnic groups to a. promote individualism. b. control non-conforming behavior. c. promote egocentric thought. d. all of these.

Q: Talking about the reasons why a child cannot do something is characteristic of a. authoritative parents. b. authoritarian parents. c. permissive parents. d. permissive teachers.

Q: "I can"t hit Kyle; therefore I can"t hit any other children" is an example of a. inductive reasoning. b. deductive reasoning. c. trust vs. mistrust. d. punishment.

Q: According to your text, children first begin to think less intuitively and more concretely around the age of a. 1 year. b. 3 years. c. 5 years. d. 7 years.

Q: Which of the following best describes inductive reasoning? a. Particular to the general b. Large to the small c. General to the specific d. Particular to the particular

Q: When a teacher gives explanations or causes for an act, this is called a. reasoning. b. negative reinforcement. c. extinction. d. observational learning.

Q: Standards for a child's behavior are set by a. parents. b. the peer group. c. the teacher. d. all of these.

Q: According to your text, which of the following is a reason why children try behaviors they see on television? a. Television removes an unpleasant stimulus; children are eager to try this. b. Children like the collaborative (group process) aspects of television. c. Television provides an opportunity for generativity. d. Children see individuals being rewarded on television.

Q: Modeling helps children a. learn complicated behavior by observing it. b. develop new ways of behaving in situation they have not previously experienced. c. learn appropriate social behavior vicariously. d. all of these.

Q: Baby Miranda is learning that she can make a noise by banging two lids together. Which of the following best describes what the lids are helping Miranda develop? a. Her sense of self-efficacy b. Her cultural identity c. Her sociocentrism d. All of these

Q: An approving nod, a questioning look, and a reminder are all examples of a. praise. b. feedback. c. extinction. d. insecure attachment.

Q: Which of the following is not a criticism of punishment as a technique? a. Punishment is not effective. b. Punishing a child does not show him or her what correct or desired behavior looks like. c. Children model what they see. d. The emotional side effects of punishment may be more damaging than the child's original behavior.

Q: In order for punishment to be effective, it needs to be a. given close to the time of the behaviors. b. accompanied by an explanation. c. consistently applied. d. all of these.

Q: Emanuel is trying to get his daughter to stop biting her nails. His plan is to ignore his daughter's nail biting, but praise her at every 10-minute interval in which she does not bite her nails. Gradually, Emanuel plans to lengthen the amount of time between praise. If Emanuel's method is successful, the disappearance of nail biting would be considered which of the following? a. Extinction b. Punishment c. Negative reinforcement d. Modeling

Q: Mary is a teacher who likes to use lots of praise in her classroom. Which of the following best describes the principle Mary is using? a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Extinction d. Punishment

Q: Allowing a child to leave his room when he stops a temper tantrum is an example of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. shaping. d. cognition.

Q: Positive reinforcement refers to a consequence being _________, whereas negative reinforcement refers to a consequence being _________. a. given; terminated b. terminated; given c. a stimulus; a response d. first; last

Q: Kylie is receiving inconsistent care from her mother. According to your text, Kylie is likely to develop which kind of attachment? a. Secure b. Insecure c. Bonded d. Trust vs. mistrust

Q: Observational learning differs from cognitive learning in that observational learning is more likely to emphasize a. modeling. b. collaborating. c. reasoning. d. none of these.

Q: Which method of socialization involves feeling or emotions such love, anger, fear, or disgust? a. Observational b. Cognitive c. Affective d. Apprenticeship

Q: Rachael learned the cans at her school were being thrown away with the rest of the trash. Rachael organized a campaign to make her school more earth-friendly by dividing the trash into recyclable and non-recyclable materials. Rachael is a. engaging in advocacy. b. displaying egocentrism. c. working on issues of intimacy vs. isolation. d. showing a permissive style.

Q: John's Boy Scout troop invited some individuals from the neighborhood to give a presentation about different occupational choices (careers). This is an example of socialization at what level? a. The school b. The family c. The community d. The mass media

Q: Interactions in a community are influenced by which of the following? a. Size of the community b. Stability of the population c. Mobility patterns d. All of these

Q: The function of the community is to provide a sense of a. belonging. b. friendship. c. socialization. d. all of these.

Q: The media differs from other socializing agents in which of the following ways? a. It does not ordinarily involve direct personal interaction. b. It does not interact with other socializing agents. c. It has minimal effect on children's socialization process. d. It is more easily controlled.

Q: The socializing agent of which the function is to provide information about the world and oneself from a perspective other than that of the family is which of the following? a. The media b. The peer group c. The family d. The community

Q: Reciprocal interactions within peer groups begin at about the age of a. 2 months. b. 3 years. c. 7 years. d. 11 years.

Q: A child's peer group consists of individuals who a. are of approximately the same age. b. are of approximately the same social status. c. have common interests. d. all of these.

Q: Which socializing agent has the purpose to perpetuate society's knowledge, skills, customs, and beliefs? a. The peer group b. The family c. The media d. The school

Q: According to Kagicibasi (1996), which kind of family patterns and socialization practices stress family loyalty, intergenerational dependency, control, and obedience? a. Interdependent b. Independent c. Authoritarian d. Learner-centered

Q: According to your text, research indicates that Euro-American children are likely to _________ than Latino or Asian children. a. have more egalitarian attitudes toward authority b. have less egalitarian attitudes toward authority c. be more obedient toward authority d. all of these

Q: Which coping style is associated with "doing" and "getting things done"? a. Active b. Passive c. Futuristic d. Open

Q: Which orientation emphasizes affiliation, cooperation, and interpersonal relations? a. Collectivist b. Individualist c. Developmental d. Regulatory

Q: Which socializing agent bears the major responsibility for socializing the child? a. The family b. The school c. The community d. The peer group

Q: When an 18-month-old throws a temper tantrum because he can"t have a cookie, he is demonstrating that he has not yet developed a. a self-concept. b. self-regulation. c. self-esteem. d. a secure attachment.

Q: The ability to control one's impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time is available for expression is called a. ambition. b. self-regulation. c. identity. d. self-esteem.

Q: The last of Erikson's stages is which of the following? a. Generativity vs. self-absorption b. Integrity vs. despair c. Accommodation vs. assimilation d. Development vs. change

Q: According to Erikson, young adults aged 18 years and older are working on which developmental task? a. Trust vs. mistrust b. Intimacy vs. isolation c. Identity vs. identity diffusion d. Assimilation vs. accommodation

Q: Achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, searching moratorium, and diffusion are all statuses in the development of a. friendship. b. identity. c. communication. d. attachment.

Q: According to Erikson, the major task of infancy is to develop a sense of a. autonomy. b. trust. c. industry. d. egocentrism.

Q: Generally, children begin to form a self-concept around ______ months of age. a. 6 to 9 b. 9 to 12 c. 12 to 15 d. 15 to 18

Q: Which of the following factors do not influence socialization processes? a. Cognitive factors b. Sociocultural factors c. Biological factors d. Interactive factors

Q: Compare an easy child with one who is slow-to-warm-up using the five aspects of temperamental quality found in the text.

Q: Imagine you are part of a debate team. Your position for the debate is to argue that children play a role in their own socialization. Describe what you will say.

Q: Imagine you are providing in-service training for newlyrecruited Peace Corps volunteers. Write a speech explaining the difference(s) between high-context and low-context macrosystems.

Q: Use the concept of passive genotype"environment interaction to explain a child's musical and/or artistic abilities. Explain how passive genotype"environment interactions are different from evocative or active interactions.

Q: Compare and contrast the different types of microsystems, providing examples of how each impacts development.

Q: Describe how the mesosystem differs from the macrosystem.

Q: Explain the systems found in Bronfenbrenner's model and give examples.

Q: Compare and contrast intentional socialization with unintentional socialization and give examples.

Q: Imagine you are giving a speech entitled Changes in Society Today and How They Affect Children and Families. Describe what you will say.

Q: Write an essay contrasting childhood during the Industrial Revolution with childhood today.

Q: An individual's sensitivity to various experiences and responsiveness to patterns of social interaction collectively are called _________.

Q: Regarding development, socialization begins at _________.

Q: The process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and character traits that enable them to participate as effective members of society is known as _________.

Q: The No Child Left Behind Act of 2004 requires children to take _________ tests.

Q: A principle or action based on the belief that any individual can learn to care for him- or herself is called _________.

Q: When a strong authority takes care of less able citizens, this is considered _________.

Q: Frozen embryos are an example of a societal trend in the area of _________.

Q: According to Bronfenbrenner, school violence is an example of something found in the _________?

Q: The _________ refers to temporal changes in ecological systems or within individuals, producing new conditions that affect development.

Q: Living in harmony with nature would be stressed in a(n) _________ -context macrosystem.

Q: According to your text, the idea that change is good would be likely to be found in a(n) _________-context macrosystem.

Q: Rationality and practicality are characteristic of a(n) _________-context macrosystem.

Q: _________ refers to an ascribed attribute of membership in a group in which members identify themselves by national origin, culture, race, or religion.

Q: According to Bronfenbrenner, a community's school board is an example of a(n) _________.

Q: The _________ refers to linkages and interrelationships between two or more of a person's microsystems.

Q: The media are part of the _________, according to Bronfenbrenner.

Q: The peer group is part of the _________ in Bronfenbrenner's model.

Q: The family, school, and community are part of the _________, according to Bronfenbrenner.

Q: Bronfenbrenner's model is called the _________ model of human development.

Q: Values, morals, motives, and self-esteem are all examples of _________ related to the socialization process.

Q: Prior to the development of the printing press, infancy ended at age _________.

Q: When an adult reminds a child to write a thank-you note to Grandma, this is an example of _________ socialization.

Q: A happy, sociable child is more likely to engage others in social activities than is a moody, shy child. This is an example of _______ genotype"environment interaction?

Q: _________ refers to developmental changes associated with the biological process of aging.

Q: The science of interrelationships between organisms and their environments is termed _________.

Q: Which of the following is nottrue regarding socialization? a. Socialization begins in adolescence. b. Socialization continues throughout life. c. Socialization is a reciprocal process. d. Socialization is a dynamic process.